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Harriet Powers

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Harriet Powers (Ọktoba 29, 1837 - Jenụwarị 1, 1910) [1] bụ onye omenkà ndị America na onye akwa akwa a mụrụ n'ohu n'ime ime obodo ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Georgia. Ndị ikike na-eji usoro ngwa ngwa ọdịnala mee ihe mkpuchi nke gosipụtara akụkọ ifo ndị obodo, akụkọ Bible, na ihe omume mbara igwe. Ndị ọchịchị lụrụ di na nwunye ma nwee ezinụlọ buru ibu. Mgbe agha obodo America na nnwere onwe gasịrị, ya na di ya ghọrọ ndị nwe ala n'afọ ndị 1880, mana ala ha tufuru n'ihi nsogbu ego.

Naanị abụọ n'ime uwe akwa akwa ya ka a maara na ọ dị: Bible Quilt 1886 na Pictorial Quilt 1898. A na-ewere uwe elu ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ kachasị mma nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke Southern quilting. A na-egosi ọrụ ya na National Museum of American History na Washington, D.C., na Museum of Fine Arts na Boston, Massachusetts

Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ ike n'ime ịgba ohu na 1837 na nso Athens, Georgia. Ekwenyere na ọ nọrọla nwata ya n'ubi dị ka ohu, nke John na Nancy Lester nwe na Madison County ma mụta ịkwa akwa n'aka ndị ohu ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ n'aka nwanyị ohu ya.[1]

N'afọ 1855, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Powers lụrụ Armstead Powers.[1] Ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ itoolu.[2][3]

Mgbe Agha Obodo America gasịrị, a tọhapụrụ ndị Powerses na ụmụ ha. Na ngụkọ 1870, edere ha ka ha nwere $300 (~ $7,228 na 2023) na ihe onwunwe nkeonwe, n'agbanyeghị na ha enweghị ala. N'ihe gbasara ọrụ, e depụtara Powers dị ka 'ụlọ nchekwa' na di ya dị ka 'onye ọrụ ugbo.' N'oge a, atọ n'ime ụmụ ha - Amanda, Leon Joe (Alonzo), na Nancy - ka bi n'ụlọ.

Ka ọ na-erule 1880s Powers na ezinụlọ ya nwere ala acres anọ ma gbaa obere ugbo na Clarke County.[1][2] N'afọ 1886, Powers gosipụtara quilt mbụ ya na ngosi akwa Atens.[3][4][1] Mgbe ụfọdụ ihe isi ike ego gasịrị, Armstead malitere iji nwayọọ na-ere traktị ala na mmalite 1890s, ma mechaa mebie ụtụ isi ya.[1] N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ego ha nwere, ndị Powerses ahapụghị ụlọ ha.[3] Mpaghara ha nwere ogbenye ego, akụ na ụba ime obodo, ọ na-esiri ndị America America ike ịnakọta ego maka ụtụ isi na ụgwọ.

Na 1894, Armstead hapụrụ Powers; Ọ lụọghị nwaanyị ọzọ ma eleghị anya ọ kwadoro onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwa akwa.[1][2] Ọ nọgidere na Clarke County maka ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na edemede Chicago Tribune nke 1895 [4] banyere Cotton States na International Expo kọwara Powers dị ka onye na-amaghị akwụkwọ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, na-amụta akụkọ Bible site na "ndị ọzọ nwere ihu ọma", Powers maara akwụkwọ. Quilt ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Kyra E. Hicks chọpụtara akwụkwọ ozi nke Powers dere mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta maka akwụkwọ ya na quilter: This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces (2009). [5] Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ bụ akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Powers nke 1896 nye otu nwanyị a ma ama si Keokuk, Iowa; ọ kọọrọ nghọta banyere ndụ Powers mgbe ọ bụ ohu, otu na mgbe ọ mụtara ịgụ na ide, na nkọwa nke ọ dịkarịa ala anọ n'ime akwa ya.[6] Powers dere na ọ mụtara akụkọ Bible site na ọmụmụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ.[3][6]

