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Ihe Omume Zero Waste nke Obodo Oakland

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Ndi Obodo Oakland, California, nabatara atụmatụ atụmatụ Efu efu na 2006, na-akọwapụta map ụzọ maka Obodo ahụ iji soro na mmejuputa usoro Efu efu Saịtịna 2020. Dị ka e kwuru na mkpebi obodo, nke onye isi obodo Jerry Brown gosipụtara n'oge ahụ, ụkpụrụ Efu efu :

"[P] na-eji ihe kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma iji kpochapụ ihe mkpofu na mmetọ, na-ekwusi ike na usoro mmepụta na ojiji mechiri emechi, na-aga n'ihu na ebumnuche nke ihe efu Saịtị
na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke":
  1. Imeziwanye iji / imegharị ngwaahịa na ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ iji hụ na ojiji kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma ha.
  2. Ịgbaso usoro imepụta iji belata ihe ize ndụ ngwaahịa na ụdị ndụ nke na-egbochi oriri; na
  3. Iji ọrụ mkpofu ihe iji melite akụ na ụba ma zụlite ndị ọrụ.[1]

Enwere ike ịchọta usoro Sistemụ efu efu na onye na-emepụta kemịkal Paul Palmer onye mepụtara ma chepụta echiche ahụ na 1970s (na Oakland, CA) iji chọta ụzọ iji jiri ọtụtụ kemịkal mepụtara site na ụlọ ọrụ Eletrọnịkị .[2] Taa, obodo ndị dị ka Oakland na-eji Efu efu usoroeme ihe iji mepụta usoro nke na-eduga ngwaahịa niile na njedebe ndụ na ngwa ngwa n'ọdịnihu n'ahịa, kama na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.[3]

Atụmatụ atụmatụ efu efu Oakland

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obodo Oakland's Atụmatụ efu efu Atụmatụ malitere na 2006 iji belata tọn ihe mkpofu kwa afọ nke a na-eduga n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa site na tọn 400,000 ruo 40,000 kwa afọ site na 2020. N'ụzọ bụ isi, obodo ahụ bu n'uche ịmepụta usoro zuru oke nke na-ebufe ngwaahịa njedebe azụ n'ime akụ na ụba. Atụmatụ Atụmatụ Obodo ahụ dabere na atụmatụ ise nke gụnyere imegharị ihe ma na-agbanwekwa mgbanwe ngwaahịa na usoro nhazi na mmezigharị iwu, dị ka ndị a:

  1. Gbawanye ma Melite Mpaghara na Mpaghara Imegharị ihe naCompost
    • Mmekọrịta ka ukwuu na ọha na eze na ọkachasị ndị azụmaahịa dị mkpa, na-achọ mmepe nke ọrụ mgbake na atụmatụ ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji kwado azụmaahịa na-eji ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Oakland ma mepụta ihe owuwu na nkwụsị.
  2. Mepụta ma nabata iwu ọhụrụ na ihe mkpali iji belata mkpofu ihe
    • Mepụta ihe mkpali siri ike maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ, rụzie ya, ma belata ojiji iji dochie ihe mkpali dị ugbu a iji ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa.
  3. Chekwaa Ala maka Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide na Infrastructure Green Industry
    • Gbanwee ala ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe maka azụmaahịa ndị na-emepụta ma na-eji ihe ndị a tụfuru n'ụzọ ọdịnala. Mepụta mmekọrịta na Kwụsị imefusị ihe . .org, na East Bay Akụ na ụba Njikọ maka mmepe nke iwu ndị na-adọta azụmaahịa dị otú ahụ.
  4. Onye na-akwado maka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ahụ maka ihe mkpofu ngwaahịa, mmachibido iwu ihe ndị nwere nsogbu
    • Nweta Ọrụ Ndị Mmepụta Ogologo (EPR) nke e mepụtara iji chọọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eburu ibu ọrụ maka mmetụta ọ bụla gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ngwaahịa ha (n'oge ndụ niile).
  5. Kụziere, Kwalite ma kwado atụmatụ na-adịgide adịgide nkeEfu efu
    • Ebe ọ bụ na naanị 15% nke ụlọ Oakland na-eme Compost, na 67% nke ihe mkpofu na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta Saịtị na ụlọ ọrụ, siri ike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mma, ozi gbasara Efu efu na nkwado kwesịrị ịgbasa ma kwadebe maka ndị na-ege ntị, ọnọdụ na ebe dị iche iche.[4]

