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Ikpe ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise

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The Arctic Sunrise in 2007.
Ikpe ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise
protest
Akụkụ nkeSave the Arctic Dezie
mba/obodoMpaghara Russia Dezie
ebePechora Sea Dezie
oge omeluSeptemba 2013 Dezie
nhaziGreenpeace Dezie
sonyereSini Saarela, Peter Willcox Dezie

Na 18 Septemba 2013, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace nwara itolite ikpo okwu ngwupu Prirazlomnaya, dịka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe megide mmepụta mmanụ Arctic.

N'echi ya, na 19 Septemba 2013, ndị ọchịchị Russia weghaara ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise na mmiri mba ụwa na mpaghara akụ na ụba Russia Exclusive Economic Mpaghara, jide ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na egbe, dọba ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na Murmansk, na ijide ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ 28 na ndị nwere onwe ha abụọ. ndị nta akụkọ ọnwa atọ

Kọmiti na-eme nchọpụta nke Russia meghere nnyocha mpụ, na-ebo ndị na-eme ihe ike ebubo na mbụ na ndị ohi na ndị ohi na mgbe e mesịrị na hooliganism.

Ebe ọ bụ na Arctic Sunrise nọ na-efegharị ọkọlọtọ Dutch, Netherlands gbara akwụkwọ na International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS case 22) wee nweta iwu maka ịhapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri na-echere ikpe ikpe ikpeazụ nke okwu ahụ.[1][2]

Na Disemba 2013, n'agbanyeghị na ha leghaara mkpebi ITLOS anya, Rọshịa tọhapụrụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mgbaghara izugbe nke steeti Duma nakweere, ka ejidere ọnwa atọ.  A tọhapụrụ Arctic Sunrise n'onwe ya ọnwa isii ọzọ ka e mesịrị, na June 2014.

Mmalite

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N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2013, ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace bụ Arctic Sunrise hapụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Norwegian nke Kirkenes iji malite njem otu ọnwa na Arctic iji mee mkpesa megide nchọpụta mmanụ na mmiri Arctic.[3] Arctic Sunrise banyere n'Oké Osimiri Barents ma jụ ikikere ugboro atọ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Russia ịbanye n'Ụzọ Oké Osimiri Northern ọ bụ ezie na ịjụ ahụ mebiri iwu mba ụwa gụnyere ikike nnwere onwe ịnya ụgbọ mmiri.[4][5] N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Greenpeace leghaara mmachibido iwu Russia anya iji mee mkpesa maka ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala Rosneft na Arctic wee banye na mmiri mba ụwa nke Oké Osimiri Kara.[6] N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Arctic Sunrise hapụrụ Northern Sea Route, mgbe ndị nche mmiri Russia banyere n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma yie egwu iji ike mee ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụghị mmiri mba ụwa nke oké osimiri Kara.[7]

Prirazlomnaya na-eme ngagharị iwe, na mmeri nke Arctic Sunrise na ndị ọrụ ya

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N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2013, a malitere ikuku RHIB anọ site na Arctic Sunrise site na ọnọdụ ya na Oké Osimiri Pechora.[8] RHIBs buuru ndị Greenpeace na ndị ọrụ gaa n'ebe a na-egwu egwu Prirazlomnaya nke Gazprom. N'oge omume ahụ, Arctic Sunrise tweeted "Anyị ga-anwa ịkwụsị igwu egwu. " , ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na ebumnuche ha bụ ịkwụnye ọkọlọtọ na mmanụ iji kpọọ maka njedebe nke igwu egwu Arctic. [citation needed] Ndị ọrụ abụọ jisiri ike ejikọta onwe ha na ikpo okwu ma gbalịa ịrịgo, n'agbanyeghị na a na-agbawa ha mmiri, ebe onye ọrụ ọzọ gbalịrị ịbịakọta na ikpo akwụkwọ ahụ n'enweghị ịga nke ọma.[9] Ndị na-eche nche n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Russia gbagburu égbè ịdọ aka ná ntị site na égbè AK-74 na égbè ịdọrọ aka ná ntị anọ site na egbe dị n'ụgbọ mmiri Ladoga. [ odide dị mkpa] E wepụrụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe abụọ ahụ n'elu ikpo okwu ma jide ha n'ụba mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma e jidere ha ma ọ bụ na ha.[10][11][12]

