Greenpeace

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Greenpeace bụ netwọk mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ kwụụrụ onwe ya, tọrọ ntọala na Canada na 1971 site n'aka Irving Stowe na Dorothy Stowe, ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi si United States. Greenpeace na-ekwu na ebumnuche ya bụ "ịhụ na ikike nke ụwa ịzụlite ndụ n'ụdị dị iche iche" ma gbado anya na mgbasa ozi ya na okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, igbutu osisi, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ịzụ ahịa azụ ahịa, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ihe mgbochi nuklia. Ọ na-eji ime ihe ozugbo, ime ihe ike, nyocha, na ecotage iji nweta ebumnobi ya.

Netwọk ahụ nwere otu mba/mpaghara 26 nọọrọ onwe ha na mba 55 gafee Europe, America, Africa, Asia, Australia na Pacific, yana otu nhazi, Greenpeace International, dabere na Amsterdam, Netherlands.

netwọkụ ụwa niile anaghị anabata ego sitere n'aka gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-adabere na nde mmadụ atọ ndị na-akwado ya na onyinye ntọala. Greenpeace nwere ọkwa ndụmọdụ izugbe na United Nations Economic and Social Council ma bụrụ onye guzobere INGO Accountability Charter, otu mba ụwa na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ezube ịkwalite aza ajụjụ na nghọta nke ndị otu na-abụghị gọọmentị.

A maara Greenpeace maka omume ya kpọmkwem ma kọwaa ya dị ka otu n'ime òtù gburugburu ebe obibi a na-ahụ anya n'ụwa. O welitere ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọha, ma metụta ma ndị nkeonwe na nke ọha. Nzukọ ahụ anatala nkatọ; ọ bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 100 Nobel laureates na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mgbasa ozi ya megide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gbanwetụrụ (GMOs). Omume ozugbo nke otu a kpalitere omume iwu megide ndị na-akwado Greenpeace, dị ka nra na ahịrị ahịrị nkwusioru maka ibibi atụmatụ nnwale nke ọka wit gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana, dịka gọọmentị Peruvian siri kwuo, na-emebi Lines Nazca, saịtị World Heritage World.[1][2]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmalite ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe agwaetiti Amchitka dị na Alaska.
Ngwá ọrụ nuklia nke kpaliri okike nke Greenpeace ka a na-agbadata ya n'ime oghere ya maka Cannikin.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1960s, US zubere ule ngwa agha nuklia nke Cannikin n'ime agwaetiti Amchitka na-adịghị akwụsi ike na Alaska; atụmatụ ndị ahụ welitere nchegbu ụfọdụ maka ule na-ebute ala ọma jijiji na ịkpata mbufịt mbufịt. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,000 gbochiri Peace Arch Border Crossing n'etiti British Columbia na Washington, na-ebu akara na-agụ "Emela Wave. Ọ bụ gị kpatara ma ọ bụrụ na mmejọ anyị na-aga". na "Kwụsị Igbe M Emechabeghị." Mkpesa ahụ akwụsịghị US ịgbawa bọmbụ ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ tsunami gbasoro ule ahụ, mmegide ahụ toro mgbe US kwupụtara na ha ga-agbawa bọmbụ ugboro ise karịa nke mbụ. Otu n'ime ndị mmegide ahụ bụ Jim Bohlen, onye agha agha nke jerela ozi n'Òtù Ndị Agha Mmiri US, na Irving Stowe na Dorothy Stowe, ndị ghọrọ ndị Quakers n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ha nwere nkụda mmụọ maka enweghị ọrụ nke Sierra Club Canada, nke ha bụ ndị otu ya. Site na Irving Stowe, Jim Bohlen mụtara maka ụdị nguzogide na-enweghị isi, "ịgba akaebe", ebe a na-eme mkpesa naanị site na ọnụnọ nkịtị. Nwunye Jim Bohlen Marie wepụtara echiche iji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Amchitka, nke sitere na njem mgbochi nuklia nke Albert Bigelow na 1958. Echiche ahụ kwụsịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma jikọta ya na Sierra Club. Njikọ a enweghị mmasị na ọgbakọ Sierra Club na na 1970 e hiwere kọmitii Emela Wave maka ngagharị iwe ahụ. E nwere nzukọ mbụ n'ụlọ Shaughnessy nke Robert Hunter na nwunye ya Bobbi Hunter. E mesịa, ụlọ Stowe dị na 2775 Courtenay Street (Vancouver) ghọrọ isi ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka Rex Weyler tinyere ya na usoro iheomume ya, Greenpeace, na 1969, Irving na Dorothy Stowe's "ụlọ dị jụụ na Courtenay Street ga-abụ n'oge na-adịghị anya isi ihe dị mkpa, mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ". Ụfọdụ n'ime ọgbakọ Greenpeace mbụ e nwere n'ebe ahụ. Emeghere ụlọ ọrụ mbụ n'ime ime ụlọ, n'ihu ụlọ ahịa dị na Cypress na West Broadway ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Kitsilano, Vancouver. N'ime ọkara afọ Greenpeace kwabatara iji soro ndị Society na-akwalite nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi kesaa oghere ụlọ elu dị na 4th na Maple na Kitsilano.

Irving Stowe haziri ihe egwu uru (nke Joan Baez kwadoro) nke mere na 16 October 1970 na Pacific Coliseum na Vancouver. Egwuregwu ahụ mepụtara ntọala ego maka mkpọsa Greenpeace mbụ. Amchitka, ihe egwu 1970 eweputara Greenpeace nke Greenpeace bipụtara na Nọvemba 2009 na CD ma dịkwa ka nbudata mp3 site na webụsaịtị egwu Amchitka. N'iji ego a na-enweta na ihe nkiri ahụ, ndị Kọmiti Emela ka Ndị Na-efegharị efegharị na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri, Phyllis Cormack bụ nke John Cormack nwere ma na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri. A kpọgharịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ Greenpeace maka ngagharị iwe ahụ mgbe okwu onye na-akwado Bill Darnell chepụtara. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri zuru oke gụnyere: Captain John Cormack (onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ), Jim Bohlen, Bill Darnell, Patrick Moore, Dr Lyle Thurston, Dave Birmingham, Terry A. Simmons, Richard Fineberg, Robert Hunter (onye nta akụkọ), Ben Metcalfe (onye nta akụkọ), Bob Cummings (onye nta akụkọ) na Bob Keziere (onye na-ese foto).

Na 15 Septemba 1971, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere Amchitka ma chere ụgbọ mmiri nchekwa nke US Coast Confidence ihu nke manyere ndị na-eme ihe ike ịlaghachi azụ. N'ihi nke a na ihu igwe na-arịwanye elu nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpebiri ịlaghachi na Canada nanị iji chọpụta na akụkọ banyere njem ha na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ nke ntụkwasị obi mere ka ọmịiko maka mkpesa ha. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Greenpeace gbalịrị iji ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ gaa ebe ule ahụ, ruo mgbe US gbawara bọmbụ ahụ. A katọrọ ule nuklia ahụ, US kpebiri na ha agaghị aga n'ihu na atụmatụ nnwale ha na Amchitka.

Ndị guzobere na oge ntọala nke Greenpeace[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi Frank Zelko dere ụbọchị nguzobe nke "Emela kọmitii Wave" na 1969 na, dịka Jim Bohlen si kwuo, otu ahụ nakweere aha "Emela Kọmitii Wave" na 28 November 1969. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo. Weebụsaịtị, The Don't Make a Wave Committee e hiwere na 1970. Asambodo incorporation nke The Don't Make a Wave Committee ụbọchị ntinye aka na nke ise nke October 1970. Onye nyocha Vanessa Timmer detes the official incorporation na 1971. Greenpeace n'onwe ya. na-akpọ njem ngagharị iwe nke 1971 dị ka “mmalite”. Dị ka Patrick Moore si kwuo, onye bụ onye mbụ ma kewapụ onwe ya na Greenpeace na Rex Weyler, a gbanwere aha "The Don't Make a Wave Committee" ka ọ bụrụ Greenpeace Foundation na 1972.

Vanessa Timmer akpọtụla ndị otu mbụ dị ka "otu ndị ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi na-atụghị anya ya". Frank Zelko ekwuola na "n'adịghị ka ndị enyi nke ụwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke malitere n'ụzọ zuru ezu site n'egedege ihu nke David Brower, Greenpeace tolitere n'ụzọ evolushọn ọzọ. Ọ dịghị otu onye nchoputa ". Greenpeace n'onwe ya na-ekwu na ibe weebụ ya na "enwere ihe ọchị na na ụlọ mmanya ọ bụla dị na Vancouver, British Columbia, ị nwere ike ịnọdụ ala n'akụkụ onye na-ekwu na ya tọrọ ntọala Greenpeace. N'ezie, ọ dịghị otu onye nchoputa: aha, echiche, spirit. a pụkwara ikwu na usoro niile nwere usoro ọmụmụ dị iche iche." Patrick Moore ekwuola na "eziokwu bụ na Greenpeace bụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe niile, ọ bụghị ihe tọrọ ntọala dị ka obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ya mere enwere obere agba ntụ banyere onye nwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Greenpeace." Onye isi Greenpeace oge ochie Rex Weyler na-ekwu na homepage ya na ndị na-ahụ maka Greenpeace na-arụrịta ụka banyere ndị malitere kemgbe etiti 1970s.

Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Greenpeace nke ugbu a depụtara ndị guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave dị ka Dorothy na Irving Stowe, Marie na Jim Bohlen, Ben na Dorothy Metcalfe, na Robert Hunter.[3] Dị ka Patrick Moore na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Dorothy Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen na Robert Hunter si kwuo, ndị guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave bụ Paul Cote, Irving na Dorothy Stowa na Jim na Marie Bohlen.[4][5]

Paul Watson, onye guzobere Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere The Don't Make a Wave Committee na Greenpeace.[6] Greenpeace ekwuola na Watson bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta, mana ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.[7] Watson boro Greenpeace ebubo na ha na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.[6]

N'ihi na Patrick Moore so na ndị ọrụ nke njem mkpesa mbụ, Moore na-ewere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya. Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na Moore bụ onye otu mbụ dị mkpa, ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.[5][8]

Mgbe Amchitka gasịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ dị na Stowe home, (na mgbe nke mbụ concert ego-ịzụlite) Greenpeace ọrụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị ọzọ onwe ma na-enwe nzukọ ọha kwa izu na Wednesday abalị na Kitsilano Neighborhood House tupu edozi, n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1974, na obere obere. ụlọ ọrụ na-ekerịta ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi SPEC na 2007 West 4th na Maple na Kitsilano. Mgbe ule nuklia na Amchitka gwụchara, Greenpeace mere ka ọ lekwasị anya na nyocha ngwa agha nuklia nke France na Moruroa Atoll na French Polynesia. Òtù na-eto eto chọrọ enyemaka maka ngagharị iwe ha, David McTaggart, onye bụbu ọchụnta ego bi na New Zealand kpọtụkwara ya. Na 1972 ụgbọ mmiri Vega, ketch 12.5-mita (41 ft) nke David McTaggart nwere, ka ahagharịrị Greenpeace III wee banye na ngagharị iwe nuklia banye mpaghara mwepu na Moruroa iji nwaa imebi nnwale nuklia French. Ọ bụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ New Zealand nke Mgbasa Ozi Maka Mwepu Ngwá Agha Nuklia kwadoro ma hazie njem a. Ndị agha mmiri France gbalịrị ịkwụsị ngagharị iwe ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere ịwakpo David McTaggart. A sịrị na e tiri McTaggart ihe ruo n'ókè nke na ọ tụfuru ụzọ n'otu anya ya. Agbanyeghị, otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri McTaggart sere foto ihe merenụ wee gaa n'ihu ọha. Mgbe a kwusachara mwakpo ahụ, France kwupụtara na ọ ga-akwụsị ule nuklia ikuku.

N'etiti 1970s ụfọdụ ndị otu Greenpeace malitere mgbasa ozi nọọrọ onwe ya, Project Ahab, megide whaling azụmahịa, ebe Irving Stowe megidere Greenpeace na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị ọzọ karịa ngwa agha nuklia. Mgbe Irving Stowe nwụsịrị na 1975, Phyllis Cormack ji ụgbọ mmiri si Vancouver gaa ihu ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri Soviet n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. Ndị na-akwado Greenpeace kpasuru azụ azụ site n'itinye onwe ha n'etiti ụbọ akwara na whale, na ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe ahụ gbasaara gburugburu ụwa. Mgbe e mesịrị na 1970s, nzukọ ahụ gbasaara nlebara anya ya na-agụnye nsị nsị na ịchụ nta akara azụmahịa.

Greenpeace bipụtara "Greenpeace Declaration of Interdependence" na Greenpeace Chronicles (Winter 1976-77). Nkwupụta a bụ mkpirisi nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi Bob Hunter dere kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.

Ọganihu nke nzukọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

MV Esperanza, onye bụbu onye na-agbanyụ ọkụ nke ndị agha mmiri Russia, bụ nke Greenpeace maliteghachiri n'afọ 2002.

Greenpeace sitere n'otu ìgwè ndị Canada na ndị America na-eme ngagharị iwe gaa n'otu ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị echebara echiche nke ndị na-emegide omenala na ndị ntorobịa hippie nke afọ 1960 na 1970.[9] Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke Greenpeace sitere na ya mara ọkwa oge nke iwepụ ọnọdụ site na ihe ndị mere n'ụwa ochie ma chọọ ịmepụta ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[10]

N'etiti afọ ndị 1970 ndị otu nwere onwe ha na-eji aha Greenpeace malitere ịpụta n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ na-erule 1977, e nwere ìgwè Greenpeace 15 ruo 20 gburugburu ụwa.[11] N'otu oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace nke Canada ji nnukwu ụgwọ. Esemokwu dị n'etiti ọfịs maka ịnakọta ego na ntụziaka nhazi kewara òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọfịs North America na-ala azụ ịnọ n'okpuru ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada.[11]

Mgbe ihe omume nke Moruroa Atoll gasịrị, David McTaggart kwagara France ịga agha n'ụlọikpe na steeti France ma nyere aka ịzụlite nkwado nke European Greenpeace otu. David McTaggart nwere mmasị na Canadian Greenpeace Foundation ịnakwere usoro ọhụrụ na-eweta ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace gbasasịrị n'okpuru nkwado nke otu ọgbakọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. European Greenpeace kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ Canada Greenpeace na 14 October 1979, Greenpeace International malitere ịdị adị. N'okpuru usoro ọhụrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara nyere otu pasent nke ego ha na-enweta na òtù mba ụwa, bụ ndị weghaara ọrụ maka ịhazi ntụziaka n'ozuzu nke mmegharị ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ọ bụla nwere otu votu. Ụfọdụ otu Greenpeace, ya bụ London Greenpeace (gbasara na 2001) na Greenpeace Foundation nke dị na United States (ka na-arụ ọrụ) agbanyeghị na ha kpebiri ịnọrọ onwe ya na Greenpeace International.

Tinyere ọtụtụ NGO ndị ọzọ, Greenpeace bụ isiokwu nke nyocha na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na nke na-enweghị isi site na US Federal Bureau of Investigation n'etiti afọ 2001 na 2005. Inspector General nke US Justice Department kpebiri na e nwere "obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndabere" maka nyocha ahụ nakwa na ọ mere ka FBI nye ozi na-ezighị ezi na nke na-eduhie eduhie na United States Congress.[12][13][14]

N'afọ 2015, Greenpeace UK malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha akpọrọ Unearthed.[15]

Ọdịdị nzukọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọchịchị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọchịchị na usoro nchịkwa nke Greenpeace.

Greenpeace nwere Greenpeace International (nke a na-akpọ Stichting Greenpeace Council) nke dị na Amsterdam, Netherlands, na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara 25 na-arụ ọrụ na mba 55.[16] Ọfịs mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'okpuru nlekọta nke Greenpeace International. Ndị otu Greenpeace International na-ahọpụta onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace. Onye nduzi oge nke Greenpeace International bụ Mads Flarup Christensen na ndị isi oche oge nke Board bụ Marcelo Iniarra na David Tong.[17][18][19] Greenpeace nwere ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 2,400 na 15,000 n'ụwa niile.

Ọfịs mpaghara ọ bụla na-eduzi site na onye isi nchịkwa mpaghara nke ndị nduzi mpaghara họpụtara. Ndị isi mpaghara na-ahọpụta onye nlekọta na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Greenpeace International, ebe ndị nlekọta na-ahọrọ ma ọ bụ wepụ ndị nduzi nke Greenpeace Internacional. Ọrụ nzukọ ezumezu a na-eme kwa afọ bụkwa ikwurịta ma kpebie ụkpụrụ zuru oke na okwu ndị dị mkpa maka Greenpeace na mmekorita ya na ndị nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na ndị nduzi Greenpeace International.[20]

Onye na-anakọta ego n'okporo ámá Greenpeace na-agwa onye na-agafe agafe

Greenpeace na-enweta ego ya site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na ntọala.[21][22] Ọ na-enyocha onyinye niile dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ naghị enweta onyinye ndị a na-achọghị.[23] Ewezuga Netherlands' National Postcode Lottery, nnukwu lọtrị gọọmentị na-akwado na mba ahụ, nzukọ ahụ anaghị anabata ego sitere na gọọmentị, òtù gọọmentị etiti, òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ iji zere mmetụta ha.[21][22][23]

Ajụjụ onyinye sitere na ntọala ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-enweta ọtụtụ ego ha sitere na gọọmentị ma ọ bụ otu gọọmentị etiti. A na-ajụkwa onyinye ntọala ma ọ bụrụ na ntọala ahụ jikọtara ọnọdụ enweghị ezi uche, mgbochi ma ọ bụ mgbochi na ọrụ Greenpeace ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na onyinye ahụ ga-emebi nnwere onwe na ebumnuche nke nzukọ a. Ebe ọ bụ na n'etiti 1990s ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwado malitere ibelata, Greenpeace sụrụ ụzọ n'iji ego ego ihu na ihu ebe ndị na-akwado ego na-achọsi ike na-achọ ndị na-akwado ọhụrụ n'ebe ọha na eze, na-edebanye aha ha maka onyinye nkwụnye ụgwọ kwa ọnwa. Na 2008, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime €202.5 nde nke nzukọ ahụ natara bụ ihe dị ka nde 2.6 ndị na-akwado oge niile, tumadi si Europe. N'afọ 2014, ego a na-enweta kwa afọ nke nzukọ ahụ bụ ihe dị ka nde euro 300 (US $ 400) n'agbanyeghị na ha tụfuru ihe dị ka nde €4 (US $ 5) na ntule ego n'afọ ahụ.

Na Septemba 2003, Watch Interest Watch (PIW) mere mkpesa na Internal Revenue Service na nkwụghachi ụtụ Greenpeace US ezighi ezi yana megidere iwu. IRS mere nyocha buru ibu wee kwubie na Disemba 2005 na Greenpeace USA gara n'ihu na-eru eru maka ọkwa enweghị ụtụ isi ya. Na Maachị 2006 Akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street Journal kọrọ na "ịgba akwụkwọ ụtụ isi gọọmentị etiti nke PIW, nke na-ekpuchi August 2003 ruo July 2004, kwuru na $120,000 n'ime $124,095 otu ahụ natara n'onyinye n'oge ahụ sitere na Exxon Mobil". N'afọ 2013, mgbe IRS mechara nyocha nleba anya, nke dị ọcha ọzọ, yana, na-agbaso nkwupụta nke nyocha IRS nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke otu ndị jikọrọ aka na Tea Party, GreenPeace US Executive Director Phil Radford kpọrọ oku maka nyocha nke Congressional na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile. nyocha mkpali - gụnyere ndị eboro ebubo na ha na-ezubere iche maka Tea Party Movement, NAACP, na Greenpeace.

