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East Chadic languages

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A maara ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche nke East Chadic dị ka ndị Hadjarai.[1][2] Asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic bụ Nancere.[3]

Alaka nke East Chadic na-aga ma ọ bụ site na aha ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede na nọmba n'usoro nhazi.[4]

Nchịkọta East Chadic B na-agbaso nke Lovestrand (2012).

  • Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic A
  • Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic B[6]
    • B.1
      • Dangla (B.1.1): Bidiyo (Bidiya), Dangaléat (Dangla), Birgit, Jonkor Bourmataguil, Mabire, Migaama, Mogum (Jegu), Toram
      • Mubi (B.1.2): Mubi, Kajakse, Masmaje, Zirenkel (Zerenkel)
      • ? Kujarge (B.1.3)[7]
    • Mokilko (Mukulu, Gergiko) (B.2)
    • Sokoro (B.3): Saba, Sokoro, Tamki, Mawa, Ubi[8]
    • Barein (Baraïn) (B.4, gụnyere Jalking ma ọ bụ Jelkung dialect)

Otú ọ dị, Peust (2018), nwere nhazi phylogenetic dịtụ iche maka East Chadic.[9] Mgbanwe kachasị dị ịrịba ama bụ mgbanwe nke Mokilko (B.2) site na East Chadic B gaa na East Chadian A, ebe ọ bụzi alaka mbụ ga-ekewa, Lele-Nancere (A.2.1) sochiri. N'ime East Chadic B, ọ na-emeso otu Mubi (B.1.2) dị ka alaka mbụ, ebe ndị ọzọ niile kewara n'etiti Dangla (B.1.1) n'ebe ugwu na Barain tinyere Sokoro (B.3 na B.4) n'ebe ndịda.

A na-ekesa East Chadic A karịsịa na Tandjilé na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ekesa East Chadic B karịsịa na Guéra na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[10]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

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Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

Nchịkọta Asụsụ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A, A.1 Somrai N'ihi ya Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya Uzo na-achịkwa wōdə̄ Ọ na-ada kubì wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ? də̀ná Sə́r (10 - 2) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dikọn" (10-1) mwàtʃ
A, A.1 Tumak N'ihi ya Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ dị na steeti sùb wōrī Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ihe nkiri ùɡì ebe a na-akpọ ɗáksùb wāwār (2 x 4) ? bìsāmə̄n (10 - 1) ? kwàr
A, A.2 Gabri Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya Ife superbu Akwụkwọ bụ́ bày jī jūrɡú Marị Nkọwa mɔ́tʃ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Kimré Pọntaktị Iyi subu pɔrbu bai dʒi dʒurɡəm marɡə diŋɡɛsə mwɔdʒ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Lele pine N'ihi ya superba Porìŋ bày ménèŋ Matolign juru ebe a ma ama ɡoro
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nancere Pọnahụ sùwœ̀ maara ihe N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ bày N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya aka N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ụlọ tʃélə̄ ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3 Kera N'ihi ya ɓasi Sope Ụmụ ahụhụ na-agbanyụ / suŋku Khamụ Seéɗa ásəɡə̀n támbə̀la mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3 Kwang (Kwong) mɪn rai sɪpai wu ya wiʔyɪm sɪdəəŋ bʊkʊr kauda bɪdaamna Okpok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1) ke siɗi n'okpuru paɗaŋ beeyʼeŋ peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1) pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) peŋda orro
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2) keʔeŋ (nwoke), kaɗya (nwaanyị) siɗì n'okpuru paɗaŋ bèeʔeŋ pénkeʔ (5 + 1) piisit (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) kwụ ọtọ Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ihe
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dangla (Dangaléat) ɾákkí Ihe omuma nke mbu subbà pooɗí Ọ ga-adịkwa ala bidyɡèɗy Ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga póɗpóɗ parkà Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'oge a na-arụ
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mawa (1) akwụkwọ mpịakọta Nkọwa sup paːt bij byaːpat (5 + 1) ? byamat patpat (2 x 4) kwapinikara (10 - 1) ? kwaːjan
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mawa (2) pənni rap sup pat bii bii biaapan (5 + 1) ? biamat patpat (2 x 4) kuapinikara (10 - 1) ? kuayan
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Migama (1) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'oge seriá subbà Pooɗí N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya N'ihi ya, n'oge gara aga mba ọzọ póppóɗí (2 x 4) N'oge a na-adịghị anya (10 - 1) ʔórrò
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Migama (2) Kaɗụta seriá subbà Pooɗí béeɗyá bízɡíɗyì mba ọzọ póppóɗí (2 x 4) Parnàkáɗyì (10 -1) ʔôrrò
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mogum kɛ̀ (m), kā (f) Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya sup poot bey mik ụgwọ ọrụ porpide barkɛt orrok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ubi piina Mufour yaɓa poɗa A na-akpọ ya N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "ha" ka a na - "ha" porpoɗa (2 x 4) kojpane (litː 'koj = aka') orok
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mubi (1) fíní Syr Sutebụrụ fádà biyyia Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a hụrụ ya beesír fàrbàt férbínì kúruk
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mubi (2) agwụla Sir n'okpuru ala fada fada Bija istala besir farbad [farbat] ferbine kuruk
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Zerenkel pinne ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-abụ sùbbà Nna Nna Nna N'oge a na-eme ya istala Beesiri paarpaɗì paarpinò kúrúkí
B, B.2 Akpụkpọ anụ Ọ bụ naanị ya ka ọ bụ Syré áɗó otu afọ [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] zó(ót) N'oge na-adịghị anya) ɡéssírè ɡés(sát) Agba na-agafe agafe
B, B.3 Barein paniŋ Sidi subu pudu dawsu dasumaniŋ (5 + 1) dasisidi (5 + 2) dasusubu (5 + 3) dasumpudu (5 + 4) kur
B, B.3 Sokoro kéttì / ker̃í ebe superba paʔáɗà biʔà bépini ebe a na-anọ béʃíba bépʌɗʌ̀ Ork

Ntuaka

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  1. ↑ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-27918-7.
  2. ↑ Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4.
  3. ↑ Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
  4. ↑ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
  5. 1 2 Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
  6. ↑ Lovestrand, Joseph (2012). "Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)" (PDF). SIL International.
  7. ↑ Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
  8. ↑ Previously classified as Dangla
  9. ↑ Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
  10. ↑ Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
  11. ↑ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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