N'ịgbaso usoro nke Efu efu Mba ụwa Njikọ kwadoro, Oakland Sistemụ Efu efu na-agbaso usoro okike, ebe mmepụta niile bụ naanị ntinye maka usoro ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, usoro Efu efu na-etinye ihe kachasị mkpa n'ichekwa ihe onwunwe na ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịdị na ọrụ ha n'enweghị ọkụ, ili, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ibibi ọdịdị na arụmọrụ ha. Nke a na-akpọ maka iwepụ ihe ndị na-agbapụta n'ala, mmiri ma ọ bụ ikuku nke na-emerụ usoro okike, yana, igbochi kama ijikwa, mkpofu na mmetọ, na ịlaghachi na nhazi nke usoro mbelata mkpofu: nke mbụ belata ojiji; nke ọzọ, jiri ihe fọdụrụ; na n'ikpeazụ, imegharị ihe ọ bụla na-enweghịzi ike iji mee ihe ma kpoo ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ.[5]

Oakland's Efu efu Sistemu na-enyocha njikwa ọ bụla nke ngwongwo dịka ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ si dị, dị ka:

  • Uru ndị ahịa, dị ka ohere maka ndị bi na azụmaahịa iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ịnweta ọrụ Imegharị ihe .
  • Mmepe akụ na ụba, dị ka ịmepụta ọrụ na mmepe nke ohere ọrụ dịgasị iche iche n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahazi, na-emepụta ma ọ bụ na-ere azụmaahịa dabere na kaadị.
  • Dị ka ọnụahịa maka obodo na ndị na-akwụ ụtụ isi, yana ọnụahịa nke na-akpali mbelata ihe mkpofu ma na-akwalite imegharị ihe.
  • Nkọwa ọhụrụ, dị ka usoro ndị na-enye ohere maka mmelite usoro na evolushọn ka oge na-aga.[6]

Ihe mkpali

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2006, ndị bi na Oakland gafere iwu steeti nke iwepụ ihe mkpofu 50% Saịtị na tọn 580,000 ruo 400,000, mana ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na mbelata mkpofu ka ukwuu na-ebelata. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, oriri nke ihe na ngwaahịa nọgidere na-eto eto. Ihe akaebe zuru ebe niile gosipụtara na ọkwa ọ bụla nke mmepụta, njem, ojiji na ịtụfu ihe na ngwaahịa na-emetụta usoro okike, ihu igwe, ahụike ọha na eze na ụdị dị iche iche. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na usoro mkpofu na-abawanye ma Oakland na-agbasi mbọ ike iji nọgide na-elekọta njikwa ihe mkpofu dị irè.[7]

Usoro Oakland nke mbelata ihe mkpofu na 2006 nyere ụlọ ọrụ ohere ikpebi otu esi emepụta ngwaahịa ha ma tinye ya, na-enweghị iwu. Omume a hapụrụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na Ọchịchị ime obodo ka ha buru ibu nke ikpochapụ ihe onwunwe. Efu efu Sistemu , n'aka nke ọzọ, na-akpọ maka azụmaahịa ka ha mepụta ọ bụghị naanị nkwakọ ngwaahịa na atụmatụ ngwaahịa, kamakwa atụmatụ ndị nwere ike ịnwe ojiji na ngwa ọhụrụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ. Ya mere, Efu efu Sistemu nyere Oakland atụmatụ siri ike iji dozie ihe mkpofu na adịghị arụ ọrụ nke dị na nhazi, akụ na ụba na omume obodo ahụ.[7]