Mgbanwe dijitalụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye isi nchịkwa mba ụwa bụ Kumi Naidoo kwupụtara na 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference bụ "nnukwu ọdịda" ma gosipụta na nzukọ ahụ chere oge "ọkụ ọkụ" ihu. Naidoo gbara ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace ume ka ha nabata atụmatụ na usoro ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ tinye onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ.[24]

Iji mezuo atụmatụ ọhụrụ a kwadoro na 2010, Greenpeace goro Michael Silberman iwu "Digital Mobilisation Centre of Excellence" na 2011, nke ghọrọ Mobilisation Lab ("MobLab").[24][25] Ezubere dị ka isi iyi nke omume kachasị mma, nnwale, na mmepe atụmatụ, MobLab lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye ikike dijitalụ na ịkwalite mkpọsa obodo na mba 42.[26][27] N'ọnwa Machị 2017, MobLab si na Greenpeace pụta site na itinye ego nke Greenpeace na CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation.[28]

Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na mkpọsa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya nke mba ụwa, Greenpeace na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka ndị a:

Greenpeace bụ òtù na-eme mkpọsa n'onwe ya, nke na-eji esemokwu na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike, nke na'ichepụta ihe iji kpughee nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma mepụta ihe ngwọta maka ọdịnihu na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke udo. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ anyị bụ iji hụ na ụwa nwere ike ịzụlite ndụ n'ụdị ya niile. Nke ahụ pụtara na anyị chọrọ:

  • Kwụsị ka mbara ala ghara ikpo ọkụ karịa 1.5° iji gbochie mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mmebi ihu igwe.
  • Chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụdị ya niile.
  • Mbelata oke oriri ma mụta ibi ndụ n'ime ihe anyị nwere.
  • Kwalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka ihe ngwọta nke nwere ike inye ụwa ike.
  • Nkwado udo, iwepụ ngwá agha zuru ụwa ọnụ na enweghị ime ihe ike.[29]

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Tove Maria Ryding, na ọrụ ya n'oge ahụ dị ka onye nhazi iwu ihu igwe nke Greenpeace, na nnọkọ site na Bonn ruo Cancun, 2010
Greenpeace ihu igwe March 2015 na Madrid

Greenpeace bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ chepụtara ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide maka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke o mere na 1993. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ Marc Mormont na Christine Dasnoy si kwuo, nzukọ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịzụlite mmata ọha na eze banyere okpomọkụ ụwa na 1990s. Greenpeace lekwasịrị anya na CFC, n'ihi ma ikike ha nwere ike ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mmetụta ha na oyi akwa ozone. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eduga ndị sonyere n'ịkwado iwepụta mmalite nke ihe na-emebi ozone na Protocol Montreal. Na mbido 1990s, Greenpeace mepụtara teknụzụ friji na-enweghị CFC, "Greenfreeze" maka mmepụta oke yana ụlọ ọrụ friji. United Nations Environment Programme nyere Greenpeace maka "atụnye ụtụ pụtara ìhè na nchekwa nke ozone oyi akwa ụwa" na 1997. N'afọ 2011, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ ise nke mmepụta friji sitere na teknụzụ Greenfreeze, nke nwere ihe karịrị nde 600 na-eji.

Ugbu a, Greenpeace na-ewere okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị na-eche ụwa ihu. Ọ na-akpọ oku ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ na-arị elu na 2015 na ibelata nso zero dị ka o kwere mee site na 2050. Iji ruo ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, Greenpeace kpọrọ mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha belata ihe ọkụkụ ha dịkarịa ala 40% site na 2020 (site na ọkwa 1990). na inye nnukwu ego maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe iji wulite ikike ike na-adịgide adịgide, ime mgbanwe na nsonaazụ a na-apụghị izere ezere nke okpomọkụ ụwa, na ịkwụsị igbutu osisi site na 2020. Tinyere EREC, Greenpeace ewepụtala ọnọdụ ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, "Energy [R] evolution. ", ebe a na-emepụta 80% nke ike zuru ụwa ọnụ site na mmeghari ohuru, na mpụta nke ngalaba ike na-ebelata ihe karịrị 80% nke ọkwa 1990 site na 2050.

N'iji ihe eme ihe ozugbo, ndị otu Greenpeace emeela ngagharị iwe ọtụtụ oge megide coal site n'inwe ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na igbochi mbupu coal na ọrụ Ngwuputa, n'ebe ndị dị ka New Zealand, Svalbard, Australia na United Kingdom. Greenpeace na-akatọkwa iwepụta mmanụ ala n'ájá mmanụ ma jiri ihe na-eme kpọmkwem gbochie ọrụ na ájá mmanụ Athabasca na Canada.

Ike mbara ala na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1999 Greenpeace Germany (NGO) tọrọ ntọala Greenpeace Energy, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-enye ndị ahịa ya gas fossil gas malite na 2011. Mgbe mkpesa mgbasa ozi 2021 gbasara otu ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara Greenpeace na-ere mmanụ ọkụ nke akọwara dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere ya. Aha ya bụ Green Planet Energy. Greenpeace Germany NGO na-ejigide otu òkè na mmekorita, nke a katọrọ maka "ịcha ahịhịa" gas Russia.  

Ikpe ụlọ ikpe Kingsnorth[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'October 2007, e jidere ndị ngagharị iwe Greenpeace isii maka ịwaba n'ọdụ ọkụ Kingnorth na Kent, England; na-arịgo 200-mita (600') anwụrụ anwụrụ ọkụ, na-ese aha Gordon na chimni (na-ekwu maka onye bụbu Prime Minister UK, Gordon Brown), ma na-akpata mmebi ihe ruru £ 30,000. N'ikpe ha na-esote, ha kwetara na ha gbalịrị imechi ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ, ma na-arụrịta ụka na a kwadoro ha n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi na ha na-agbalị igbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe site na imebi ihe onwunwe n'ebe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa. A nụrụ ihe akaebe sitere n'aka onye ndụmọdụ David Cameron na gburugburu ebe obibi Zac Goldsmith, ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe James E. Hansen na onye isi Inuit si Greenland, na-ekwu na mgbanwe ihu igwe adịlarị na-emetụta ndụ gburugburu ụwa. A tọhapụrụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị isii ahụ. Ọ bụ ikpe mbụ ebe a na-eji igbochi mmebi ihe onwunwe nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara dịka akụkụ nke nchekwa "ngọpụ ziri ezi" n'ụlọ ikpe. Ma Daily Telegraph na The Guardian kọwara ntọhapụ ahụ dị ka ihe ihere nye ndị ọrụ Brown. Na Disemba 2008, akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times depụtara ntọhapụ ahụ na ndepụta kwa afọ nke echiche kacha emetụta nke ye.

"Gaa Karịa Mmanụ"[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka akụkụ nke nguzo ha na azụmahịa ike mmeghari ohuru, Greenpeace ewepụtala mkpọsa "Go Beyond Mmanụ". Mgbasa ozi a lekwasịrị anya n'ibelata, ma mechaa kwụsị, oriri mmanụ n'ụwa; na mmemme ndị na-eme ihe ike na-eme megide ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-achụ ntanye mmanụ dị ka ọrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mgbasa ozi "Go Beyond Oil" agbadoro anya n'ịgba mmanụ na Arctic na mpaghara ọdachi Deepwater Horizon metụtara. Ihe omume Greenpeace na Arctic etinyela aka na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mmanụ na gas nke Edinburgh, Cairn Energy; na sitere na ngagharị iwe n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Cairn Energy ruo n'ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ha na mbọ iji kwụsị usoro ịgbapu mmiri.

Mgbasa ozi "Go Beyond Oil" na-agụnyekwa itinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gọọmentị ndị na-enye ohere nyocha mmanụ na mpaghara ha; na otu ahụ na-ekwu na otu n'ime ebumnuche dị mkpa nke mkpọsa "Go Beyond oil" bụ "ịrụ ọrụ iji kpughee ogologo ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị njikere ịga kpochapụ barrels ikpeazụ n'ala ma tinye nrụgide na ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentịa ka ha gafee mmanụ".[30]

Ike nuklia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Anti-nuclear movement

By country

Lists

Greenpeace na-emegide ike nuklia n'ihi na ọ na-ele ya anya dị ka "ihe ize ndụ, mmetọ, dị oke ọnụ na nke a na-apụghị imezigharị". Nzukọ ahụ gosipụtara ọdachi nuklia nke Chernobyl nke 1986 na ọdachi nuklea nke Fukushima nke 2011 dị ka ihe akaebe nke ihe ize ndụ nke ike nuklia nwere ike ịkpata ndụ ndị mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Greenpeace na-ele uru nke ike nuklia anya dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu nsogbu na ihe ize ndụ ya, dị ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe izefices sitere na igwupụta uranium, mgbasa nke ngwá agha nuklia, na ajụjụ ndị a na-edozighị gbasara ihe mkpofu nuklia.[31]

Òtù a na-arụ ụka na ikike nke ike nuklia iji belata okpomọkụ ụwa dị ntakịrị, na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ike nke IEA ebe mmụba nke ikike nuklia ụwa site na 2608 TWh na 2007 ruo 9857 TWh site na 2050 ga-ebelata ikuku ikuku griin ha na-erughị 5% na chọrọ nkeji iri atọ na abụọ nke ikike 1000 MW wuru kwa afọ ruo 2050. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo, oge ihe owuwu na-adịghị ngwa ngwa, igbu oge ihe owuwu, yana ọnụ ahịa zoro ezo na-emebi ikike mbelata ike nuklia. Nke a na-eme ka ọnọdụ IEA n'ụzọ teknụzụ na ego enweghị ezi uche. Ha na-arụkwa ụka na ijikọta nnukwu itinye ego na ike nuklia ga-ewepụ ego na ngwọta dị irè karị. Greenpeace na-ele owuwu nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Olkiluoto 3 na Finland dị ka ihe atụ nke nsogbu dị n'ịrụ ike nuklia ọhụrụ.

