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Igbe achịcha

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Achịcha achịcha nke obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara bụ mpaghara, n'ihi ụbara ala na/ma ọ bụ ihu igwe dị mma, na-amịpụta ọka wit buru ibu ma ọ bụ ọka ndị ọzọ. Osikapa Osikapa bụ okwu yiri nke a na-ezo aka na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; A na-akpọ ndagwurugwu Salinas California mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka efere salad America. Mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, nke nwere ike ịmalite n'ọgba aghara agha zuru oke.[1]

Achịcha achịcha aghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'ime usoro nri zuru ụwa ọnụ site na itinye uche na mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mba na, na mba ndị dị ka India, na obere mpaghara mpaghara. Ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye mgbanwe ihu igwe gburugburu ụwa, ohere nke ọtụtụ bredskits na-ada n'otu oge na-abawanye nke ukwuu. Ọgba aghara nri nke 2022 bụ akụkụ nke usoro ọdịda na mpaghara bred isi, na mbuso agha Russia nke 2022 butere nnukwu mmebi nke mpaghara bred achịcha dị iche iche dị mkpa maka mmepụta ọka wit na mmanụ mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ..[2][3][4][5][6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Oge Ochie

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A na-ewere Sicily na ógbè Africa dị ka nkata achịcha nke Roman Republic. Mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge ndị eze ukwu, a na-ewere Hispania (na kpọmkwem, Baetica) dị ka "nkịta achịcha Rome." Strabo kwuru na "Turdetania bụ ihe magburu onwe ya na-eme nri, ọ nwere ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche ma dị ukwuu", yana na ya na ógbè Egypt, ha bụ ókèala ndị kasị arụpụta ihe na ụwa a ma ama. Crimea bụ isi iyi nke oke ọka a na-enweta na obodo-obodo Gris, ọkachasị Atens.

Afrịka

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Ubi ọka wit na Miliana, Algeria

Na South Africa, a na-elekarị mpaghara Free State anya dị ka oghere achịcha nke mba ahụ n'ihi ọka wit, sunflower, na ubi ọka ya.[7] A makwaara mpaghara Overberg dị na Western Cape dị ka oghere achịcha nke South Africa n'ihi nnukwu ubi ọka wit ya, yana uto mkpụrụ osisi.[8]

Zimbabwe, nke a maara dị ka Rhodesia, bụ nke a maara dịka achịcha nke Africa ruo n'afọ 2000, na-ebupụ ọka wit, ụtaba, na ọka n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka. Otú ọ dị taa, Zimbabwe, bụ onye na-ebubata ihe oriri site na Western World.[9]O yiri ka enwere arụmụka ma ọ bụrụ na Zimbabwe bụ nkata achịcha nke Africa, ebe ọ bụ na n'ime afọ 55 Zimbabwe enwetụbeghị 10% nke ọka na kọntinent ahụ. Site na 1960 ruo 1980 ọ kụrụ naanị 6% dị ala karịa onyinye Kenya ma na-adaba na Naịjirịa.

Morocco

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Ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ ugbo bụ usoro akụ na ụba kachasị n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Morocco, ọ na-esiri ike ikwu maka mpaghara achịcha. Mpaghara niile na-emepụta ọka wit na ọka bali nke ha iji nye onwe ha na anụ ụlọ ha nri. Site na mmụba azụmahịa Europe na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19, Morocco malitere mbupụ ọka wit na Europe n'agbanyeghị mmegide nke Ulama (ndị okpukpe). Ala dị larịị Chaouia na Doukkala ghọrọ ndị na-eweta ọka wit kachasị mkpa maka mbupụ. Nke a bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya n'ihi ịdị nso ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Casablanca na Feddala, Mohammedia nke taa, na-arụ ọrụ na Chaouia Plain ebe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mazagan na-arụ Doukkala.