Powers nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1910; e wee lie ya n’ebe a na-eli ozu ndị pilgrim nke dị n’Atens.[1] A chọtaghachiri ili ya na Jenụwarị 2005. [7]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Powers gosipụtara akwa akwa mbụ ya, The Bible Quilt, na 1886 na Athens Cotton Fair . [2][3] Ọ bụ ebe a ka Jennie Smith, onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka si na Lucy Cobb Institute, hụrụ akwa ahụ, nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ dị ịrịba ama, wee rịọ ka ọ zụta ya.[8] Powers jụrụ ire, mana ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, Powers, zutere nsogbu ego ma di ya gbaa ya ume ire, nyere Smith uwe ahụ maka dollar iri; Smith kwetara ma kwurịta ọnụahịa ahụ ruo dollar ise (~ $ 170.00 na 2023). [2][9] Powers kọwara ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya nye Smith- onye dekọrọ nkọwa ndị a, na-agbakwunye ihe odide nke ya, na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onwe ya.[1] O nwere ike ịbụ na Smith kọwakwuru ihe Ndị Kraịst dị n'ihe ndekọ ya.[2] Ike na-eji anya na-ekwurịta okwu na akwa akụkọ ya na isiokwu sitere na ahụmịhe nke ya na usoro sitere na ọrụ aka ochie nke ndị Africa America. [10]

E mere akwa akwa nke abụọ nke Powers, The Pictorial Quilt, na 1898 na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya edoghị anya. Otu akụkọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ndị nwunye ndị otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Atlanta nyere ya iwu, bụ ndị hụrụ akwa mbụ na Cotton States Exhibition na Atlanta na 1895, mgbe Powers na di ya kewara.[3] Dị ka akwụkwọ ọzọ si kwuo, a zụrụ akwa ahụ na Nashville, Tennessee, na 1898.   [citation needed]

N'agbanyeghị ebe o si malite, e nyere mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ n'aka Reverend Charles Cuthbert Hall nke New York City, bụ onye na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ndị nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum n'oge ahụ. Ndị nketa nke reverend resịrị onye na-anakọta ihe mkpuchi ahụ Maxim Karolik, onye nyeziri ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.[11]

N'akwụkwọ ozi o dere n'afọ 1896, Powers kọwara akwa e mere n'ihe dị ka 1882 nke ọ kpọrọ The Lord's Supper Quilt.[12] N'otu aka ahụ, ihe ndekọ nke akwa ndị ọzọ dị mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ha ma ọ bụ The Lord's Supper Quilt adịgidewo.[3][12]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ Nsọ Quilt 1886[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Harriet Powers, 1885-1886

Emechara na 1886, e ji ákwà owu wuo The Bible Quilt (nke 88 na × 73+3⁄4 in, 2,240 mm × 1,870 mm) wee hazie ya n'ahịrị atọ nwere ngụkọta nke akụkụ 11, ma ọ bụ square.[1][1] 2] A na-enye ihe nkiri ụfọdụ nnukwu ogwe karịa ndị ọzọ. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ nwere àgwà 'random' ọ bụ ezie na a haziri ihe nkiri ahụ n'usoro.[2] E ji usoro appliqué mere Quilt Bible, a na-adụkwa ya ma aka ma ígwè . [2][2][13]

Ihe ngosi ndị ahụ na-egosi akụkọ Bible, dị ka Jekọb na ubube ya, bụ́ ndị e sere n’ime mmụọ “Anyị Na-arịgo n’Ubube Jekọb.” Akụkọ Agba Ochie a bụ ndị ohu na-ewu ewu ebe ọ bụ na ha na-akọ banyere ndị a na-achụ nta, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi bụ Jekọb na ubube, nke ha kọwara dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya mgbapụ n'ịbụ ohu.[1]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-achị bụ Adam na Iv, Iv na nwa ya nwoke na-aga n’ihu na Paradaịs, Setan n’etiti kpakpando asaa ahụ, Ken gburu Ebel, Ken na-abanye n’ala nke Nod maka nwunye, Job, Jona na Whale, [2] Baptizim. nke Kraịst, Mkpọgide n’obe, Judas Iskarịọt na mkpụrụ ọlaọcha iri atọ ahụ, Nri Anyasị ikpeazụ, Ezinụlọ Nsọ, na nrịgo nke Kraịst n’eluigwe. Ike, ọgbọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ nke nwanyị ohu, nwere ike họrọla akụkọ ndị a dị ka ozi mfu na mgbapụ.[2][3]