N'afọ 2022, Greenpeace yiri egwu ịgba European Union akwụkwọ mgbe ọ tụụrụ aro ka a kọwaa ike nuklia dị ka teknụzụ "akwụkwọ ndụ" nke na-enyere mba aka belata ikuku CO2.[32]

Greenpeace mere emume nkwụsị nke ike nuklia na Germany na 2023.[33] N'oge ahụ, Germany na-enwe nsogbu ike ma na-adabere na coal na gas maka mmepụta ike.[34][35]

Mgbasa ozi na-emegide nuklia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1994, Greenpeace bipụtara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mgbochi nuklia nke gụnyere nkwupụta na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia dị na Sellafield ga-egbu mmadụ 2,000 n'ime afọ 10 sochirinụ, na ihe onyonyo nke nwatakịrị metụtara hydrocephalus kwuru na ọ bụ onye nyocha nke ngwa agha nuklia na Kazakhstan. . Ndị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi lere nkwupụta gbasara Sellafield anya dị ka nke enweghị isi, enweghị ntọala sayensị ọ bụla. Nke a butere machibido mgbasa ozi ahụ. Greenpeace anabataghị mmejọ, na-ekwu na otu dọkịta Kazakhstan kwuru na ọnọdụ nwatakịrị ahụ bụ n'ihi ule nuklia n'agbanyeghị na a naghị anwale ngwa agha nuklia na Sellafield.

EDF na-enyocha ikpe na mkpesa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2011, ụlọ ikpe France tara Électricité de France (EDF) € 1.5m ma tụọ ndị ọrụ abụọ dị elu maka nledo na Greenpeace, gụnyere ịbanye na sistemụ kọmputa Greenpeace. Enyere Greenpeace € 500,000 na mmebi. Ọ bụ ezie na EDF kwuru na a na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa naanị iji nyochaa Greenpeace, ụlọ ikpe ahụ ekwetaghị, tụọ onye isi na osote onye isi ọrụ nchekwa nuklia EDF maka afọ atọ ọ bụla. EDF rịọrọ ikpe ahụ, a kpochapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nkata nledo na Greenpeace ma kagbuo ntaramahụhụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, Kargus, nke onye bụbu onye ọrụ nzuzo France na-agba, nwetara ikpe nke afọ atọ na afọ abụọ n'otu n'otu.

Ozone layer na Greenfreeze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Peter Melchett, aka nri, (mgbe ahụ ED nke Greenpeace UK) na Malcolm Walker, (Chairman Iceland Frozen Foods) na Greenfreeze friji, 1998

Okpokoro ozone gbara ụwa gburugburu na-amịkọrọ nnukwu radieshon ultraviolet. Akụkọ 1976 sitere n'aka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị nke United States kwadoro echiche ozone "nkwụsị ike". A kọrọ na ọ nwere nnukwu mfu sitere na chlorinated na nitrogenous ogige n'afọ 1985. Nnyocha ndị mbụ emewo ka ụfọdụ mba tinye iwu mmachibido iwu nke ikuku ikuku, nke mere na e debanyere Mgbakọ Vienna na 1985 na 1985 Montreal Protocol bịanyere aka na 1987 iji malite ike mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị. . Iji CFC na HCFC na refrigeration so na teknụzụ amachibidoro.

Otu ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ German mepụtara ihe refrigerant ọzọ nke ozone-safe hydrocarbon nke batara n'uche onye mgbasa ozi Greenpeace gburugburu 1992. Enyere ikike nke teknụzụ ahụ na Greenpeace, bụ nke debere ya dị ka patent mepere emepe. E mechara jiri teknụzụ ahụ na Germany, emesia China, ebe ọzọ na Europe, yana afọ ole na ole na Japan na South America, na n'ikpeazụ na US site na 2012.

Mgbalị ime ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oké ọhịa March, 2019
Ihe omume Greenpeace na Switzerland iji mee ka a mara iji chebe ọhịa, 2023

Greenpeace bu n'obi ichekwa oke ọhịa ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi site na igbutu na nbibi site na ebumnuche nke igbutu osisi efu site na 2020. Nzukọ a boro ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Unilever, Nike, KFC, Kit Kat na McDonald's ebubo na ha nwere njikọ na igbutu ọhịa nke ebe okpomọkụ. na-akpata mgbanwe iwu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Greenpeace, ya na ndị NGO ndị ọzọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, gbakwara ọkwa maka afọ iri ka EU machibido ibubata osisi iwu na-akwadoghị. EU kpebiri machibido osisi iwu na-akwadoghị na Julaị 2010. Dị ka igbutu osisi na-enye aka na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, Greenpeace arịọla ka REDD (Mbelata Emission sitere na mbibi na mbibi nke ọhịa) kwesịrị ịgụnye na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe na-esote Protocol Kyoto.

Otu Greenpeace ọzọ gbasara oke ohia mmiri ozuzo na-akụda ụlọ ọrụ nkwụ. The ije bụ ihe kasị arụ ọrụ na Indonesia ebe ugbua 6 nde hectare (23,000 sq. mi.) na-eji maka nkwụ mmanụ ubi na nwere atụmatụ ọzọ 4 nde hectare (15,000 sq. mi.) site 2015. Nkwenye na uka mmepụta nke ọzọ. mmanụ nkwụ nwere ike ịkpata oke ohia dị iche iche, Greenpeace na-agbasi mbọ ike megide mmepụta ahụ, na-agba ndị ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị ume ka ha tụgharịa n'ụdị akụrụngwa ike ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime nsonaazụ dị mma nke mkpọsa ahụ bụ GAR (Golden Agri-Resources), ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na-emepụta mmanụ nkwụ n'ụwa, na-ekpebi itinye onwe ya n'ichekwa oke ọhịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta nke na-egbochi ha ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mpaghara ebe a na-ekpochi nnukwu carbon.

N'akụkụ nkwado, ihe atụ nke ịga nke ọma Greenpeace na mpaghara ahụ bụ vidiyo viral sitere na 2016 na-eme mkpesa maka ojiji Nestlé na-eji nkwụ n'ụlọ mmanya Kit Kat. Vidio ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị nde 1, wee rụpụta nkwupụta ọha site na Nestlé na-ekwu na ha anaghịzi eji omume dị otú ahụ na ngwaahịa ha. N'afọ 2018, Greenpeace weputara obere ihe nkiri nke nwere orangutan akụkọ ifo aha ya bụ Rang-tan tupu ụbọchị Orangutan nke ụwa. Na Nọvemba 2018, Clearcast nke UK gọnarịrị ụdị vidiyo Rang-tan dịka Iceland Foods Ltd nyefere ya.

Iwepụ osisi oge ochie[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na June 1995, Greenpeace weere ogwe osisi sitere n'oké ọhịa nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba a tụrụ aro nke Koitajoki na Ilomantsi, Finland ma tinye ya na ngosi na ihe ngosi emere na Austria na Germany. Greenpeace kwuru na nnọkọ mgbasa ozi na osisi ahụ sitere na mpaghara osisi n'ime ọhịa oge ochie nke kwesịrị ichebe ya. Metsähallitus boro Greenpeace ebubo izu ohi wee kwuo na osisi ahụ sitere n'oké ọhịa nkịtị wee hapụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ n'ihi agadi ya. Metsähallitus kwukwara na osisi ahụ dara n'ụzọ n'oge oké ifufe. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara mgbasa ozi na Finland, dịka ọmụmaatụ na nnukwu akwụkwọ akụkọ Helsingin Sanomat na Ilta-Sanomat. Greenpeace zaghachiri na osisi ahụ adaala n'ihi na ekpochapụrụ oke ọhịa na-echebe gburugburu ya, nakwa na ha chọrọ ime ka ọnọdụ ọhịa ochie pụta ìhè n'ozuzu, ọ bụghị akara nke otu osisi. Greenpeace mekwara ka Metsähallitus kweta uru ọhịa ahụ emesịa ka Metsähallitus na-ezo aka ugbu a na Koitajoki dị ka mpaghara pụrụ iche n'ihi oke ọhịa ochie ya.

Nsogbu mmanụ nkwụ nke Wilmar International[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha 2018 nke Greenpeace International mere chọpụtara na Wilmar International (onye na-ere mmanụ nkwụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa) ka nwere njikọ na mbibi oke ọhịa na mpaghara Indonesia nke Papua. Ụlọ ọrụ jikọrọ ọnụ, Gama, nke ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Wilmar na-elekọta, akpatala igbutu osisi okpukpu abụọ karịa Paris. Greenpeace kpọkwara Wilmar maka imebi nkwa ha 2013 iji kwụsị igbutu osisi, bụ nke ha kwere nkwa iwebata organic na ụzọ dịgidere iji nakọta mmanụ nkwụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Greenpeace weputara mmanụ nkwụ Gama mebere na ụdị ụwa niile gụnyere P&G, Nestlé na Unilever.

Nsogbu Ngwongwo Ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi Resolute Forest Products gbara Greenpeace akwụkwọ ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe afọ 2013. N'afọ 2020, ụlọ ikpe dị na California nyere Resolute iwu ka ọ kwụọ US $ 816,000 na nzukọ ahụ iji kpuchie mmefu nke usoro iwu mgbe a jụrụ nkwupụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'otu ikpe 2019.[36] Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emerụ oké ọhịa Boreal nke Canada. Greenpeace na-azọrọ na Boreal Forests nwere ọbụna karịa Tropical Forests ma ya mere dị ezigbo mkpa iji chebe ihu igwe ụwa.[37]

Tokyo nke Abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  N'afọ 2008, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace abụọ na-emegide ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, Junichi Sato na Toru Suzuki, zuru ikpe anụ whale n'ebe a na-ebuga ibu na Aomori prefecture, Japan. Ihe ha bu n’obi bụ ikpughe ihe ha chere na a na-ezumike anụ a na-achịkọta n’oge a na-achụ nta whale. Mgbe nyocha nkenke nke ebubo ha kwụsịrị, Sato na Suzuki boro ebubo izu ohi na ịpụ. Amnesty International kwuru na njide na ndị na-esochi mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace Japan na ụlọ nke ise ndị ọrụ Greenpeace bụ iji mee ka ụjọ jide ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị. A mara ha ikpe maka izu ohi na imebi iwu na Septemba 2010 site n'ụlọ ikpe Aomori.