N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2013, n'ụbọchị sochiri ngagharị iwe Prirazlomnaya, ndị ọchịchị Russia ji ike weghara Arctic Sunrise, nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa gọọmentị iri na ise ji helikọpta banye na balaclavas, jiri égbè na mma.[13] N'oge ịbanye, Arctic Sunrise nọ na mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nke Russia mana ọ bụghị n'ime mpaghara nchekwa gburugburu mmanụ, a chọghịkwa ikike ịbanye ya site na steeti ọkọlọtọ Arctic Sunrise, Netherlands.[12] E kewapụrụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ndị ọrụ ahụ ma tie ya ihe n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ, ebe ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nọ n'ụlọ oriri.[14] A na-ebo ebubo na a na-eti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ihe n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ, kụọ ha ihe, ma kụọ ha ụkwụ n'oge a manyere ha ịbanye.[13]


A dọbara Arctic Sunrise gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murmansk. A kpọgara mmadụ iri atọ niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe a kụrụ ha ihe n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ ma gbaa ha ajụjụ ọnụ. Na mbido Ọktọba, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Leninsky dị na Murmansk nyere ikike ijide mmadụ 30 niile. E jidere mmadụ 22 ruo ọnwa abụọ ka a na-echere nyocha ma jide mmadụ asatọ ndị ọzọ ruo ụbọchị atọ ka a na'echere ikpe ọzọ.[15] A na-enyocha ha maka ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, nke na Russia na-ebu mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise.[6][16][17] N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, e wepụrụ ebubo nke ịpụnara mmadụ ihe ma jiri ebubo maka ajọ hooliganism dochie ya na ikpe kachasị elu nke afọ asaa.[18][19] Mgbe a kpọfere ha na Saint Petersburg na 12 Nọvemba, ụlọ ikpe distrikti Kalininsky na Primorsky tọhapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na mgbapụta, [aha dị mkpa] na Ụlọikpe Ógbè Murmansk jụrụ mkpesa megide njide ahụ na 21 NọvemAr.[15]

Dị ka Phil Radford, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace na United States n'oge ahụ, mmeghachi omume nke ndị nche n'ụsọ oké osimiri Russia na ụlọikpe bụ "nzaghachi siri ike nke Greenpeace zutere site na gọọmenti kemgbe ogbunigwe nke Rainbow Warrior na 1985..[20]

Ndị e jidere

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Greenpeace na ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ ndị ahụ "Arctic 30".[21][22][23][24] Ha gụnyere:

Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri site na mba

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  • US: Captain Peter Henry Willcox[17]
  • Argentina: Onye nke abụọ Miguel Hernán Pérez Orsi
  • Australia: Onye ọrụ redio Colin Russell
  • Brazil: Deckhand Ana Paula Alminhana Maciel
  • Canada: Bosun Alexandre Paul, onye ibe mbụ Paul D Ruzycki
  • Denmark: Enyi nke atọ Anne Mie Roer Jensen
  • France: Deckhand Francesco Pisanu
  • Ịtali: Deckhand Cristian D'Alessandro
  • Netherlands: Onye isi injinia Mannes Ubels
  • New Zealand: Onye na-arụzi ụgbọ mmiri Jonathan Beauchamp, onye na-ahụ maka eletrik David John Haussmann
  • Turkey: Onye na-enyere onye na-esi nri aka Gizem Akhan
  • UK: Onye ọrụ nkwukọrịta Alexandra Hazel Harris, onye injinia nke abụọ Iain Rogers
  • Ukraine: Cook Ruslan Yakushev

Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe site na mba

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  • Argentina: Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Camila Speziale
  • Finland: Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Sini Saarela
  • Netherlands: Onye na-eme mkpọsa Faiza Oulahsen
  • Poland: Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Tomasz Dziemianczuk
  • Russia: Ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Roman Dolgov, Dr Yekaterina Zaspa, onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi Andrei Allahverdov
  • Sweden: Onye na-eme mkpọsa Dima Litvinov
  • Switzerland: Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Marco Weber
  • UK: onye nhazi nhazi Frank Hewetson, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Anthony Perrett, onye na na-eme ihe ngagharị iwe Philip Ball

Ndị na-abụghị ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị nta akụkọ site na mba

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  • UK: Onye na-ese vidio na onye nta akụkọ Kieron Bryan
  • Russia: Onye na-ese foto Denis Sinyakov