Jennie Smith, onye na-eto eto na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ nke gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ọzọ, hụrụ akwa ahụ na Athens Cotton Fair nke 1886. O mechara dee na e ji akwa mee ya n'ihi na, "[Ụdị] nke Power bụ nke obi ike ma na-adabere na iwu nke impressionist mgbe enwere okwu na-atọ ụtọ. " [14] O kwuru na ya ga-azụta ya mgbe ahụ, mana Powers achọghị ire ya. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, Powers laghachiri Smith, na-enye ohere ire akwa ahụ n'ihi mkpa ezinụlọ ya. Ọ kọwaara Smith akụkụ ahụ n'oge ahụ, onye dekọrọ ihe ọ kwuru. Powers gara n'elu ákwà ahụ ọtụtụ oge mgbe Smith nwere ya, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị pụrụ iche na ndụ ya. [1][14]

Provenance[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Maazị na Oriakụ H. M. Heckman nyere ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian Quilt Bible. A na-egosi ya ugbu a na National Museum of American History . [2]

Arụmụka Bible Quilt[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1992, Ụlọ Ọrụ Smithsonian goro ụlọ ọrụ China ka ha mepụta Bible Quilt, tinyere ọtụtụ akwa ndị ọzọ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19, gụnyere Susan Strong's 1830 Great Seal Quilt.[15][16] Atụmatụ ndị a maka mmepụta na ire ahịa mba ọzọ kpatara nnukwu esemokwu.

Mgbe mmeghari izizi pụtara na katalọgụ Spiegel maka ịzụrụ ihe, ọ wụrụ ọtụtụ ndị America akpata oyi. Ndị ogbe mkpuchi na nka, ọkachasị National Quilting Association [1] na Maryland's Four County Quilt Guild,[2] nwere oke iwe site na mbọ mmeputa ndị a.

Ha kwenyere na ọ bụ enweghị nkwanye ùgwù iji nweta ego site na Bible Quilt na ọrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya n'achọghị onye nwere ike nweta ikike ezinụlọ maka ọrụ ahụ na onye nwere ike ịnata ụfọdụ ụgwọ eze site na mmepụta ya. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe na-echegbukwa onwe ha na mmụba nke ihe ndị a pụrụ iche, nke na-adịghị agafe agafe agaghị eme ka ọ daa mbà n'obi nke ndị na-emepụta ha, kama ọ na-ekpuchikwa mmalite dị mkpa nke ọnọdụ ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ndị otu ndị a kwenyesiri ike na, ọ bụrụ na a ga-emepụtagharị ya, ụlọ ọrụ ndị America ga-emepụta ha iji nyere aka kwado ọrụ ahụ na U.S.

Ọtụtụ nwere mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ihe kpatara nke a nke na ha kagburu ịbụ onye Smithsonian ha, kpọtụrụ ndị omebe iwu ha, bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa, ma mee mkpesa na National Mall na Washington, D.C. [ntụgharị chọrọ] Dabere na nzaghachi ndị a, Smithsonian Institution mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe na ọrụ ọmụmụ ha. . Ha nwere "Nwebiisinka 1992 Smithsonian Institution"[1] ka ebipụtara na akwa mkpuchi ọ bụla iji zere ọgba aghara. Ha kwenyere ka ha machibido ire mmeputakwa quil na ụlọ ahịa onyinye ihe ngosi nka ma ọ bụ ụdị katalọgụ ọ bụla, wee nweta ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ụlọ, Cabin Creek Quilters na Appalachia na Missouri Breaks, otu dabere na ndoputa Lakota Sioux. Iji gbochie ụdị esemokwu dị otú ahụ n'ọdịnihu, Smithsonian malitekwara ịme ọgbakọ ọha na-akwalite mkparịta ụka na nyocha ọzọ gbasara omume ọma dị ka ihe metụtara mmeputakwa nka.