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị otu European Union na Brussels gosipụtara mkpesa nke 1 nde bịanyere aka megide GMO, 2010

Greenpeace akwadowokwa ịjụ nri GM sitere na US na Zambia na-agụnụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ihe oriri nke ọka na-abụghị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị, na-ekwu na US "kwesịrị ịgbaso nzọụkwụ nke European Union ma kwe ka ndị na-enweta enyemaka họrọ enyemaka nri ha, zụta ya n'ógbè ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ. Omume a nwere ike ịkpali akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe ma mepụta nchekwa nri siri ike karị", na-agbakwụnye na, "ọ bụrụ na ndị Afrịka enweghị ihe ọzọ ọzọ, a ga-egwe ọka GE na-ese okwu ka a ghara ịkụ ya. Ọ bụ ọnọdụ a nyere ndị agbata obi Zambia Zimbabwe na Malawi ohere ịnabata ya.[38]

Mgbe Zambia machibidochara enyemaka nri GM niile, onye bụbu minista ọrụ ugbo nke Zambia katọrọ, "otu mba dị iche iche nke mba ụwa kwuru na-akwado ihe gọọmentị mere ga-eji akọ na uche ha dị iche iche gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ." Banyere mkpebi nke Zambia, Greenpeace kwuru na, "o doro anya na anyị na ọ bụrụ na a na-enyeghị enyemaka na-abụghị GM mgbe ahụ ha kwesịrị ịnakwere ihe oriri GM kpamkpam. Ma gọọmenti Zambia kpebiri ịjụ nri GM. Anyị na-enye anyị. echiche nke gọọmentị Zambia na, dị ka ọtụtụ gọọmentị na-eme, ha leghaara ndụmọdụ anyị anya."

N'afọ 2007, Greenpeace kwadoro nyocha nke Gilles-Éric Séralini n'ime ọka MON 863 nke na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke kwubiri na ọ kpatara nsogbu ahụike na òké ndị e ji mee ihe na nyocha ahụ. Nnyocha European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) na French Commission du Génie Biomoléculaire (AFBV) gosipụtara nnukwu njehie usoro na mbipụta ahụ.[39][40] Nnyocha ọzọ Séralini mere na GMO mere ka a katọọ aghụghọ sayensị na ntụgharị nke akwụkwọ ya.   Ọzọkwa na 2007 Greenpeace kpughere nsonaazụ Árpád Pusztai nke a tụgharịrị.[41]  

Greenpeace na osikapa ọla edo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Greenpeace na-emegide atụmatụ iji osikapa ọla edo, ụdị osikapa Oryza sativa dị iche iche emepụtara site na injinịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ka biosynthesize beta-carotene, ihe na-ebute pro-vitamin A n'akụkụ osikapa a na-eri. A na-ahụ mgbakwunye beta-carotene na osikapa dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịhụ ụzọ na mba ndị dara ogbenye dara ogbenye ebe e bu n'obi kesaa osikapa ọla edo. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo, osikapa ọla edo enwebeghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ ruo afọ 10 n'ime oge nke ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ. Nhọrọ ọzọ nke Greenpeace tụrụ aro bụ ịkụda monocropping na ịbawanye mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ nke nwere nri na-edozi ahụ (nwere nri ndị ọzọ anaghị ahụ na osikapa ọla edo na mgbakwunye na beta-carotene). Greenpeace na-arụ ụka na a ga-eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na mmemme ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a ma na-enyere aka ịkwụsị erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ.

Mgbanwe nke nchegbu ndị a dakọtara na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature banyere ụdị osikapa ọla edo nwere ọkwa dị elu nke beta carotene.[42] Syngenta mepụtara ma nye ya ikike, nke kpaliri Greenpeace ka ọ gbanwee ebubo ya na ebumnuche uru na-akpali ọrụ ahụ ma na-eje ozi dị ka mgbasa ozi iji bulie echiche ọha na eze banyere ngwaahịa GMO.[43]

Ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na ezigbo arụmọrụ mmemme osikapa ọla edo n'ịgwọ ndị na-adịghị eri nri bụ isi ihe na-echegbu ya na mbido 2001, nkwupụta sitere na March na Eprel 2005 gara n'ihu na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ahụike mmadụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Karịsịa, Greenpeace ekwupụtala nchegbu maka enweghị nyocha nchekwa a na-eme na ihe ọkụkụ GMO dị ka osikapa ọla edo na nke "na-egwu ndụ ndị mmadụ ... na-eji Golden Rice na-akwalite GMOs".

NNa June 2016, otu ọgbakọ 107 Nobel Laureates bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mgbasa ozi ya megide mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Golden Rice. N'ime akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ha kpọkukwara gọọmentị mba ụwa ka ha mee ihe niile ha nwere ike ime megide omume Greenpeace ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nweta ngwa ngwa niile nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị mkpụrụ ndị emelitere site na teknụzụ biotechnology. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-ekwu na "A ghaghị ịkwụsị mmegide dabeere na mmetụta uche na nkwenkwe megidere data." Greenpeace zara azịza na-ekwu na "Ebubo na onye ọ bụla na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 'osikapa' ọla edo bụ ụgha" nakwa na ha na-akwado "... itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo na-eguzogide ihu igwe na inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ike ịnweta nri kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-edozi ahụ, kama ịwụsa ego ala. igbapu maka osikapa 'Golden' GE."

Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

NNa Julaị 2011, Greenpeace wepụtara akụkọ ya Dirty Laundry na-ebo ụfọdụ ụdị ejiji na uwe egwuregwu kachasị elu n'ụwa na-ahapụ ihe mkpofu nsị n'ime osimiri China. Akụkọ a na-akọwa nsogbu mmetọ mmiri na-esi na mwepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu metụtara ụlọ ọrụ akwa nke mba ahụ. Nnyocha e mere lekwasịrị anya na mkpofu mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na China; otu nke Youngor Group dị na Yangtze River Delta na nke ọzọ na Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. nke dị na tributary nke Pearl River Delta. Nnyocha sayensị nke ihe nlele sitere na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ na-emebi homonụ dị ize ndụ na nke na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere alkylphenols, ogige perfluorinated na perfluorooctane sulfonate.

Akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu kwupụta na Youngor Group na Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. - ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị n'azụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ - nwere mmekọrịta azụmahịa na ọtụtụ ụdị uwe ejiji, gụnyere Abercrombie & Fitch, Adidas, Bauer Hockey, Calvin Klein, Converse, Cortefiel, H&M, Lacoste, Li Ning, Metersbonwe Group, Nike, Phillips-Van Heusen na Puma AG.

N'afọ 2013, Greenpeace malitere mkpọsa "Detox Fashion", nke debanyere aha ụfọdụ ụdị ejiji iji kwụsị mbupụ nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu n'ime osimiri n'ihi mmepụta uwe ha.[44]

Ntuziaka maka Green Electronics[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'August 2006, Greenpeace wepụtara mbipụta mbụ nke Guide to Greener Electronics, akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe a na-ahọrọ ndị na-emepụta ekwentị na PC maka ọrụ ndụ ndụ ha, dabere na iji ihe na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa ha na e-ifufe. Na Nọvemba 2011, emelitere njirisi ahụ, ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu kemgbe 2006, na ebumnuche iji nweta ụlọ ọrụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka mbelata gas griin haus, iji ike emeghari ihe ruru 100%, na-emepụta ngwaahịa na-adịte aka na-enweghị ihe ndị dị ize ndụ. na ịba ụba omume na-adigide. Iji hụ na nghọta nke ọkwa ahụ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ dabere na ozi ọha ha. Maka igosipụta amụma na omume ụlọ ọrụ, Greenpeace na-eji nnwale kemịkalụ nke ngwaahịa, akụkọ sitere na ndị na-ekiri ụlọ ọrụ, akụkọ mgbasa ozi na nnwale nke mmemme ndị ahịa iji lelee ma ha dabara na omume ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ewepụtara ntuziaka ahụ na 2006, yana mkpọsa ndị ọzọ yiri ya akwalitela ọtụtụ ndozi, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa ha ma melite atụmatụ imegharị ihe. Nke ikpeazụ bipụtara mbipụta Guide to Greener Electronics bụ na 2017. Ụdị 2017 gụnyere 17 isi ụlọ ọrụ IT ma debe ha na njirisi atọ: iji ike mee ihe, oriri ihe onwunwe na mkpochapụ kemịkalụ.

Zọpụta Oké Osimiri Arctic[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Polar bear n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ Shell na London na Septemba, 2015

N'ịga n'ihu na mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iru Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, na 2012 na 2013 ngagharị iwe nwere ọkọlọtọ "Save the Arctic" malitere. Iji kwụsị ịkwọ mmanụ na gas, ịkụ azụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị agha na mpaghara Arctic kpamkpam, a chọrọ "ebe nsọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na nnukwu arctic" n'aka ndị isi ụwa na Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa: "Anyị chọrọ ka ha nyefee mkpebi UN. na-ekwupụta nchegbu mba ụwa maka Arctic." Mkpebi iji chebe anụ ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị ike. Ndị nchekwa osimiri Russia nwụchiri ndị ọrụ 30 sitere na MV Arctic Sunrise na 19 Septemba 2013 ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe na ikpo okwu Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya. Ebubo ndị otu Greenpeace ebubo na ha na-apụnara mmadụ ihe, emesịa wedata ya na hooliganism, tupu ahapụ ya kpamkpam ka gọọmentị Russia gafere iwu mgbaghara.