Ihe na-akpata/isi iyi nke ihe mkpofu karịrị akarị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Anyị na-echekarị ihe mkpofu dị ka ihe mkpofu, ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu; ihe ọ bụla na-abaghị uru ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ihe mkpofu nwere ọtụtụ isi iyi anụ ahụ.Efu efu Njikọ (2011) na-akọwa ihe mkpofu n'ụzọ a:

"N'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe anyị, ihe mkpofu na-esite n'iji ihe ọ bụla eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma na-agụnye ọrụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị na'enweghị ojiji doro anya, enweghị uru ahịa, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ebelata uru ha nwere ike ịba. Ihe mkpofu na-ewere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche: Saịtị na ihe mkpofu siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ ruo ihe mkpofu na ike na ojiji ihe onwunwe; ihe mkpofu n'ime mmepụta na ọrụ nchịkwa na ihe mkpuchi nke ihe onwunwa mmadụ.[3]

Mgbe Oakland nabatara atụmatụ atụmatụ Efu efu Atụmatụ atụmatụ na 2006, 400,000 tọn ihe mkpofu nwere ihe ndị a:

Ihe ndị a na-edozi n'ogige 9%
Ihe Nri Mfu 12%
Osisi Dị Ọcha na Ọdịdị Ndị Ọzọ 9%
Mkpụrụ osisi 6%
Glass 1%
Plastiki 5%
Akwụkwọ 19%
Nkume, Asphalt, Elu ụlọ 6%
Ndị a na-apụghị imegharị ihe 33%
100%

Oakland kewara isi iyi nke ihe mkpofu Saịtị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ otu nke nyere ihe mkpofu ahụ na Obodo maka ikpofu ihe n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, (1) Ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe azụmahịa na (2) Ebe obibi, gụnyere otu ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ezinụlọ. N'oge ahụ, 67% nke ihe mkpofu sitere na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi, ndị bi na ya mepụtara 33%. N'ime otu a na-abụghị ebe obibi, 30% na-adọkpụ n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịaSaịtịn'aka ụlọ ọrụ ndị obodo ahụ nwere obere nchịkwa (ndị na-adọrọ ihe mkpofu nke ha n'ebe ahụ a na-akpofu ahịhi), dị ka Cal Trans, AC Transit, BART na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta onwe ha. N'ime 400,000 tọn nke ihe ebufere n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, 67% nwere ike imeghar Saịtị na iji ọrụ obodo e guzobere. Nhọrọ mgbake na ntụgharị mpaghara dị na 2006 maka akwụkwọ, iko, ọla, plastik, mkpuchi ụlọ, nri, osisi dị ọcha, simenti, Asphalt , na elu ụlọ. Obodo ahụ ghọtara na ọ nwere ike ibelata nnyefe nke ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na imeziwanye nkewa nke ihe, izipu ozi na azụmaahịa gbasara ntụgharị na nhọrọ imegharị ihe na ihe mkpali siri ike.[8]

Ihe ndabere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mkpa maka ihe mkpali na-emetụta ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dugara na mmepụta ihe mkpofu gabigara ókè. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọbụna ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwusi ike, usoro akụ na ụba America anọwo na-ebute uto akụ na ụba ụzọ karịa ichekwa ụwa okike.[9] Usoro a na-etinye ihe okike na ala nke usoro anyị dị mkpa. Dị ka Porritt na-ekwu na Mgbakọ ike ike dị ka a ga-asị na Ihe gbasara ụwa , ụlọ ọrụ ndị lekwasịrị anya na uto anaghị aza ajụjụ maka mmebi ha na-akpata na gburugburu ebe obibi; nke mepụtara obere ihe na-akpali ụlọ ọrụ na-echegbu onwe ha maka nkwado ma ọ bụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi.Saịtịna uru na uto dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ kachasị elu, azụmaahịa achọtala ihe onwunwe na gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị ọnụ ala na-enweghị iwu.[10]