Ihe osise Quilt 1898[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe osise, Mixed Media. 1898

Pictorial Quilt (na-atụle in, 1,750 mm), nke e wuchara na 1889, ejiri ogho rụọ ya ma jiri usoro appliqué mee ya.  E nwere 15 otu nha, ma ọ bụ square, nke a haziri n'ahịrị atọ nke ise. E nwere ihe oyiyi 10 nke Bible, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme anọ, na nkuzi omume. A naghị ahazi ihe nkiri ndị ahụ n'usoro, mana a na-etinye ha na mberede na-agwakọta ihe nkiri Bible na akụkọ ihe mere eme.[11][13]

N’ime akụkọ 10 Baịbụl e sere, atọ na-ezo aka n’otú Chineke kere ihe niile e kere eke abụọ abụọ (Panel 7, 9, and 14). Akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Adam na Iv na agwọ ahụ (Panel 4), Mozis na agwọ ahụ (Panel 3), Jona na whale (Panel 6), Job na-ekpe ekpere maka ndị iro ya (Panel 1), ndị mmụọ ozi nke ọnụma na ọkwa asaa ahụ. (Isi nke 10), na ihe ngosi abụọ sitere na ndụ Jizọs (Isi nke 5 na 15).

Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe omume okike masịrị ndị America wee bụrụ akụkụ nke ọdịnala ọnụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mere tupu a mụọ Powers. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Panel 2 nke na-egosi Ụbọchị Ọchịchịrị nke May 19, 1780, ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị yiri ka anwụchiela (nke a kpatara ya bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na ntụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa na Canada); yana, Panel 8 nke na-anọchi anya Leonid meteor ịsa ahụ nke 1833. Panel 11 na-egosi 'Cold Thursday,' February 10, 1895. Ebe Powers portrays ndị mmadụ oyi kpọnwụrụ na ha egwu. Panel 12 na-anọchite anya abalị Red Light nke 1846.

Ogwe 13 bụ nkuzi omume ọma ma gosipụta ndị ọgaranya abụọ e nyere ntaramahụhụ ebighi ebi maka amaghị ihe ọ bụla banyere Chineke. Kọmitii ahụ na-egosikwa ezì a sịrị na ọ si Georgia gaa Virginia.[17][18][19][13]

Provenance[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme ezinụlọ Cuthbert si kwuo, Reverend Charles Cuthbert Hall bụ otu "ụmụ nwanyị" na Mahadum Atlanta nyere ihe mkpuchi ahụ na 1898. Onye ozi Presbyterian ka a họpụtara dị ka onye isi oche nke Seminary Union na New York. Nwa ya nwoke Reverend Basil Douglas Hall (1888 - 1979) ketara ya ihe dịka 1961.

Ndị na-anakọta Maxim na Martha Karolik zụrụ ọrụ ahụ na 1964, na-enye ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, na ihe nketa. A na-egosi ya n'ebe ahụ.[11]

Ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Bible Quilt 1886 na Pictorial Quilt 1898 na-egosi ihe ndị dị na Bible na akụkọ ihe mere eme yana ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe. A na-eji aka na igwe dụkọta akwa abụọ ahụ, na-eji usoro appliqué na nke na-egosi ma mmetụta ndị Africa na America na ndị Africa.[13] Ha bụ ndị a ma ama maka iji usoro ndị a na ịkọ akụkọ mee ihe.

Jennie Smith dekọrọ okwu Harriet Powers maka square ọ bụla nke Pictorial Quilt. [Ihe odide ederede dị mkpa] Edere nkọwa ndị a na akwụkwọ mgbe enyere Reverend Cuthbert nke Mahadum Atlanta ihe mkpuchi ahụ. Dị ka ya ndetu, maka Leonid ma ọ bụ na-ada kpakpando square, Powers kwuru, sị, "Ndị mmadụ na-atụ egwu na-eche na ọgwụgwụ nke oge abịawo. aka Chineke stad kpakpando. The varmints gbapụrụ n'àkwà ha. "[1] Ọzọ. panel na-egosi 'ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị' Mee 19, 1780 (nke a na-achọpụta ugbu a dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na North America nke Canada Wildfires kpatara). [20]