N'ọnwa Julaị 2014, Greenpeace malitere mgbasa ozi boycott zuru ụwa ọnụ iji mee ka Lego kwụsị imepụta ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu na-ebu akara ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ Shell na nzaghachi na atụmatụ Shell na-egwupụta mmanụ na Arctic. Mmekọrịta Lego na Shell malitere na 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ LEGO mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ akụkọ ifo a na-akpọ Octan. Octan apụtala n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu, kọmputa na egwuregwu njikwa, enwere ike ịhụ ya na ogige ntụrụndụ Legoland, ma gosipụta ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nke villain President Business na The Lego Movie na-eduzi.

Norway[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere esemokwu banyere mmanụ na Arctic Ocean n'etiti Gọọmentị Norway na Greenpeace. N'afọ 2013, ndị ọrụ atọ nke Greenpeace banyere n'ụgbọ mmanụ nke Statoil, na-eyi uwe anụ ọhịa bea. Dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Greenpeace Russia si kwuo, ha nọrọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ruo ihe dị ka awa atọ. A kpọgara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na uwe bear n'ikpere mmiri. A kọrọ na Statoil ebughị n'obi itinye akwụkwọ megide ha.

Greenpeace kwuru na atụmatụ igwu ala nke Statoil na-eyi Bear Island egwu, ebe a na-ebighị n'ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị dị ụkọ gụnyere anụ ọhịa bea, n'ihi na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịsacha mmanụ na Arctic n'ihi ọnọdụ siri ike.[45] Greenpeace na-ele ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Statoil anya dị ka "iwu na-akwadoghị".[46] Statoil agọnahụ nkwupụta Greenpeace. Dị ka The Maritime Executive (2014), Statoil si kwuo "Statoil na-akwanyere ikike ndị mmadụ nwere ime ngagharị iwe iwu ùgwù, anyị na-eche na ọ dị mkpa inwe arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Anyị emeela atụmatụ siri ike maka ọrụ ahụ, ma nwee obi ike na enwere ike ịme ha n'enweghị nsogbu na n'enweghị ihe mberede.

Na 27 Mee 2014, ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, MV Esperanza, weghaara Transocean Spitsbergen, mmanụ mmanụ nke Statoil na Oké Osimiri Barents nke na ọ ghọrọ enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye njikwa Greenpeace Norway Truls Gulowsen zara ajụjụ ọnụ ekwentị, na-ekwu na "Ndị ngagharị iwe ise si na helikopta pụọ n'abalị ụnyaahụ na atọ laghachiri n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace dị nso." Enwere ndị ngagharị iwe asaa ọzọ na rig ahụ n'oge ahụ, mana ndị uwe ojii Norwegian enweghị ike iwepụ ha ozugbo n'ihi na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ ọkọlọtọ nke mma nke edebanyere aha na Marshall Islands wee were ya dị ka ụgbọ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri, ọ bụrụhaala na ọ dị. amaliteghị mkpọ ala. Na 29 Mee, Otú ọ dị, ndị uwe ojii Norwegian nwụchiri ndị na-akwado asaa ahụ sitere na Greenpeace n'udo na rig. N'oge na-adịghị anya, dị ka Reuters si kwuo, a tọhapụrụ ndị ọrụ niile na-enweghị ntaramahụhụ ọ bụla. Na 30 Mee, ndị nchekwa osimiri Norwegian mechara dọpụ Esperanza, n'agbanyeghị na n'ụtụtụ Greenpeace nyefere arịrịọ nke edere ihe karịrị 80,000 mbinye aka na Minista gburugburu ebe obibi Norwegian Tine Sundtoft na Oslo. A kọrọ na gọọmentị Norway na ndị uwe ojii kwere ka ndị nche n'ụsọ osimiri dọkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace.

Ndị uwe ojii Norway kwuru na Statoil gwara Greenpeace ka ọ kwụsị igbochi ọrụ ya, mana Greenpeace leghaara ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ anya. Ndị uwe ojii ekwuola na ntinye aka Greenpeace na ọrụ mmanụ nke Statoil megidere iwu Norwegian ma nye Greenpeace iwu ịhapụ ebe Barents Sea.[46] Statoil kwuru na igbu oge na mmalite nke igwu egwu na-efu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ihe dị ka $ 1.26 nde kwa ụbọchị.

Dị ka Reuters si kwuo, Statoil ga-amalite igwu "olulu mmanụ atọ na Apollo, Atlantis na Mercury na mpaghara Hoop, [nke dị] ihe dị ka kilomita 300 site na ala [nke Norway]" n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2014. Greenpeace anọgidewo na-akatọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ maka "ịsacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" ha, na-ekwu na Statoil zoro eziokwu ahụ na ọ na-eme oghere mmanụ dị ize ndụ site na ijide "Lego League" na Lego ma na-adọpụ uche ndị mmadụ na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-ekwukwa na Statoil ga-agbanwe àgwà ya na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nkwụsị maka igwu ala miri emi n'oké osimiri na mmiri mba ụwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Greenpeace sonyeere ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ ịkpọ oku maka nkwụsịtụ n'ịgbapụta ogbunigwe miri emi nke International Seabed Authority (ISA) nyere ikike n'okpuru nkwado nke UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Greenpeace na-ekwu na ngwuputa ihe ngwuputa na azụmahịa nke polymetallic nodules nwere ike imebi oke osimiri nke ụwa, nke na-eme ihe dị ka ikuku carbon na-amịkọrọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke carbon anwuru n'ụwa kwa afọ. Òtù ahụ na-ekwu na ogbunigwe miri emi na-akpaghasịkwa ebe obibi nke ụdị a na-akọ ọhụrụ, site na crabs ruo whale ruo ejula na-adị ndụ na-erighị nri ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ikuku ọkụ bioluminescent. Greenpeace agbaala ndị International Seabed Authority ume ka ha wepụta n'ihu UNCLOS ụkpụrụ ntọala Nkeji edemede 136 "nke ihe nketa nke mmadụ niile" iji degharịa ụkpụrụ na ịtọ ebumnuche nchekwa. Na 2018 Greenpeace Research Laboratories na-akọ na nzukọ ahụ kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche sitere na nsị ewepụtara n'oge a na-egwupụta ala mmiri maka gas sitere n'okike na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe maka sel fotovoltaic.

Greenpeace na-ekwusi ike na "pro-exploitation" ISA abụghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji chịkwaa oghere miri emi (DSM). N'afọ 2019, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Greenpeace mere ngagharị iwe n'èzí nzukọ kwa afọ nke International Seabed Authority na Jamaica, na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ iji machibido igwu ala miri emi n'ebe nchekwa oké osimiri. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Jamaica n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, Esperanza, nke si na "Obodo furu efu n'etiti Atlantic", ebe Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ na-eyi egwu site na nchọpụta.[47]

Ụgbọ mmiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe e guzobere Greenpeace, ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkpọsa ya. Greenpeace agbaala ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dịka ọ dị mkpa. Ọ dịkarịa ala, e ji otu ụgbọ mmiri na-abụghị nke Greenpeace mee ihe n'oge mkpọsa 2008-11 nke nzukọ ahụ iji mebie ịnya ụgbọ mmiri na North Sea site na itinye nnukwu nkume n'ala oké osimiri wee nye ndị ọchịchị mpaghara chaatị emelitere nke ebe etinye nkume ndị ahụ. Ụgbọ mmiri niile nwere injin diesel ụgbọ mmiri.

N'ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace MV Arctic Sunrise na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Helsinki.
  • Rainbow Warrior bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ bu aha ahụ. Emere ya na 2011, a na-akpọ ya Rainbow Warrior III mgbe ụfọdụ.[48]
  • MV Ọwụwa anyanwụ Arctic
  • Onye Akaebe

N'oge gara aga n'ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye Agha Mmiri Ozuzo Mbụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  N'afọ 1978, Greenpeace weputara Rainbow Warrior mbụ, onye 40-mita (130 ft), onye bụbu onye na-akụ azụ azụ aha ya bụ Warriors of the Rainbow, nke kpaliri Robert Hunter na njem mbụ na Amchitka. Greenpeace zụtara Rainbow Warrior (nke ewepụtara dị ka Sir William Hardy na 1955) na ọnụ ahịa £40,000. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo weghachiri eweghachi ma rụgharịa ya n'ime ọnwa anọ. Ebubere ya ka ọ kpasasịa ichu nta nke ụgbọ mmiri whaling Iceland, Rainbow Warrior ghọrọ isi ihe na mgbasa ozi Greenpeace ngwa ngwa. N'agbata 1978 na 1985, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-etinyekwa aka n'ihe kpọmkwem megide oke osimiri na-ekpofu nsị na-egbu egbu na redioaktivu, ichu nta isi awọ na Orkney na nyocha nuklia na Pacific. Na May 1985, ụgbọ ahụ bụ ngwá ọrụ maka 'Operation Exodus', nchụpụ nke ihe dị ka 300 Rongelap Atoll ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị e merụrụ n'ụlọ ha site na nyocha nuklia US afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke a na-ehichabeghị ma na-enwe ahụike siri ike. mmetụta na ndị obodo.

Mgbe e mesịrị na 1985, Rainbow Warrior ga-eduga ụgbọ mmiri ngagharị iwe n'ime mmiri gbara gburugburu Moruroa atoll, saịtị nke nnwale nuklia French. Nmikpu nke Warrior Rainbow mere mgbe gọọmentị France tụbara ụgbọ mmiri na nzuzo na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Auckland site n'iwu sitere n'aka François Mitterrand n'onwe ya. Nke a gburu onye na-ese foto na-enweghị onwe onye Dutch bụ Fernando Pereira, onye chere na ọ dị mma ịbanye n'ụgbọ mmiri iji nweta ihe foto ya mgbe obere mgbawa mbụ gbawara, mana mmiri riri ya n'ihi mgbawa nke abụọ. Mwakpo a bụ ọdachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka France mgbe ndị uwe ojii New Zealand kpughere ya ngwa ngwa. Gọọmentị France na 1987 kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ New Zealand nke nde NZ$13 wee rịọ mgbaghara maka ogbunigwe ahụ. Gọọmenti France nyekwara ezinaụlọ onye na-ese foto ụgwọ ụgwọ ₣2.3. Mgbe e mesịrị, na 2001, mgbe Institute of Cetacean Research nke Japan kpọrọ Greenpeace "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu", Gert Leipold, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace mgbe ahụ, kpọrọ nkwupụta ahụ asị, na-ekwu "ịkpọ ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eme ihe ike na-akparị ndị merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo na Mwakpo nke ezigbo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, gụnyere Fernando Pereira, nke ndị iyi ọha egwu steeti gburu na mwakpo 1985 na Rainbow Warrior".