N'ụzọ dị mwute, nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi abịaghị n'ihu ruo n'afọ ndị 1970 mgbe Congress wepụtara usoro mgbanwe iwu gburugburu ebe obibi iji meghachi omume na oke agụụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbawa na mba ahụ.[11] Ka o sina dị, ọ bụ ezie na iwu emeela ka ọganihu gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara ụfọdụ, dịka na ikuku, Ọchịchị enweela oge siri ike itinye n'ọrụ mmemme ndị na-achịkwa mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-aga n'ihu na-emetọ ala na mmiri ọṅụṅụ gburugburu mba ahụ.[12]

N'ezie, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, Obodo Oakland nyere ihe mkpali maka azụmaahịa iji buru ihe mkpofu gaa n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, kama ịtụle iji ya eme ihe ọzọ na nhọrọ iji ya emepụta ihe ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, Oakland ghọtara na 2006 na enweghị ndị na-enye ọrụ maka imegharị ihe na mgbalị mgbake gbochiri ọganihu na ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide. Ọzọkwa, Obodo ahụ ewepụtabeghị ala dị mkpa maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji ya mee ka ihe azụmaahịa dịghachi mma.[13] N'ụzọ dị otú a, ihe mkpali na ahịa na-arụ ọrụ megide nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo ahụ. N'ezie, ọtụtụ ihe oriri ngwaahịa na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie Iwu Ihe Ọghọm N'ihi ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ahụ na-abụghị azụmahịa ahịa, nke na-adịghị agụnye ego nke imepụta na iri ihe. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọnụahịa maka ihe egwuregwu, elekere, ụgbọala, wdg, egbochighị ụgwọ metụtara ikpochapụ ma ọ bụ imegharị ihe ndị a.[14] Oakland ga-edozi ntụpọ a na usoro ahụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ iji nyefee ọrụ nke ịchụpụ ihe onwunwe na onye na-emepụta ihe kama Ọchịchị ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ ahịa. Ọzọkwa, kama itinye ụtụ isi maka nhicha nke ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, usoroEfu efu ga-eji ụtụ isi ahụ tinye ego naImegharị ihe,Compost na Megharia akụrụngwa,nke a na-akpọ South akụ Iweghachite Ogige ntụrụndụ [15]

Mgbanwe nke iwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu Efu efu nke Oakland sitere n'usoro iwu sitere na California Integrated Waste Management Act nke 1989, nke chọrọ ka obodo na mpaghara ọ bụla dị na California belata ego ha na-ekpofu ihe site na 50% site n'afọ 2000. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na 1990, Alameda County Waste Reduction and Recycling Initiative Charter Amendment (Measure D) nyere iwu ka mbelata 75% na mkpofu mkpofu na mpaghara niile, na-enye ohere ka Alameda County Source Reduction and recycling Board setịpụ oge ikpeazụ maka ebumnuche ahụ. Kọmitii a setịpụrụ 2010 dị ka ụbọchị a kara aka. N'afọ 2002, Obodo Oakland kwadoro ebumnuche a site n'ịgbaso ebumnuche mbelata ihe mkpofu 75% site na Mkpebi 77500. Mkpebi a kpọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọha nke Obodo Oakland iji chọpụta atụmatụ iji mezuo ebumnuche a. Obodo ahụ dezigharịrị Iwu Obodo Oakland iji guzobe ihe achọrọ maka iwu na ịkwatu ihe mkpofu na 2002 site na Iwu # 612253.[13]