Mgbe nnwere onwe Morocco gasịrị, ọrụ ugbo na Doukkala ghọrọ nke a kwadebere maka ịgba mmiri n'ihi ya, e wepụtara obere ebe maka ọka wit, ebe Chaouia nọgidere na-enwe ọnọdụ ya dị ka nnukwu mpaghara na-emepụta ọka wit n'ihi ala ya gbara ọchịchịrị a na-akpọ tirs na mmiri ozuzo buru ibu (ihe dị ka 400 mm / afọ). 

Eshia

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Ubi ọka na Punjab, India
Ricefield na Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Ọnọdụ Igbe achịcha / Ricebowl
Cambodia E mepụtara mpaghara Battambang dị ka efere osikapa nke Cambodia n'ihi ubi ndị na-eme nri na mpaghara ahụ.[10]
China A maara Sichuan n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "ógbè nke ụbara" (魚米) n'ihi ike ọrụ ugbo ya n'akụnụ ihe mere eme. A makwaara mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Yellow na Osimiri Yangtze dị ka Henan, ndịda Jiangsu na Zhejiang maka ọmụmụ ha bara ụba.

Ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ China (nke iwu kwadoro mpaghara atọ nke Heilongjiang, Jilin na Liaoning), ọkachasị mpaghara ugwu oyi, a maara dị ka "Great Northern Wilderness" (北大荒) n'ihi ụkọ ndị bi na ya tupu nnukwu mbata nke Ndị China Han banye n'ógbè ahụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ndị Japan na-achị na Manchukuo, ọrụ ugbo mụbara iji nye ndị agha Japan nri. Mgbe e guzobere People's Republic of China, ọpụpụ na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ sochiri n'oge ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20, a na-arụkwa ọrụ ugbo n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ala ojii na-eme nri nke mpaghara ahụ, na-agbanwe North East ka ọ bụrụ "Great Northern Granary" (北大仓) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ugboro ihe ọkụkụ achọrọ maka oriri mpaghara.

India A na-ewere Uttar Pradesh na Punjab tinyere Haryana dị ka efere achịcha nke India.[11]

A na-ekwu na West Bengal na Uttar Pradesh na Andhra Pradesh tinyere Telangana bụ "efere osikapa" nke India.[12][13]

Indonesia A na-ewere ala dị larịị nke Java dị ka efere osikapa nke Indonesia.
Korea, South A na-ewere mpaghara Honam, nke Jeolla Province na-akọwapụtakarị, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala ahụ, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka oghere achịcha nke mba ahụ n'ihi mkpa ọrụ ugbo ya na uto ala.[14] N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke Jeonju Bibimbap a ma ama. [15][16][17]
Korea, North A na-ewere ala dị larịị nke Hwanghae Province kọwara dị ka oghere achịcha nke mba ahụ n'ihi mkpa ala ya. [18]
Malaysia A na-ewere Kedah dị ka efere osikapa nke Malaysia, na-eme ihe dịka ọkara nke mmepụta osikapa niile nke Malaysia. N'afọ 2008, gọọmentị Kedah machibidoro ntụgharị nke Ubi paddy ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe iji chebe ụlọ ọrụ osikapa.
Myanmar Irrawaddy Delta dị na Myanmar bụbu otu n'ime isi iyi osikapa kachasị mkpa na mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe mmepụta ya belatara n'ihi ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị mma nke mba ahụ.
Pakistan A na-ewere mpaghara Punjab dị ka oghere achịcha nke Pakistan.[19]
Philippines A na-ewere ógbè Nueva Ecija, nke dị n'àgwàetiti Luzon, dị ka ebe a na-edebe osikapa na Philippines n'ihi nnukwu ala a na-eji emepụta osikapa.

A maara agwaetiti Mindanao dị ka nkata nri nke mba ahụ.[20]

Siria A na-ewere mpaghara Al-Jazira dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Siria, na ọdọ mmiri Yufretis ya dị ka oghere achịcha nke mba ahụ n'ihi ụbara ọka wit ya.
Thailand A na-ewere Chao Phraya delta dị ka efere osikapa nke Thailand.
Vietnam A na-ewere Delta Mekong dị na Vietnam dị ka efere osikapa nke mba ahụ.