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka achọpụtala myirịta dị n'etiti mgbidi ngwa ngwa West Africa na ọrụ Powers. Yiri akwa akwa nke Benin etinyere, ọrụ Powers nwere akara ahaziri nke ọma na obere mgbanwe. Dị ka ihe atụ, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ, ma ndị nwoke ma ndị nwanyị, na Bible Quilt yiri ka e si n’otu ụkpụrụ mee. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwoke dị iche na nke nwanyị site na ịkpụcha ụdị V si uwe mwụda. Na mgbakwunye, ihe nnọchianya ya nke mmadụ, anụmanụ, na ihe dị ntakịrị ma weghara isi ihe dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọrụ ya dị ka nke Fon, Asante, Fante, na Ewe mere.[13]

Onye edemede Floris Barnett Cash na-atụ aro na mmasị Powers na ihe nkiri eluigwe, akụkọ okpukpe, na ihe omume mbara igwe gosipụtara mgbanwe n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii ebe ọ bi. A na-ekerịta ozi ọha na eze, dị ka ịnụ okwuchukwu sitere n'aka ndị nkwusa kwa Sọnde, ma ọ bụ akụkọ, n'oge a na-ekpuchi uwe ma tinye ya n'ime uwe ya.[10]

Ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na mmasị ndị ikike nwere n'ahụ ndị eluigwe metụtara nkwenye na mkpa okpukpe ha pụtara, [1] ma ọ bụ na ha nwere njikọ na otu òtù ụmụnna. Nkọwa ya banyere ihe mkpuchi abụọ ahụ adịlarị na ederede ndị ọzọ. O nwere ike ịbụ na ndị mmadụ na-edekọ ihe o kwuru metụtara mmetụta ya pụta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta amụtala na Powers bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, ma ọ pụkwara iji ihe mkpuchi ya mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkuzi, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị obodo ya enweghị ike ịgụ ihe.

Ọnwụ, olili ozu na ncheta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Powers, "nwanyị Negro merela agadi nke ji ọtụtụ ndị Athens kpọrọ ihe," dị ka ọkwa ọnwụ ya si dị na Banner Athens, nwụrụ na January 1, 1910, nke oyi baa n'ụwa ma lie ya na ebe izu ike nke ndị America America, Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery na Atens.[1] N'afọ 2005, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Georgia, Cat Holmes, chọtaghachiri isi okwu maka Powers na di ya, Armsted, bụ nke ahịhịa tojuru etoju kpuchiri kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.Ihe nrịbama ahụ jidere aha di na nwunye ahụ ma dị ihe dị ka 24 na × 15 na × 3⁄4 na (610 mm × 381 mm × 19 mm) yana “ọ dị ka ọ̀ bụ nwa nwoke Powers nke ọdụdụ, Marshall hiwere ya,” onye aha ya bụ n'oge ahụ. n'elu isi okwute.[1] Holmes anọwo na-achọ ili ma na-aga n'ihu ihe dị ka afọ abụọ. Na Christmas Eve 2004, Holmes na di ya, David Berle, onye prọfesọ ihe ọkụkụ na Mahadum Georgia, bụ ndị na-enyere aka na mweghachi maka ebe a na-eli ozu, nọ na-achọ ebe a "ka edoghị anya".Nke mbụ, ha chọtara akara maka Viola Powers ( ọgọ nwanyị) na mgbe otu awa gachara, isi okwu nke Power.[2][21]

Na Disemba 2023, a raara ihe ncheta ọhụrụ maka Harriet na Armstead Powers nye na Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery. Ọ bụ Women of Color Quilters Network kwadoro ncheta ahụ.[22][23][24]

Ebe a na-eli ozu ndị njem ala nsọ
Okpueze eriri na ili Harriet Powers. A tọhapụrụ ya n'October 31, 2010.
Harriet na Armstead Powers n'ihu nkume isi, raara nye na Disemba 2, 2023.
Harriet na Armstead Powers isi nkume n'azụ ihe ncheta.

