Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Calakmul
Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (Spanish: Reserva de la Biósfera de Calakmul) dị na ala nke Yucatán Peninsula na Mexico, na Calakmul Municipality na steeti Campeche, n'ókè nke ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén n'ebe ndịda. Ọ na-ewe 7,231 km2 (2,792 mi) ma na-agụnye ihe dị ka 12% oké ọhịa ndị dị na Mexico. Ebe nchekwa ahụ, nke e guzobere na 1989, bụ otu n'ime ebe nchekwa kachasị ukwuu na Mexico, na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 14% nke steeti ahụ.[1] Ebe nchọpụta ihe ochie dị mkpa tupu oge Columbus nke Calakmul, otu n'ime ebe ndị Maya kachasị ama, dị na Biosphere Reserve.[2]
Flora na anụmanụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe nchekwa na mpaghara ọhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke Maya Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera Maya) na ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén mejupụtara otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu na nke a na-emetụchaghị aka nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Amerịka n'ebe ugwu Colombia. A na-ahazi ọhịa ahụ dị ka oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị elu na nke dị n'etiti n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'etiti osisi ndị ahụ, e nwere ceibas, Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), fig strangler (Ficus), chaká (Bursera simaruba), na chicle ma ọ bụ chicozapote (Manilkara chicle). N'ozuzu, ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ 70,000, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ebe kachasị dị iche iche n'ụwa.[3]
Biosphere bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ 86 na-enye nwa ara, 18 n'ime ha nwere ike ịchọta na Official Registry of Mexican Ecology, ihe enyemaka nke na-akọwa osisi na anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi, ndị dị ụkọ, ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n"okpuru nchebe. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke 5 n'ime 6 nnukwu nwamba ndị a mụrụ na Mexico.[4] Nke a na-agụnye obere ma nwee ahụike nke jaguars yana jaguarundis, ocelots, pumas na margays. Anụmanụ ahụ gụnyekwara Central American agoutis, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Guatemalan black howlers, Baird's tapir, white-nosed coatis, ocellated turkeys, crested guans, toucans, na parrots.
Egwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
E nyela ebe nchekwa ahụ aha a na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu, nke pụtara na a ghaghị ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji gaa n'ihu na-echebe ma na-echekwa ụdị dị iche iche ya.[4] Egwu ndị a gụnyere: mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, akụrụngwa ndị njem nleta, na mpụta nke okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa kemgbe afọ 1980 n'ihi mmụba nke ịkwaga nakwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ịmụ nwa. Nke a etinyela nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụrụngwa n'ihi ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ nke ndị obodo ahụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na 80% nke ịchụ nta na ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ maka oriri onwe onye n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, ịchụ nta a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na-arịwanye elu na ndị anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ejikwa ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ.[4]
E nweela ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta, ebe ọ bụ na e nyere ebe nchekwa ahụ aha UNESCO, nke mepụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri dị ụkọ na mpaghara ahụ, a na-echekwa mmiri a na-eri n'akụkụ obodo ma ọ bụ obodo maka ndị njem nleta, na-akpata ụkọ mmiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ. A na-enwe mmata na-arịwanye elu banyere nsogbu mmiri nwere ike ime n'ihi enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke ndị obodo na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta.
N'ihi nsogbu na nhazi nke ebe nchekwa ahụ, e wuru ụzọ abụọ bụ isi nke gafere abụọ n'ime isi, ebe dị mkpa nke ebe nchekwa. E nweela aro maka ebe njem nleta a na-akpọ Maya World nke ga-agụnye okporo ụzọ awara awara na-ejikọ mpaghara dị iche iche nke ebe nchekwa biosphere.[4] Ọ bụ ezie na ewepụla atụmatụ maka okporo ụzọ awara awara maka oge a, owuwu họtel na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ndị ahụ.
Okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Carlos Salinas de Gortari kwupụtara ebe ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1989. Ihe ndị e depụtara maka nhọpụta ahụ bụ nchedo nke ụdị dị iche iche, yana nchedo nke ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị Maya oge ochie dị n'ime ókèala nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndị obodo bi n'ala ahụ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ndị chọrọ ichebe akụ ya.[5]
Ndị bi n'ala ahụ bụ ndị mbịarambịa na-anọchite anya steeti 23 n'ime steeti 32 nke Mexico nke dọtara n'ala na 1960s mgbe gọọmentị Mexico tinyere ọrụ nkesa ala. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ha nwere ike ịdị iche, ha nwere otu njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugbe na-ebi n'ala. Dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ, ha niile nwere otu nkwenye na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ebe a ga-arụ ọrụ.[5] Ndị otu ndị a na-anọghị n'èzí nwere echiche "adịghị emetụ aka". N'ụzọ dị otú a, ndị Campesinos emeela ka ha nwee otu ihu n'ịgba mbọ inweta ihe onwunwe dị mkpa nke ga-enyere ha aka ịkọ ugbo na inye onwe ha ihe.
N'afọ 1991, onye isi ala Mexico nyere ndị Campesinos "nlekọta maka ebe nchekwa" nke nyere ego iji nyere aka na nchedo nke oké ọhịa ndị fọdụrụnụ ka ọ na-agba ume afọ ojuju onwe onye na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.[5] Nke a kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na ụdị dị iche iche bụ "ụdị dị iche iche n'iji ya eme ihe".[5]
Okwu arụmụka ndị a emeela ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ guzogide ya. N'ihi nkwenye ha gbasara ojiji nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ, ọtụtụ kwenyere na ndị nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke arụmụka ahụ (ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu) chọrọ iji ala ahụ mee ihe maka uru nke ha. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe nnọchianya na ezigbo ala ma na-eche na gọọmentị na-emebi omume ha.[5] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Campesinos na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma ya mere ha anaghị enweta ụgwọ ọnwa, enwere nnukwu nsogbu ha na-eche ihu site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-etinye iwu.
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Mader. Planeta-Calakmul. Archived from the original on 2004-11-16. Retrieved on 2012-03-26.
- ↑ Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche. UNESCO.
- ↑ Wilder. "The Return of the Jaguar", New York Times, 8 November 2022. Retrieved on 10 November 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Parks Watch. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2012-03-26. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ParksWatch" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 1-Iaenn'. The Power of Environmental Knowledge: Ethnoecology and Environmental Conflicts in Mexican Conservation. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2012-03-26. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Locals" defined multiple times with different content