Europe

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Ubi ọka na County Kildare, Ireland
Ubi ọka wit dị nso na Lund na Scania, Sweden.
Ọnọdụ Igbe achịcha / Ricebowl
Bulgaria Southern Dobruja, mpaghara dị larịị na-eme nri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Bulgaria n'etiti Danube na Oké Osimiri Ojii, a na-ewere ya dị ka oghere achịcha nke mba ahụ.[21][22]
Saịprọs Ala dị larịị nke etiti a na-akpọ Mesaoria nke gbara isi obodo Nicosia gburugburu abụwo ebe a na-edebe nri n'àgwàetiti ahụ.
Finland Mpaghara Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ Finland na Uusimaa, nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị ọkụ na kọntinent Finland na ala na-eme nri n'ihi ọnọdụ ha dị n'ebe ndịda, na-eme ka ha bụrụ efere achịcha nke Finland.[23]
France A na-ewere ala dị larịị Beauce dị ka oghere achịcha nke France.
Germany A na-ewere East Prussia dị ka nkata achịcha nke German Reich.[24]
Hungary Ala Dị Larịị nke Hungary emepụtala ọka na ọka dị ukwuu. Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, 34% nke mmepụta ọka zuru oke na Europe na 11% nke mmepụta ntụ ọka na Europe bụ na Hungary.
Ireland Ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ireland bụ nkata achịcha ọdịnala nke mba ahụ, ebe a na-eji akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ eme ihe maka ịta ahịhịa.[25] Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na mmalite nke iri na itoolu, Ireland n'onwe ya bụ oghere nri nke United Kingdom nke Great Britain na Ireland, na ọka Irish na-enye obodo mmepụta ihe nke Britain ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo Irish na-eri poteto.[26] Nke a ga-eduga na Nnukwu Ụnwụ nke afọ 1840. [27][28][29]
Latvia A na-ewere Semigallia dị ka nkata achịcha nke Latvia.
Portugal Alentejo bụ mpaghara dị larịị ma na-eme nri n'ihi na ọ dị n'etiti osimiri Tagus na Guadiana. N'ihi nke a na ịdị nso ya na Lisbon, a na-ewere ya dị ka "ekpo achịcha nke Portugal" ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. [30][31] N'akwụkwọ sitere na 1639, nke Don Agostinho Manuel de Vasconcelos dere, a kọwara "Ógbè Alentejo" dị ka "ụlọ nkwakọba ihe kachasị eme nri nke Alaeze ahụ". N'afọ 1833, onye edemede Don José Muñoz Maldonado bipụtara akwụkwọ banyere Agha Peninsular nke ọ kọwakwara "ógbè Alenteja, nke a na-akpọ achịcha nke Portugal maka ụbara ya. [32][33]
Romania Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-ewere Romania dị ka akụkụ nke nkata achịcha nke Europe.[34]
Rọshịa E nwere Central Black Earth Region na Russia n'onwe ya.
Serbia A na-ewere Vojvodina dị ka oghere achịcha nke Serbia. Ihe dị ka 70% nke ngwaahịa ugbo ya bụ ọka, 20% nke ahịhịa ụlọ ọrụ, na 10% nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.
Spain N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ewere mpaghara ndịda Andalusia dị ka "nnukwu achịcha nke Spain". Mmeri nke Andalusia abụghị naanị ihe ịga nke ọma nke Reconquista, kamakwa nyere Ndị Eze Hispanic mpaghara ọrụ ugbo kachasị emepụta ihe na Iberia: Ndagwurugwu Guadalquivir.[35][36]