Nzaghachi

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Otu n'ime ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ bụ onye Russia na-ese foto Denis Sinyakov, onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ dugara na ngagharị iwe site na Russian Union of Journalists na otu mba ụwa Reporters Without Borders.[6] Dị ka Alexei Simonov, onye isi Glasnost Defence Foundation, otu ikike ndị dabeere na Moscow, Sinyakov nọ na-ekpuchi omume nke ndị na-akwado Greenpeace na Oké Osimiri Barents na enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na atụmatụ otu ahụ:

"Ndị ọchịchị mebiri ụkpụrụ na iwu niile site n'ịnọgide Sinyakov n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Aghaghị m ikwu ya ugboro ugboro na Kremlin mepụtara usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke Russia ọ bụghị ịchọ ezigbo ndị omempụ ka a taa ha ahụhụ kama iji taa ndị na-adịghị adaba na ndị ọchịchị ahụhụ. "[25]

Sinyakov biputere na akaụntụ Facebook ya onyinyo nke onye nche mmiri Russia kpu okpu na-atụ aka n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe e jidere ndị mmegide abụọ mbụ, Sinyakov dere, sị:

"Ana m akpọ gị ka ị sonye n'ọgụ maka ịtọhapụ ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe, ndị ji ezi obi hụ nchọpụta Arctic dị ka ihe ọjọọ. "

E mechara jide Sinyakov. [citation needed] Òtù nchebe na ikike nke gafere Atlantic, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, chọkwara ka a tọhapụ Sinyakov ozugbo. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Russia, gụnyere saịtị lenta.ru na ụlọ ọrụ TV nke onwe ma ọ bụ nke Kremlin, NTV, wepụrụ foto niile na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha na ngosipụta nke ịdị n'otu na onye na-ese foto a tụrụ mkpọrọ.[17] Na Paris, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe Greenpeace mere ngagharị iwe n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Russia na 27 Septemba 2013, na-efegharị ọkọlọtọ nwere foto nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ a tụrụ mkpọrọ na okwu "FREE" edere n'elu ha. Tupu 22 Nọvemba 2013, ụlọ ikpe Russia tọhapụrụ mmadụ niile ma e wezụga otu n'ime ndị na-eme mkpọsa Greenpeace megide mgbapụta (nke Greenpeace kwụrụ ụgwọ) na ọnọdụ ndị na-akwado ya enweghị ike ịhapụ Russia.[26]

Dị ka ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ maka Arctic Sunrise, Netherlands rịọrọ ka ahapụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ozugbo nye ndị ọchịchị Dutch.  Gọọmenti Dutch rụrụ ụka na ebe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọ na mpụga mmiri mpaghara Russia na n'èzí mpaghara nchekwa 500-mita (1,600 ft) gburugburu ebe mmanụ mmanụ, ọ bụ n'oké osimiri mepere emepe, yabụ na mpụga ikike na ikike ọchịchị Russia.  Dịka iwu ụgbọ mmiri siri dị, omume ọ bụla megide ụgbọ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime naanị mgbe nkwekọrịta na steeti ọkọlọtọ.  N'ihi ya, ndị Dutch weere ọnọdụ na njide nke Arctic Sunrise site na Russia akwadoghị iwu.  Mgbe Russia na-ahapụghị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, Netherlands gbara akwụkwọ ikpe na International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea na 21 October 2013 iji nye Russia iwu ka ha hapụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace na ndị na-eme ihe ike nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ.hụ.[27]

Praịm Minista New Zealand bụ John Key welitere okwu ahụ na Onye isi ala Russia bụ Vladimir Putin, mana o kwuru na usoro ikpe Russia ga-achọ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu.[28]

Mmadụ iri na otu nwetara ihe nrite Nobel degaara Vladimir Putin akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ onye isi ala Russia ka ọ wepụ ebubo megide ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị nta akụkọ Greenpeace.[29]

Ndị ikom isii banyere n'ọfịs Greenpeace na Murmansk ma zuo ihe onwunwe.]