Onye Agha Agba nke Abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ nke Greenpeace bụ Rainbow Warrior rutere Bali maka nzukọ ihu igwe nke UN na 2007.

N'afọ 1989, Greenpeace nyere iwu ka e jiri ụgbọ mmiri Rainbow Warrior dochie anya ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya Rainbow Warrion II. Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ na 16 Ọgọstụ 2011, ka ụgbọ mmiri nke ọgbọ nke atọ dochie ya. N'afọ 2005, Rainbow Warrior II kwụsịrị ma mebie Tubbataha Reef na Philippines mgbe ọ na-enyocha reef maka ịcha coral. A kwụrụ Greenpeace ụgwọ US $ 7,000 maka imebi nkume ahụ ma kweta ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ na-ekwu na ha chere na ọ bụ ha kpatara mmebi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na gọọmentị Philippines enyewo ya chaatị ochie. Onye na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ nke Tubbataha nwere ekele maka ngwa ngwa Greenpeace mere iji nyochaa mmebi nke reef.[49]

Ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmeghachi omume na nzaghachi maka ọrụ Greenpeace[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edela akwụkwọ ikpe megide Greenpeace maka uru efu, mmebi aha na "ịgba ụgbọ mmiri". Okwu ikpe ikpeazụ, nke ewetara n'okpuru iwu a na-ekpebeghị ikpe kemgbe 1890, ka a na-ele anya dị ka mbọ ịbọ ọbọ nke ọchịchị Bush maka nkatọ Greenpeace banyere atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi ya. A kagburu ikpe ahụ mgbe ndị ọka iwu zuru ike, ebe ha emeghị ka ọ pụta ìhè. N'afọ 2004, ekpughere na gọọmentị Australia dị njikere ịnye ego enyemaka na Southern Pacific Petroleum na ọnọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ga-eme ihe gbasara iwu megide Greenpeace, bụ nke lụsoro ọgụ megide Stuart Oil Shale Project.

Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka Royal Dutch Shell, BP na Électricité de France emeghachila omume na mkpọsa Greenpeace site n'iledo ọrụ Greenpeace na ịbanye n'ọfịs Greenpeace. Ndị na-akwado Greenpeace abụrụla ndị a na-achọ ịpị ekwentị, iyi egwu ọnwụ, ime ihe ike na ọbụna iyi ọha egwu steeti n'ihe banyere ogbugbu nke Rainbow Warrior.

Na 19 Mee 2023, Ọfịs onye ọka iwu Russia họpụtara GreenPeace dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma, na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-etinye aka na ihe dị n'ime Russia, na-emebi akụ na ụba obodo, na itinye ego maka ọrụ nke ndị otu Russia ghọtara dị ka "ndị nnọchi anya mba ọzọ."

Nkatọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ Patrick Moore dere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Patrick Moore, onye mbụ Greenpeace otu, hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ na 1986 mgbe ọ, dị ka Moore si kwuo, kpebiri ịkwado mmachibido iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na chlorine na mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ. Moore ekwuola na GreenPeace taa bụ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwali ya karịa sayensị nakwa na ọ nweghị onye "ndị nduzi ibe ya nwere agụmakwụkwọ sayensị ọ bụla". Bruce Cox, Director nke Greenpeace Canada, zara na Greenpeace ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chọrọ ka a machibido chlorine zuru ụwa ọnụ nakwa na Greenpeace adịghị emegide iji chlorine na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, na-agbakwụnye na "Mr. Moore bụ naanị ya na-echeta banyere ọgụ megide. chlorine na/ma ọ bụ iji sayensị mee ihe mere o ji hapụ Greenpeace." Paul Watson, onye mbụ na Greenpeace kwuru na Moore "na-eji ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye a na-akpọ onye na-akwado Greenpeace iji nye nkwenye na ebubo ya. Abụkwa m onye na-akwado Greenpeace na amaara m Patrick Moore maka 35. afọ [...][...] Moore na-ebo ebubo na-enweghị ihe ndabere n'ezie". N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, [olee mgbe?] Moore katọrọ mmasị nke Greenpeace na osikapa ọla edo, okwu nke ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka Mark Lynas sonyela Moore, na-ekwupụta na Greenpeace “agbala mkpọsa nke ozi na-ezighi ezi, kpochapuru ndị sayensị na-ahụ maka ya. na-arụ ọrụ iji wetara ndị chọrọ ya Golden Rice, ma kwado mbibi ime ihe ike nke nnwale ubi Golden Rice."

Patrick Moore tụgharịrị n'ọnọdụ ya na ike nuklia na 1976, buru ụzọ megide ya ma na-akwado ya ugbu a. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Australia bụ The Age, o dere "Greenpeace ezighị ezi-anyị ga-atụle ike nuklia". Ọ na-arụ ụka na atụmatụ ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya iji belata ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ chọrọ ịba ụba nke ike nuklia. Phil Radford, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace US zara na ike nuklia dị oke egwu, na-ewe ogologo oge iji wuo iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya, ma na-ekwu na ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere US, nwere ike ịgbanwe ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% ume ọhụrụ ka ọ na-ewepụ ike nuklia site na. 2050.

Tanka Brent Spar[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị sitere n'okike boro Greenpeace ebubo na ọ naghị elebara eziokwu anya mgbe ọ katọrọ mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri Brent Spar, ma boro otu ahụ ebubo ikwubiga okwu ókè nke mmanụ echekwara na ụgbọ mmiri. Greenpeace kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere tọn mmanụ 5,500, ebe Shell kwuru na ọ nwere naanị tọn 50. Agbanyeghị, emere nha ndị ahụ n'okpuru mmanye n'oge ngagharị iwe nke ikpo okwu, ebe Shell jụrụ ikike, na egbe mmiri na ihe ndị yiri ya na-awakpo ndị na-akwado Greenpeace. BBC rịọrọ Greenpeace mgbaghara maka ịkọrọ na NGO ụgha.

Shell UK were afọ atọ iji nyochaa nhọrọ mkpofu, na-ekwubi na mkpofu nke tanker n'ime oke osimiri dị omimi bụ "Nhọrọ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Kasị Mma" (BPEO), nhọrọ nke nwetara nkwado ụfọdụ n'ime akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, dịka ọ dị. ụfọdụ chọpụtara na ọ nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi "na-enweghị atụ". Gọọmenti Britain na Oslo na Paris Commissions (OSPAR) nabatara ngwọta ahụ.

Mgbasa ozi NGO nke si na ya pụta megide atụmatụ Shell gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi, boycotts nke ruru ọbụna mbibi na Jamanị, na ịgbachitere ọnụ na nnọkọ gọọmentị etiti. Enyere nkwubi okwu nke na-akwado Greenpeace, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya n'ihe karịrị otu nzukọ gọọmentị etiti, na na Mgbakọ OSPAR 1998, WWF gosipụtara ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta nsi na gburugburu oke osimiri dị omimi. Nzukọ ahụ kwadoro mmachibido iwu n'ozuzu maka ikpofu oke osimiri. Shell ebugoro igwe ahụ n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, ma n'ime awa ikpeazụ kagburu ọrụ ahụ ma kwupụta na ọ dara n'ịkọrọ ọha na eze atụmatụ ya nke ọma, na-ekweta na ha eledawo ike nke echiche ọha na eze anya. Na Jenụwarị 1998, Shell wepụtara BPEO ọhụrụ na-egosi na a na-emegharị igwe ahụ dị ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na Norway.

N'afọ 1999, e wepụrụ akpa Brent Spar na otu akụkụ nke pụtara bụ na ụkwụ nke ihe owuwu ahụ nwere ụdị coral mmiri oyi (Lophelia pertusa). N'ihi ya, a tụrụ aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume idobe ụkwụ nke ikpo okwu dị otú ahụ n'elu akwa oké osimiri n'ọdịnihu, ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. Onye nnọchite anya Greenpeace megidere aro ahụ, na-ekwu maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmiri mmiri ndị coral na-emepụta nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ọ bụghị coral n'onwe ya, na mmegharị dị otú ahụ agaghị akwalite mmepe nke mmiri ndị dị otú ahụ, na-ekpughekwa ụdị coral na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu a na-achọta na mmanụ. "Ọ bụrụ na m ga-atụba ụgbọ ala n'ime osisi, moss ga-eto na ya, ma ọ bụrụ na m nwere ihu ọma nnụnụ nwere ike ọbụna akwụ na ya. Ma nke a abụghị ihe ziri ezi iji mejupụta ọhịa anyị na ụgbọala ndị a na-adịghị eji eme ihe," ka onye mgbasa ozi Greenpeace Simon Reddy kwuru. .

Pascal Husting na-agagharị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 2013 akụkọ kwuru na Pascal Husting, onye nduzi nke Greenpeace International "mmemme mba ụwa" na-aga 400 km (250 kilomita) iji rụọ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu, n'agbanyeghị mgbake Greenpeace iji belata njem ikuku n'ihi akara carbon. Greenpeace ekwuola "mmụba nke ụgbọ elu na-emebi ohere anyị nke ịkwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ". Mgbe "mkpasu iwe ọha" Greenpeace kwuputara na Husting ga-eji ụgbọ oloko na-aga.