Site na aha njirimara kwesịrị ekwesị nke granero de España, ịbanye na nnukwu ndagwurugwu Andalusian pụtara mmesi obi ike nke ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachasị ọka wit, kamakwa osisi oliv, ubi vaịn, osisi oroma, okpete, wdg.[37] nke a ga-agbakwunye ọka, strawberry, lemon, osikapa, wdg. N'afọ 1826, Alexander de Laborde kwuru, sị: Ánọmba Andalusia jupụtara n'ọka nke na a na-akpọ ya "ekpo achịcha nke Spain," n'ihe gbasara owuwe ihe ubi okpukpu abụọ karịa oriri ya. Andalusia na-emepụta ọtụtụ mmanya mara mma, nke mere na a na'ihi ya ka a na-ewere ha dị ka mmanya kachasị ọnụ ahịa na Spain (...) N'alaeze Granada na Seville, osisi vaịn dị nnọọ ukwuu (...) Olivishọn ahụ bara ọgaranya ma dị egwu na alaeze anọ nke Andalusia.[38]

N'ala ndị a na-agba mmiri, ubi mkpụrụ osisi nke Valencia na Murcia pụtakwara, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ekwu mgbe niile na Spain enwere naanị ubi mkpụrụ osisi abụọ, nke Valencia na nke Murcia. A na-ewerekwa obodo Castile na León dị ka oghere achịcha nke Spain, ebe ọ bụ na a na-akụ mkpụrụ ọka buru ibu n'ala ya, ọkachasị na mgbakwunye na ubi vaịn na akwụkwọ nri. A na-ewere Almería, ya na oké osimiri plastik ya, dị ka "ogige nke Europe".

Slovenia Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, e nwere atụmatụ ịdọrọ mmiri na Ljubljana Marsh ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ oghere achịcha nke Carniola.[39][40]
Sweden A na-ewere Scania dị ka oghere achịcha nke Sweden. Mkpụrụ osisi na mpaghara ọ bụla dị elu karịa mpaghara ọ bụla ọzọ na Sweden na ala ahụ so na ndị na-eme nri n'ụwa. Ala dị larịị nke Scanian bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị ọzọ nọ na Sweden ebe ọ bụ na 25-95% nke ngụkọta mmepụta nke ụdị ọka dị iche iche sitere na mpaghara ahụ.
Turkey A na-ewere mpaghara Aegean, mpaghara Marmara na Central Anatolia dị ka oghere achịcha nke Turkey. Mpaghara Aegean na Mpaghara Marmara bụ ndị a ma ama maka ịkọ osisi oliv, ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi na ịkọ akwụkwọ nri. Central Anatolia bụ ebe a ma ama maka ịkọ ọka dị ka ọka wit, ọka, sunflowers na ọka bali.
Ukraine Ọ dịla anya a maara Ukraine dị ka oghere achịcha nke Europe.[41] Mgbe ọ bụ akụkụ nke Soviet Union, a maara ya dị ka oghere achịcha nke Soviet Union.[42]
United Kingdom A na-akpọ mpaghara East Anglia nke East of England, Southeast England, East Midlands, West Midlands, Yorkshire na Humber na England na Scottish Lowlands mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Britain's breadbasket" ebe ngwakọta nke ihu igwe, ala na ala dị mma maka ịzụlite ọka wit. Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Anglia Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England na 2010 zuru ezu iji mepụta achịcha nde 5,774.[43]  Na Wales nke oge ochie, a na-ewere Isle of Anglesey dị ka nke na naanị ya nwere ike "inye ndị niile bi na ya oke ọka".[44]

Amerịka

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Ebe Ugwu America

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Ubi ọka nke United StatesAkara ọka

Na Canada, a na-akpọ nnukwu ebe a na-akụ ọka ala Canada. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mpaghara Saskatchewan, nke a makwaara maka imepụta nnukwu ihe mgbakwunye potash, na-apụtakwa n'ime mpaghara a dị ka isi achịcha nke Canada.

Na United States, mpaghara dị mkpa bụ Corn Belt, ebe ọka na soybeans bụ ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa, nke na-agbasa site na Great Lakes n'ebe ndịda site na Missouri. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na United States na Canada, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Rocky, bụ Wheat Belt, ebe ihu igwe siri ike maka ọka ma ọ bụ soybeans.