Ikpe ikpe megide Russia

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N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2013, ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa maka Iwu Oké Osimiri kpebiri na a ga-ahapụ ndị na-eme mkpọsa na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ozugbo, a ga-ekwe ka ha hapụ mba ahụ, megide mgbapụta nke nde euro 3.5.[30]

N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015, ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa na-ahụ maka ikpe mkpegharị ikpe ji otu olu kpebie na Russia emeela mmebi nke Nkwekọrịta UN na Iwu Oké Osimiri ma kwụọ gọọmentị Dutch ụgwọ (ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ) maka mmebi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.[31] Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kpebiri na a pụghị ịkpọ ihe ndị Greenpeace mere dị ka ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ hooliganism; ihe mere Russia ji jide ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.[32] Russia, onye mmekọ nke ụlọ ikpe na-adịgide adịgide, zaghachiri site n'ikwu na ọ naghị anabata ikike nke ụlọ ikpe n'okwu a.

Greenpeace announcements

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  Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo, ebubo nke ịpụnarị mmadụ megide ndị na-eme udo enweghị uru na iwu mba ụwa. Greenpeace jụrụ ntụnye ọgwụ na-akwadoghị na Arctic Sunrise. A na-edobe ụfọdụ ọgwụ ọgwụ na nchekwa. Ndị ọchịchị Rọshịa mebiri ebe nchekwa ahụ mgbe ha buchara ụgbọ ahụ.[33]

Phil Radford, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace USA, kwuru na njide nke Arctic 30 bụ nzaghachi siri ike nke Greenpeace zutere site na gọọmentị kemgbe ndị ọrụ nzuzo nke France tụrụ bọmbụ na Rainbow Warrior na 1985.[20]

Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Greenpeace anọgidewo na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha chekwaa arctic, mbụ na-akpali ngagharị iwe ahụ.

Dị ka ndị otu Greenpeace Dutch si kwuo, ọnọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace kara njọ n'oge ọ nọrọ na Murmansk, ebe ndị ọrụ Russia anaghị elekọta ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nke ọma.[34]

Mmetụta mba ụwa

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11 Ndị Nobel Peace Laureates degaara Putin akwụkwọ ozi, na-akpọ ya ka ọ wepụ ebubo "gabiga ókè" nke ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri:

  • Bishọp South Africa Desmond Tutu
  • Onye na-eme mkpọsa maka udo na Northern Ireland Betty Williams
  • Onye bụbu onye isi ala Costa Rica, Oscar Arias Sanchez
  • Onye na-eme mkpọsa udo na US Jody Williams
  • Onye na-eme mkpọsa udo na Liberia Leymah Gbowee
  • Onye na-eme mkpọsa udo na Yemen Tawakkol Karman
  • Onye na-eme mgbanwe na Guatemala bụ Rigoberta Menchú Tum
  • Onye na-ahụ maka udo na Northern Ireland Mairead Maguire
  • Onye ọka iwu Iran na onye ọka ikpe Shirin Ebadi
  • Onye bụbu onye isi ala East Timor Jose Ramos Horta
  • Onye na-ahazi obodo Argentina Adolfo Perez Esquivel<[34]

Onye isi ala Germany bụ Angela Merkel gosipụtara nchegbu banyere njide nke ndị Greenpeace na Vladimir Putin, ma gbaa ume ka e dozie ikpe ahụ ngwa ngwa.[35]

William Hague, odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke UK, sooro ndị minista Russia kwurịta okwu banyere ọdịnihu nke ụmụ amaala Britain isii metụtara.[36]

Dị ka Julia Marton-Lefèvre si kwuo, International Union for Conservation of Nature mmanụ na gas na-enyocha na Arctic ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike na ụwa kwesịrị ịchọta isi mmalite carbon dị ala nke ike.[36]

Damon Albarn nke Blur gosipụtara ngosi nke Frank Hewetson n'oge egwu egwu na Santiago, Chile, na 7 Nọvemba 2013, na-arịọ ka a tọhapụ ya.

Ịkwụsị ebubo n'okpuru iwu mgbaghara

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N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2013, a tọhapụrụ ndị ọrụ 30 ahụ niile n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị ka akụkụ nke mgbaghara zuru oke, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ememe ncheta afọ iri abụọ nke iwu Russia na-esote Soviet.[37][38]

Hụkwa

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  • Arụmụka maka igwu ala Arctic
  • Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Arctic
  • Ọchịchị ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
  • Save the Arctic, mkpọsa Greenpeace
  • Mmiri nke Rainbow Warrior