N'ịkọwa ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama na evolushọn na-aga Zero Waste, San Francisco kwadoro nzukọ United Nations World Environment nke puku abuo na ise, na-eme ka ndị isi obodo gafee mba ahụ maka nnọkọ atụmatụ maka mkpofu ihe. Gọvanọ Jerry Brown's Sustainability Onye nduzi n'oge Ugbu ahụ, Randy Hayes, rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ntinye aka Oakland na nkwekọrịta na ịmepụta ume na-akwado usoro Zero Waste n'ime ọfịs onye isi obodo. Brown bịanyere aka na United Nations World Environment Day Urban Environmental Accords, na-ekwe nkwa na Oakland ga-etinye usoro iri abuo na otu maka nkwado, nke gụnyere Zero Waste Goal. Nzukọ nkwekọrịta a na mgbalị ndị metụtara ya kpaliri Oakland na 2006 ịnakwere atụmatụ atụmatụ Zero Waste Strategic Plan, na-akpọ maka mbelata 90% na tọn kwa afọ e zigara n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe site na 2020.[13]

Kedu ụkpụrụ na-enyere Oakland aka n'ịga n'ihu na Zero Waste? Akwụkwọ Oakland's Zero Waste Economy, nke e mepụtara na 2006, na-egosi usoro dịgasị iche iche nke na-agụnye usoro iwu, nkwalite ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ego, ntaramahụhụ, na ngwaọrụ iwu ikike na-eduzi obodo ahụ na usoro na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba ebe a na-edebe ihe onwunwe na usoro mmepụta, dịka akọwapụtara n'okpuru.[16]

Iwu iwu ma ọ bụ ndị na-enye iwu ka iwu mee ihe, nke a makwaara dị ka iwu na nchịkwa:

  • machibido ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu egbu site na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ebe a na'ere ọkụ.
  • Mmachibido ire ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ndị na-emetọ mmadụ iwu.

ntaramahụhụ ego, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ndị e mere iji belata mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ndị na-emebi iwu:

  • Wuru ihe mkpali maka ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa iji mepụta nkwakọ ngwaahịa site na iji ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu ma họrọ atụmatụ ndị na-akwalite iji ya eme ihe ọzọ, imegharị ya, ma ọ bụ composting.
  • Mepụta ihe mkpali maka azụmaahịa ka ha na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ, kama ịhọrọ usoro mmepụta dị ọnụ ala na iwe ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ na mpụga United States.
  • Mepụta ihe mkpali ego maka azụmaahịa na ndị bi na ya iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ ma mepụta obere ihe mkpofu. (Nkwado ụtụ isi gọọmentị etiti n'oge ahụ nyere ego maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa site na ihe ndị na-amaghị nwoke).
  • Na-ewu ihe mkpali maka ndị na-azụ ahịa iji kwupụta mmasị ha na ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu, ndị a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ, na ndị a na'emegharị site na ịzụta naanị ihe ndị na-emezu ụkpụrụ ndị a.

Ntụaka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ City of Oakland. Resolution 79774, Adopting a zero waste goal by 2020. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved on March 6, 2011.
  2. ↑ Palmer. History of zero waste institute.. Retrieved on April 20, 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zero Waste Alliance. What is Waste?. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved on March 6, 2011.
  4. ↑ City of Oakland. Zero waste strategic plan. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved on March 6, 2011. pp. 11-18.
  5. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedCity of Oakland. . p. 3
  6. ↑ City of Oakland. "Resolution adopting evaluative criteria for assessing solid waste management system designs responsive to the zero waste by 2020 goal".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedCity of Oakland. .
  8. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedCity of Oakland. .
  9. ↑ Gore (2006). Earth in the balance: Ecology and the human spirit. New York: Rodale. 
  10. ↑ Porritt (2005). Capitalism as if the world matters. London: Earthscan. 
  11. ↑ Vig (2010). Environmental policy: New directions for the twenty-first century. Washington: CQ Press. 
  12. ↑ Vig. Environmental policy: New directions for the twenty-first century. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedCity of Oakland. .
  14. ↑ Salzman (2010). Environmental law and policy. New York: Thomson Reuters/Foundation Press. 
  15. ↑ City of Oakland. Adopting a zero waste goal by 2020. Attachment A: Zero Waste Economy. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved on March 6, 2011.
  16. ↑ City of Oakland. Resolution 79774, Adopting a zero waste goal by 2020. Attachment A: Zero Waste Economy.. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved on April 26, 2011.
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