A na-akpọkarị mpaghara Palouse nke steeti Eastern Washington dị ka Breadbasket nke Pacific Northwest, n'ihi nnukwu mmepụta ọka wit na lentils.[1]

N'oge Agha Obodo, a maara Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah dị ka Breadbasket nke Confederacy. [45]

Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-akpọkwa Ndagwurugwu San Joaquin dị na California achịcha nke ụwa.[46] Ndagwurugwu San Joaquin na-emepụta ihe ka ukwuu n'ime 12.8% nke mmepụta ugbo nke United States (dị ka a tụrụ ya na uru dollar) nke sitere na California.[47] Mkpụrụ vaịn - tebụl, mkpụrụ vaịn, na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, mmanya - bụ ma eleghị anya ngwaahịa kachasị elu na ndagwurugwu ahụ, mana n'otu aka ahụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị karịa) dị mkpa bụ ogho, mkpụrụ osisi (karịsịa almond na pistachios), citrus, na akwụkwọ nri. 70% nke ụwa na 100% nke US na-enye almond sitere na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomato, kiwis, hay, alfalfa na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ ejirila nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. Dabere na ọnụọgụgụ nke ọrụ ugbo nke afọ 2002 nke uru ahịa nke ngwaahịa ugbo rere, itoolu n'ime mba 10 kachasị elu, na 12 n'ime obodo 20 kachasị elu dị na California.[47]

Brazil bụ mba nke abụọ kachasị ebubata ọka n'ụwa, nwere pasent 19 nke òkè ahịa mba ụwa, na mba nke anọ na-emepụta ọka (osikapa, ọka bali, soybeans, ọka na ọka wit) n'azụ United States, China na India.[48] Brazil bụkwa mba kachasị ebubata okpete, mmiri oroma, kọfị, ọkụkọ, anụ ehi, ọka, na mba nke abụọ kachasị ebubata anụ ezì na ogho. Mba ahụ nwekwara ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-emepụta ma na-ebupụ osikapa, ọka wit, àkwá, koko, agwa, mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche.

N'ime narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20, a maara Argentina dị ka oghere achịcha nke ụwa, n'ihi mkpa ọrụ ugbo nwere, ma ka nwere, na mba ahụ. A na-ahụ ubi ọka nke Argentina na mpaghara Pampas, nke gụnyere mpaghara Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba na La Pampa. N'ime mpaghara a, ọtụtụ obodo, dị ka Pergamino, Venado Tuerto na Rosario, bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị na-eme nri na kọntinent ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ubi ndị ahụ gụnyere soybeans, ọka, ọka wit, ọka bali, sunflower na ahụekere, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ịnweta ahịa California na Australia mere ka mbupụ ọka wit bụrụ ọrụ bara uru, na-eduga na Usoro ọka wit nke Chile. N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, mba ndị ahụ nwere nnukwu ọlaedo, nke mere ka a chọọ ọka wit dị ukwuu. Chile bụ n'oge ahụ "naanị onye na-emepụta ọka wit nke dị mkpa na Pacific".

Oceania

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Australia

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A na-ahụ Murray-Darling Basin dị ka oghere achịcha nke Australia, ebe ọ bụ isi iyi nke 40% nke ego ọrụ ugbo nke mba ahụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke owuwe ihe ubi ọka wit, pasent 95 nke ihe ọkụkụ osikapa na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, mmanya na ogho.

New Zealand

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe New Zealand ghọrọ obodo Britain, ala ndị na-eme nri na-emepụta nri nke a ga-ebughachi azụ na England, na-eme ka New Zealand bụrụ onye a na-akpọkarị (mgbe ụfọdụ yana Australia) dị ka bred nke Britain, na-eduga na Dunedin bụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ iji wuchaa n'ezie ịga nke ọma n'ibu anụ refrigerated. Ejiri igwe refrigeration were rụkwaa ya nke o ji buru ibu mbụ nke anụ jụrụ oyi si New Zealand gaa United Kingdom.