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: 404 File not found. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2023-08-16.
  2. ↑ The "Arctic Sunrise" case (Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation) List of cases: No. 22. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (22 November 2013). Retrieved on 11 September 2021.
  3. ↑ Rawer, Daniel, Greenpeace, 12 August 2013.. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved on 16 August 2023.
  4. ↑ "Russia shuts Greenpeace out of Arctic Sea route, stifles criticism of oil industry", Greenpeace, 21 August 2013.
  5. ↑ Rashini Suriyaarachchi "Defending the Arctic even as Russia threatens to use force", Greenpeace, 26 August 2013.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Greenpeace Ship Sails to Arctic Kara Sea Despite Ban", RIA Novosti, 24 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "Russians Force Greenpeace Ship to Leave Kara Sea", Environment News Service, 26 August 2013.
  8. ↑ "Greenpeace Storms Prirazlomnaya Platform in Arctic", The Moscow Times.
  9. ↑ Arctic Sunrise Twitter feed, 18 September 2013 Twitter.
  10. ↑ "Greenpeace Activists Being Held Without Charge By Russia" Greenpeace assails oil rig in Russian Arctic, BBC News, 18 September 2013.
  11. ↑ "Greenpeace Activists Being Held Without Charge By Russia", Scoop Independent News, 20 September 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Answers to questions posed by the Tribunal", 7 November 2013 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Brown, Jonathan "Russia arrests 30 environmental activists during Arctic protest", 20 September 2013 The Independent.
  14. ↑ Wilson, Steve "Russia seizes Greenpeace ship after Arctic rig protest", 20 September 2013 The Daily Telegraph.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Arrested Greenpeace activists to be transferred to St. Petersburg by November 12", 11 November 2013.
  16. ↑ Vasilyeva, Nataliya. Associated Press, "Greenpeace To Appeal Activists’ Jailing In Russia", ABC News, 27 September 2013.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Greenpeace to appeal over activists held in Russia", BBC News, 27 September 2013.
  18. ↑ Следствием переквалифицированы действия нападавших на платформу "Приразломная". Sledcom.ru (23 October 2013). Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved on 26 October 2013.
  19. ↑ Rosenberg. "Russia drops piracy charges against Greenpeace group", BBC News, 23 October 2013. Retrieved on 26 October 2013.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lally. "U.S. Greenpeace captain jailed in Russia", The Washington Post, 27 September 2013.
  21. ↑ Free the Arctic 30. Greenpeace International. Retrieved on 25 November 2013.
  22. ↑ Shaun Walker and James Meikle. "Three Arctic 30 Britons freed on bail by Russian court", The Guardian, 20 November 2013.
  23. ↑ Steve Robson. "Arctic 30: First British Greenpeace activist arrested in Russia given bail", The Mirror, 22 November 2013.
  24. ↑ Heather Saul. "Greenpeace Arctic 30: Britons Anthony Perrett and Kieron Bryan are released on bail", The Independent, 22 November 2013.
  25. ↑ Loiko, Sergei L. "Greenpeace activists, Moscow photographer placed under arrest", Los Angeles Times, 26 September 2013.
  26. ↑ Russia frees Greenpeace activists on bail | News | al Jazeera.
  27. ↑ "Netherlands asks sea law tribunal to order Russia to release Greenpeace ship and activists", The Washington Post, 21 October 2013. Retrieved on 2013-10-26.
  28. ↑ Key raises Greenpeace NZers with Putin. 3 News NZ. 9 October 2013.
  29. ↑ BBC: Nobel laureates urge Putin to free Greenpeace activists, 17 October 2013
  30. ↑ Cadman (2013-11-22). International maritime tribunal tells Russia to free Greenpeace ship. Financial Times. Retrieved on 2020-08-06.
  31. ↑ "Russia 'must pay damages' over ship", BBC News, 24 August 2015.
  32. ↑ Court orders Russia to pay compensation for Greenpeace ship seizure. Reuters (2015-08-25). Retrieved on 2017-11-05.
  33. ↑ Greenpeace International responds to allegations from Russian authorities. Greenpeace (10 October 2013). Retrieved on 26 October 2013.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Greenpeace activist arrested in Russia raises alarm over Arctic Sunrise ship 17 October 2013 The Guardian
  35. ↑ Angela Merkel pressures Putin over Arctic 30 arrests 17 October 2013 The Guardian
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 UK aims to become hub for Arctic oil exploration 17 October 2013 The Guardian
  37. ↑ Gutterman. "Russian amnesty to benefit Pussy Riot, Greenpeace 30", Reuters, 19 December 2013.
  38. ↑ "Russia parliament approves amnesty for prisoners", BBC News, 18 December 2013.

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