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East Chadic languages

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

 

A maara ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche nke East Chadic dị ka ndị Hadjarai.[1][2] Asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic bụ Nancere.[3]

Alaka nke East Chadic na-aga ma ọ bụ site na aha ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede na nọmba n'usoro nhazi.[4]

Nchịkọta East Chadic B na-agbaso nke Lovestrand (2012).

  • Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic A
  • Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic B[6]
    • B.1
      • Dangla (B.1.1): Bidiyo (Bidiya), Dangaléat (Dangla), Birgit, Jonkor Bourmataguil, Mabire, Migaama, Mogum (Jegu), Toram
      • Mubi (B.1.2): Mubi, Kajakse, Masmaje, Zirenkel (Zerenkel)
      • ? Kujarge (B.1.3)[7]
    • Mokilko (Mukulu, Gergiko) (B.2)
    • Sokoro (B.3): Saba, Sokoro, Tamki, Mawa, Ubi[8]
    • Barein (Baraïn) (B.4, gụnyere Jalking ma ọ bụ Jelkung dialect)

Otú ọ dị, Peust (2018), nwere nhazi phylogenetic dịtụ iche maka East Chadic.[9] Mgbanwe kachasị dị ịrịba ama bụ mgbanwe nke Mokilko (B.2) site na East Chadic B gaa na East Chadian A, ebe ọ bụzi alaka mbụ ga-ekewa, Lele-Nancere (A.2.1) sochiri. N'ime East Chadic B, ọ na-emeso otu Mubi (B.1.2) dị ka alaka mbụ, ebe ndị ọzọ niile kewara n'etiti Dangla (B.1.1) n'ebe ugwu na Barain tinyere Sokoro (B.3 na B.4) n'ebe ndịda.

A na-ekesa East Chadic A karịsịa na Tandjilé na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ekesa East Chadic B karịsịa na Guéra na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[10]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

Nchịkọta Asụsụ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A, A.1 Somrai N'ihi ya Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya Uzo na-achịkwa wōdə̄ Ọ na-ada kubì wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ? də̀ná Sə́r (10 - 2) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dikọn" (10-1) mwàtʃ
A, A.1 Tumak N'ihi ya Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ dị na steeti sùb wōrī Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ihe nkiri ùɡì ebe a na-akpọ ɗáksùb wāwār (2 x 4) ? bìsāmə̄n (10 - 1) ? kwàr
A, A.2 Gabri Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya Ife superbu Akwụkwọ bụ́ bày jūrɡú Marị Nkọwa mɔ́tʃ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Kimré Pọntaktị Iyi subu pɔrbu bai dʒi dʒurɡəm marɡə diŋɡɛsə mwɔdʒ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Lele pine N'ihi ya superba Porìŋ bày ménèŋ Matolign juru ebe a ma ama ɡoro
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nancere Pọnahụ sùwœ̀ maara ihe N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ bày N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya aka N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ụlọ tʃélə̄ ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3 Kera N'ihi ya ɓasi Sope Ụmụ ahụhụ na-agbanyụ / suŋku Khamụ Seéɗa ásəɡə̀n támbə̀la mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3 Kwang (Kwong) mɪn rai sɪpai wu ya wiʔyɪm sɪdəəŋ bʊkʊr kauda bɪdaamna Okpok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1) ke siɗi n'okpuru paɗaŋ beeyʼeŋ peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1) pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) peŋda orro
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2) keʔeŋ (nwoke), kaɗya (nwaanyị) siɗì n'okpuru paɗaŋ bèeʔeŋ pénkeʔ (5 + 1) piisit (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) kwụ ọtọ Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ihe
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dangla (Dangaléat) ɾákkí Ihe omuma nke mbu subbà pooɗí Ọ ga-adịkwa ala bidyɡèɗy Ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga póɗpóɗ parkà Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'oge a na-arụ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mawa (1) akwụkwọ mpịakọta Nkọwa sup paːt bij byaːpat (5 + 1) ? byamat patpat (2 x 4) kwapinikara (10 - 1) ? kwaːjan
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mawa (2) pənni rap sup pat bii bii biaapan (5 + 1) ? biamat patpat (2 x 4) kuapinikara (10 - 1) ? kuayan
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Migama (1) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'oge seriá subbà Pooɗí N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya N'ihi ya, n'oge gara aga mba ọzọ póppóɗí (2 x 4) N'oge a na-adịghị anya (10 - 1) ʔórrò
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Migama (2) Kaɗụta seriá subbà Pooɗí béeɗyá bízɡíɗyì mba ọzọ póppóɗí (2 x 4) Parnàkáɗyì (10 -1) ʔôrrò
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mogum kɛ̀ (m), kā (f) Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya sup poot bey mik ụgwọ ọrụ porpide barkɛt orrok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ubi piina Mufour yaɓa poɗa A na-akpọ ya N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "ha" ka a na - "ha" porpoɗa (2 x 4) kojpane (litː 'koj = aka') orok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mubi (1) fíní Syr Sutebụrụ fádà biyyia Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a hụrụ ya beesír fàrbàt férbínì kúruk
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mubi (2) agwụla Sir n'okpuru ala fada fada Bija istala besir farbad [farbat] ferbine kuruk
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Zerenkel pinne ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-abụ sùbbà Nna Nna Nna N'oge a na-eme ya istala Beesiri paarpaɗì paarpinò kúrúkí
B, B.2 Akpụkpọ anụ Ọ bụ naanị ya ka ọ bụ Syré áɗó otu afọ [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] zó(ót) N'oge na-adịghị anya) ɡéssírè ɡés(sát) Agba na-agafe agafe
B, B.3 Barein paniŋ Sidi subu pudu dawsu dasumaniŋ (5 + 1) dasisidi (5 + 2) dasusubu (5 + 3) dasumpudu (5 + 4) kur
B, B.3 Sokoro kéttì / ker̃í ebe superba paʔáɗà biʔà bépini ebe a na-anọ béʃíba bépʌɗʌ̀ Ork
  1. Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-27918-7. 
  2. Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan, 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4. 
  3. Peust (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). DOI:10.24425/for.2018.124686. 
  4. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
  5. 5.0 5.1 Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
  6. Lovestrand (2012). Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B). SIL International.
  7. Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
  8. Previously classified as Dangla
  9. Peust (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). DOI:10.24425/for.2018.124686. 
  10. Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
  11. Chan, Eugene (2019). The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.