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ For example: Ukraine in 1941–1944 during World War II: Snyder (12 October 2010). "The Economics of Apocalypse", Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465002399. “Food from Ukraine was as important to the Nazi vision of an eastern empire as it was to Stalin's defense of the integrity of the Soviet Union. Stalin's Ukrainian 'fortress' was Hitler's Ukrainian 'breadbasket.' [...] Hitler wanted Ukraine 'so that no one is able to starve us again, like in the last war.'” 
  2. ↑ Julia Horowitz (12 March 2022). War has brought the world to the brink of a food crisis. CNN. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  3. ↑ Lynch. U.N. to Keep Beasley at WFP as Food Crises Roil the World (en-US). Foreign Policy. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  4. ↑ McDonough (2022-02-27). What the Russian invasion of Ukraine could mean for global hunger (en). Vox. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  5. ↑ Nicas. "Ukraine War Threatens to Cause a Global Food Crisis", The New York Times, 2022-03-20. Retrieved on 2022-04-01. (in en-US)
  6. ↑ Good (2022-03-21). "Global Food Crisis" Possible- – "No Precedent Even Close to This Since World War II" • Farm Policy News (en-US). Farm Policy News. Retrieved on 2022-04-05.
  7. ↑ South Africa : Accommodation : Free State (28 March 2006). Archived from the original on 2006-03-28.
  8. ↑ Overberg & Whale Coast Touring Map: Overberg... The Breadbasket of South Africa. www.thegeoshop.co.za. Archived from the original on September 29, 2010.
  9. ↑ From Breadbasket to Dustbowl (13 April 2005). Retrieved on 2018-01-01.
  10. ↑ Farmer-focused partnership leads to improvement, innovation of Cambodia's rice sector. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved on 2024-07-11.
  11. ↑ "India takes blow to the breadbasket", The National, 13 June 2010. Retrieved on 2020-09-11. (in en)
  12. ↑ Most Crucial facts about Andhra Pradesh (The Rice Bowl of India). Jagranjosh.com (2016-01-06). Retrieved on 2021-05-08.
  13. ↑ "Reviving Our Rice Bowl: Bengal Farmers Preserve 200+ Traditional Rice Varieties", The Better India, 3 January 2020. Retrieved on 2020-09-11.
  14. ↑ The Seoul Times. theseoultimes.com. Retrieved on 2021-02-05.
  15. ↑ JEONJUCITY BLOG (en-US). JEONJUCITY BLOG (2017-02-14). Retrieved on 2021-02-05.
  16. ↑ Chung (2015-06-01). "Historical and biological aspects of bibimbap, a Korean ethnic food" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 2 (2): 74–83. DOI:10.1016/j.jef.2015.05.002. ISSN 2352-6181. 
  17. ↑ The Story of Jeonju Bibimbap (en-US). koreatourinformation.com (2014-03-20). Retrieved on 2021-02-05.
  18. ↑ Gi (2019-09-10). Typhoon Lingling ravages North Korea's breadbasket (en-US). Daily NK. Retrieved on 2021-02-05.
  19. ↑ "Pakistan flood: Sindh braces as water envelops southern Punjab", Guardian, 6 August 2010. Retrieved on 2013-07-20.
  20. ↑ Anonymous. "Fruits of peace", The Economist, 15 October 2015. Retrieved on 2019-10-30. “The Philippines is the world’s third-leading exporter of bananas. Three-quarters of the country’s production of the fruit comes from Mindanao, long known as the Philippines’ food basket.”
  21. ↑ Vatahov. "Drought leads to low yields in Dobrudja", The Sofia Echo, Sofia Echo Media Ltd., 2001-08-23. Retrieved on 2015-09-20.
  22. ↑ Duijzings (2014). Global Villages: Rural and Urban Transformations in Contemporary Bulgaria. Anthem Press, 110. ISBN 9781783083510. 
  23. ↑ Elinkeinoelämä. Regional Council of Southwest Finland. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved on 2016-08-07.
  24. ↑ Einst Deutschlands Kornkammer: Neusiedler haben keine Beziehung zum Land, Ostpreussen-Warte, 1960
  25. ↑ Food, feasting and folklore. www.independent.ie.