Nsọpụrụ ndị e nyere mgbe ọ nwụsịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2009, a nabatara Powers n'ime Georgia Women of Achievement Hall of Fame . [1]

N'October 2010, òtù dị iche iche dị na Athens, Georgia, mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe omume metụtara isiokwu bụ "Aka Ndị Pụrụ Ime: A Centennial Celebration of Harriet Powers." Ihe omume ndị a gụnyere ihe ngosi mkpuchi mkpuchi, ịkọ akụkọ, egwu egwu ozioma, ihe ngosi ihe ngosi, mmemme ụka ncheta na New Grove Baptist Church na Winterville, na ịga na saịtị ili Powers. [25][26]

Onye isi obodo Athens-Clarke County Heidi Davison wepụtara nkwupụta na-akpọ October 30, 2010, dị ka Harriet Powers Day.   [citation needed]

N'omenala a ma ama[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ ụmụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Fader, Ellen (March 1, 1994). "Stitching Stars: The Story Quilts of Harriet Powers", The Horn Book Magazine. Izu ohi [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
  • Herkert, Barbara, na Vanessa Brantley-Newton (onye na-ese ihe). Akụkọ ịkwa akwa: Njem Harriet Powers si n'ohu gaa n'onye na-ese ihe. New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers, 2015.  
  • Lyons, Mary E. Stitching Stars: Akụkọ Akụkọ nke Harriet Powers. New York, NY: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1997.   OCLC 38176225

Ụkpụrụ Quilt[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ike, Harriet. A Pattern Book: Dabere na Appliqué Quilt nke Mrs. Harriet Powers, American, 19th Century. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1970.   OCLC 6038345
  • Perry, Regenia Akwụkwọ Bible nke Harriet Powers. New York: Rizzoli International, 1994.   OCLC 29356836
  • Hicks, Kyra E. The Lord's Supper Pattern Book: Imagining Harriet Powers' Lost Bible Story Quilt. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   OCLC 779971630

Ụlọ ihe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Cavalieri, Grace. Ịchụ Anyanwụ. nke Smithsonian Institution na Visual Press nke Mahadum Maryland nyere iwu, 2000.[27]
    • Nke mbụ mere na New York City (2002) site na Xoregos Performing Company.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ihe osise ndị Afrịka na America
  • Akpụkpọ anụ nke Baltimore
  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwa
  • Ịgbapụta
  • Ndepụta nke ndị ohu
  • Ihe ndị dị na Gee's Bend

Ntuaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 HARRIET POWERS – Nurse. Volunteer. social activist. Georgia Women of Achievement (March 2009). Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved on August 27, 2020."HARRIET POWERS – Nurse. Volunteer. social activist". Georgia Women of Achievement. March 2009. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt. National Museum of American History. Retrieved on March 5, 2016."1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt". National Museum of American History. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hunter (2019). Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle. London: Sceptre (Hodder & Stoughton), 201–203. ISBN 9781473687912. OCLC 1079199690. 
  4. ↑ EXHIBIT OF THE NEGROES (November 24, 1895). Retrieved on March 5, 2016.
  5. ↑ Hicks (2009). This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces, 1St (in en), Place of publication not identified: Black Threads Press. ISBN 9780982479650. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kyra E. Hicks, "This I Accomplish": Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces, pp. 37–40.
  7. ↑ Ulrich (2011). "'A Quilt Unlike Any Other': Rediscovering the Work of Harriet Powers", in Elizabeth Anne Payne: Writing Women's History: A Tribute to Anne Firor Scott. UP of Mississippi, 82–116. ISBN 9781617031748. Retrieved on November 12, 2014. 
  8. ↑ Pictorial quilt. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved on March 5, 2016.
  9. ↑ Miles (2021). All That She Carried. Random House, 37–39. ISBN 9781984854995. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cash (1995). "Kinship and Quilting: An Examination of an African-American Tradition". The Journal of Negro History 80 (1): 30–41. DOI:10.2307/2717705. ISSN 0022-2992. Cash, Floris Barnett (1995). "Kinship and Quilting: An Examination of an African-American Tradition". The Journal of Negro History. 80 (1): 30–41. doi:10.2307/2717705. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2717705. S2CID 141226163.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Pictorial quilt (en). collections.mfa.org. Retrieved on 2022-05-06."Pictorial quilt". collections.mfa.org. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Johnson (2019-02-08). "A Modern Mother: Harriet Powers". Africana Studies Student Research Conference. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Vlach (1978). The Afro-American tradition in decorative arts, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-910386-39-0. OCLC 3608807. Vlach, John Michael (1978). The Afro-American tradition in decorative arts. Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-910386-39-0. OCLC 3608807.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 1885 – 1886 Harriet Powers's Bible Quilt. Smithsonian: National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on October 26, 2016.
  15. ↑ KONCIUS (April 10, 1992). Smithsonian Wraps Itself in Controversy : Americana: The museum is authorizing the sale of foreign-made reproductions of classic American quilt designs.. Los Angeles Times.
  16. ↑ 1825 - 1840 Susan Strong's "Great Seal" Quilt. National Museum of American History.
  17. ↑ Cole (2014-11-19). "Pictorial Quilt: Harriet Powers". JAMA 312 (19): 1952–1953. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.279853. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 25399258. 
  18. ↑ McCaskill (2006). Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas, 2nd, Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 1830–1831. ISBN 0028658167. Retrieved on October 26, 2016. 
  19. ↑ Cole, T. B. (2014). "Pictorial Quilt". Journal of the American Medical Association 312 (19): 1952–1953. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.279853. PMID 25399258. 
  20. ↑ Reed Miller (2002). Threads of Time, The Fabric of History. Washington, DC: T&S Press, 32. ISBN 0-9709713-0-3. 
  21. ↑ Shearer. "Famous grave found off Fourth Street: Digging through history; quilter remembered", Online Athens: Athens Banner-Herald, January 9, 2005.
  22. ↑ Carroll. "PHOTOS: Revered quilter is honored in Athens", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 4 Dec 2023. Retrieved on 5 January 2024. (in English)
  23. ↑ McCarthy. "More than 100 years after her death, a revered quilter is honored in Athens", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 4 Dec 2023. Retrieved on 5 January 2024. (in English)
  24. ↑ Wood. "Ceremony held to commemorate Armstead and Harriet Powers' new headstone", The Red and Black, 4 December 2023. Retrieved on 5 January 2024. (in en)
  25. ↑ " Stitch in Time," by Julie Philips, 'Athens Banner-Herald, October 24, 2010,
  26. ↑ "Stitch in Time: 'Hands that Can Do' A Centennial Celebration of Harriet Powers", Athens Banner-Herald (GA), October 24, 2010.
  27. ↑ Artworks Summer 2002. archive.wvculture.org. Retrieved on 2022-12-07.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Harriet Powers' Bible Quilts", The Clarion, Spring 1982, American Folk Art Museum.
  • Bobo, Jacqueline Black Feminist Cultural Criticism. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbipụta.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  E bipụtara afọ anọ mgbe ọnwụ Powers gasịrị, isiokwu Lucine Finch gụnyere foto nke Bible Quilt, nkọwa nke blọk ọ bụla, na (ma eleghị anya) ihe Powers kwuru.[1]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   ISBN 0-7864-1374-3
  • Hicks, Kyra E. Nke a bụ ihe m rụzuru: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces, Black Threads Press, 2009.   ISBN 978-0-9824796-5-0
  • Holmes, Catherine L., "The darling of her brain: the quilts of Harriett Powers" na Georgia Quilts: Piecing Together a History, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 2006.   ISBN 9780820328997
  • Perry, Regenia A. (1972). Selections of nineteenth-century Afro-American art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
  • Jacquiline L. Tobin na Raymond G. Dobard, Hidden in Plain View: A Secret Story of Quilts and the Underground Railroad (Anchor Books, 2000).

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Finch (October 28, 1914). "A Sermon in Patchwork" (in en). The Outlook: With Illustrations: 493–495. Retrieved on November 4, 2017. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Powers&oldid=171609