  26. ↑ Halloran (26 June 2015). The New Bread Basket: How the New Crop of Grain Growers, Plant Breeders, Millers, Maltsters, Bakers, Brewers, and Local Food Activists Are Redefining Our Daily Loaf. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 9781603585682. 
  27. ↑ bairishstudies (12 January 2016). The Eighteenth-century Celtic Tiger.
  28. ↑ Bourke (10 April 1991). The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814799079. 
  29. ↑ Pickering (1 August 2000). The People's Bread: A History of the Anti-Corn Law League. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780567204974. 
  30. ↑ Guía de Portugal: Região do Alentejo (es). Guia da Cidade. Retrieved on 2024-04-05.
  31. ↑ Alentejo. Interreg España-Portugal: Eurorregión AAA (Alentejo-Algarve-Andalucía).. Retrieved on 2024-04-05.
  32. ↑ De Vasconcellos (1639). Vida y acciones del Real Don Iuan el Segundo, Decimotercio de Portugal (in es). Madrid: Imprenta de Maria de Quiñones. 
  33. ↑ Maldonado (1833). Historia Politica y Militar de la Guerra de la Independencia de Espana contra Napoleon Bonaparte desde 1808 a 1814, escrita sobre los documentos autenticos del gobierno (in es). Madrid: Imprenta de D. José Palacios. 
  34. ↑ Sheilah Kast and Jim Rosapepe, Dracula Is Dead (2009) p 104
  35. ↑ Walsh (1993-11-01). Isabel de España (in es). Palabra. ISBN 978-84-8239-837-2. 
  36. ↑ Cabañas Agrela (2016). Breve historia de Cervantes (in es). Ediciones Nowtilus, 148. ISBN 978-84-9967-789-7. 
  37. ↑ Lara Sánchez (1984). Población y sector primario en la Andalucía franquista (in es). Servicio de Publicaciones, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, 99. ISBN 978-84-505-0251-0. “Andalusia has sometimes been defined "as the orchard and granary of Spain", due to its rich crops of cereals and olive trees, vineyards and orange trees, sugar canes, etc. In the early fifties, the weight of Andalusian agricultural production was extremely important for the Spanish economy.” 
  38. ↑ Laborde (1826). Itinerario descriptivo de las provincias de España: su situación geográfica, poblacion, historia civil y natural, agricultura, comercio, industria, hombres célebres y carácter y costumbres de sus habitantes (in es). Libr. de Cabrerizo, 493. 
  39. ↑ Melik, Anton. 1959. Slovenija: Geografski Opis, vol. 2, part 3. Ljubljana: Slovenska Matica, p. 187.
  40. ↑ Vidic, Marko. 1987. "Agrarna revolucija." Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 1, pp. 20–21. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
  41. ↑ Ukraine's fraught relationship with Russia: A brief history. The Week. March 8, 2014
  42. ↑ Verbyany. "One of the Most Fertile Nations Wants to Feed the World", Bloomberg, 20 June 2021. Retrieved on 15 August 2022.
  43. ↑ Farming in East Anglia. www.nfuonline.com. National Farmers' Union (16 May 2016). Retrieved on 2020-08-30.
  44. ↑ The Description of Wales. “so could the Isle of Mona (Anglesey) provide a requisite quantity of corn for all the inhabitants: on which account there is an old British proverb, “Mon mam Cymbry,” that is, “Mona is the mother of Wales.”” 
  45. ↑ "Our once beautiful but now desolated Valley". Shenandoah at War. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved on 2021-03-17.
  46. ↑ EB5 Northern California – Breadbasket Of The World. eb5northerncalifornia.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-01.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Agricultural Statistical Review. California Agricultural Resource Directory 2008–2009 (2009-04-06). Retrieved on 2021-03-17.
  48. ↑ Brazil is the world's fourth largest grain producer and top beef exporter, study shows. Embrapa. Retrieved on 2024-02-06.
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