Ụgbọ oloko Nazca[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Disemba 2014, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace mebiri okwute metụtara Nazca Lines na Peru mgbe ha na-edozi ọkọlọtọ n'ime ahịrị nke otu n'ime geoglyphs ama ama, enwere nchegbu na mmerụ ahụ nwere ike bụrụ nke enweghị mgbagha. Ndị na-eme ihe ike mebiri mpaghara gburugburu hummingbird site na ịga n'akụkụ glyph na-enweghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ iwu. A machibidoro ịbanye n'akụkụ ahịrị ahụ nke ọma na a ga-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ pụrụ iche iji zere imebi saịtị UN World Heritage. Greenpeace kwuru na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri “kpachara anya nke ọma ichebe ahịrị Nazca,” mana nke a megidere vidiyo na foto na-egosi ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ nkịtị (ọ bụghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ nchebe pụrụ iche) ka ha na-aga na saịtị ahụ.

Greenpeace agbagharala ndị Peruvian mgbaghara, mana Loise Jamie Castillo, onye osote onye minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ọdịbendị Peru kpọrọ mgbaghara ahụ “ihe egwuregwu”, n'ihi na Greenpeace jụrụ ịchọpụta ndị na-emebi ihe ma ọ bụ nabata ọrụ. Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị Diana Álvarez-Calderón kwuru na a ga-eji ihe akaebe gbakọtara n'oge nyocha gọọmentị dị ka akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ikpe megide Greenpeace. "Mbibi e mebiworo bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na mgbaghara nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ezughị," ka o kwuru na nnọkọ akụkọ. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2015, Greenpeace ewepụtala nkwupụta nke ndị otu anọ nọ na NGO tinyere aka na mmemme ahụ.

Mgbasa mgbochi whaling na Norway na 1990s[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime 1990s Greenpeace mere ọtụtụ njem mgbochi whaling na Norway. Ndị nkatọ ekwuola na Greenpeace gbara mkpọsa megide whaling iji nweta onyinye akụ na ụba sitere na akụ na ụba US, na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ịchekwa gburugburu ma ọ bụ ndụ whale. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịchụ nta shark bụ okwu siri ike karị, mana ebe ọ bụ na a na-atụ egwu shark na United States, ịgba mbọ iji nyere shark aka anaghị enweta nkwado ego. Greenpeace ajụla nkwupụta a. Agbanyeghị, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Norwegian Dagbladet na 11 Eprel 2015, Kumi Naidoo kwetara na mkpọsa mgbochi whhale bụ "mgbagwoju anya". Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị Norway maliteghachiri azụ whaling ka mmachibido iwu IWC n'ihi ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma na-eche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi doro anya, gụnyere mbelata ọchịchọ na Japan na mmetọ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu.

Akwụkwọ ozi emeghe sitere n'aka ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na June 2016, 107 Nobel laureates bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mmegide ya na ihe ndị na-agbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (GMOs). Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru, sị: "Anyị na-agba Greenpeace na ndị na-akwado ya ume ka ha nyochaa ahụmahụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ụwa nile na ihe ọkụkụ na ihe oriri na-emeziwanye site na nkà na ụzụ biotechnology, ghọta ihe nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka nchịkwa, ma gbahapụ mkpọsa ha megide "GMOs" na. izugbe na osikapa ọla edo, ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka nchịkwa gburugburu ụwa achọpụtala ugboro ugboro na ihe oriri a na-emeziwanye site na teknụzụ biotechnology ka ọ dị mma dị ka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nchebe karịa nke sitere na usoro mmepụta ọ bụla ọzọ. Ekwenyesiri ike na ikpe ahụike na-adịghị mma maka mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ site na iri nri ha, egosipụtara na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-adị ugboro ugboro ka ọ na-adịchaghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi, yana uru na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ." Ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel kpọkukwara gọọmentị mba ụwa ka ha mee ihe niile ha nwere ike ime megide omume Greenpeace ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nweta ngwa ngwa niile nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị mkpụrụ ndị emelitere site na teknụzụ biotechnology. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gara n'ihu ikwu na "A ghaghị ịkwụsị mmegide dabeere na mmetụta uche na nkwenkwe megidere data." Greenpeace zara azịza na-ekwu na "Ebubo na onye ọ bụla na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 'osikapa' ọla edo bụ ụgha" na ha na-akwado "[...] itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo na-eguzogide ihu igwe na inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ikike ịnweta nri kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-edozi ahụ, kama ịwụsa. ego gbadaa mmiri maka osikapa 'Golden' GE."Golder'.[50]

Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji gbochie nchọpụta mmanụ Arctic[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Disemba 2020, Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Norway jụrụ itinye aka na ọrụ nyocha mmanụ na-aga n'ihu nke Greenpeace na Nature na ndị ntorobịa Norway gbara aka na n'ihi na ọrụ metụtara nyocha mmanụ na-emebi ikike mmadụ n'ihi akụkụ ya na-enye aka na ikuku carbon. . Mkpebi ahụ kwuru na ikike enyere n'afọ 2016 ga-adị irè n'ihi na achọpụtaghị na ọ megidere 'ikike nke Iwu Norwegian' ma ọ bụ 'European Convention on Human Rights'. A kọrọ na Greta Thunberg nyere $29,000 ka ikpe ahụ na-eri n'aha onye gbara akwụkwọ Greenpeace and Nature and Youth Norway.

Mmebi nke ụgbọelu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Machị 2021, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace itoolu batara n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Charles de Gaulle site n'ịkọba ngere dị na nsọtụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu wee bibie n'otu akụkụ nke Air France Boeing 777 nwere igwe agba agba. Ha kwuru na nke ahụ bụ iji kwalite mmata na "ịsacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana dị ka nkọwa na arụmụka ụgwọ ihu igwe na nzuko omeiwu France. N'agbanyeghị ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa, ha jụrụ ịtọhapụ. E mechara jide ha, ma kpalite nchegbu banyere ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ. National Airline Pilots Union (SNPL) katọrọ omume ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmebi dị oke ọnụ, ma megidere nkwupụta nke ndị na-akwado ya.

Ebe ndebe ihe ochie[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ego Greenpeace Canada na Library and Archives Canada.[51] Nọmba ncheta bụ R4377.

Ihe ngosi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

   

  • Official website

Àtụ:Sustainability

  1. ↑ "GM crop destroyers given suspended sentences", The Canberra Times, 19 November 2012. Retrieved on 8 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Kozak. "Peru Says Greenpeace Permanently Damaged Nazca Lines", The Wall Street Journal, 14 December 2014. Retrieved on 3 February 2015.
  3. ↑ Greenpeace Official page: The Founders. Greenpeace.org (29 October 2008). Archived from the original on 24 September 2005. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  4. ↑ Patrick Moore: Who Are the Founders of Greenpeace. Beatty Street Publishing. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved on 22 November 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Interview by Michael Friedrich: Greenpeace Founders. Archive.greenpeace.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society: Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson 'Disappear'. Seashepherd.org (15 May 2008). Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  7. ↑ Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts. Greenpeace (17 December 2008). Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved on 22 November 2012.
  8. ↑ Patrick Moore background information. Greenpeace.org (7 December 2010). Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved on 23 November 2012.
  9. ↑ Greenpeace. Rex Weyler (1 March 1954). Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved on 6 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Robert Hunter: Greenpeace to Amchitka, An Environmental Odyssey
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Weyler, Rex. Waves of Compassion. The founding of Greenpeace 14–15. Utne.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved on 23 November 2012.
  12. ↑ Cohen. "OIG: FBI Inappropriately Tracked Domestic Advocacy Groups", The Atlantic, 20 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 September 2020.
  13. ↑ Cloherty. "FBI Spied on PETA, Greenpeace, Anti-War Activists", ABC News. Retrieved on 22 September 2020. (in en)
  14. ↑ Serrano. "FBI improperly investigated activists, Justice Department review finds", Los Angeles Times, 21 September 2010. Retrieved on 22 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Jackson. "Greenpeace hires team of investigative journalists", The Guardian, 9 September 2015. Retrieved on 4 July 2021. (in en)
  16. ↑ Greenpeace, organization. Greenpeace.org (13 November 2008). Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved on 3 April 2016.
  17. ↑ Greenpeace International, Executive Director. Greenpeace.org (15 January 2016). Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved on 20 May 2016.
  18. ↑ Greenpeace International, Board of Directors. Greenpeace.org (21 April 2011). Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved on 9 November 2012.
  19. ↑ Governance.
  20. ↑ Governance Structure. Greenpeace.org (11 April 2011). Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved on 23 November 2012.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Greenpeace International FAQ: Questions about Greenpeace in general. Greenpeace.org (8 January 2009). Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gilbert (8 September 2008). Harvard Business School, HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists. Hbswk.hbs.edu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Greenpeace Fundraising policies. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Joslyn (14 June 2018). A Group Born at Greenpeace Spreads Ideas About Grass-Roots Advocacy. www.philanthropy.com. Retrieved on 17 November 2020.
  25. ↑ Mobilisation Lab (2022). Key Resources from Mobilisation Lab. Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved on 20 June 2022.
  26. ↑ Our Roots (en-US). MobLab. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved on 17 November 2020.
  27. ↑ Radford (20 July 2011). Greenpeace to Launch Global Digital Innovation Lab; Hires Michael Silberman, Online Pioneer, To Lead Initiative (en). HuffPost. Retrieved on 17 November 2020.
  28. ↑ Announcing a MobLab for your movement (en-US). MobLab (March 2017). Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved on 17 November 2020.
  29. ↑ Our Values. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved on 22 December 2019.
  30. ↑ Go beyond oil. Greenpeace.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved on 6 June 2011.
  31. ↑ Nuclear Problems. Greenpeace.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved on 23 November 2012.
  32. ↑ Abnett. "Greenpeace to sue EU over 'green' label for gas and nuclear", Reuters, 2023-02-09. (in en)
  33. ↑ Greenpeace celebrates end of Germany's nuclear era with T.Rex dinosaur (en) (Video). euronews (15 April 2023).
  34. ↑ Climate activists in Germany rejoice at wind-down of nuclear plants (en). euronews (2023-04-16).
  35. ↑ Kappeler (2023-04-15). 'A new era': Germany quits nuclear power, closing its final three plants (en). CNN.
  36. ↑ Stackl. Judge Orders Resolute Forest Products to Pay Almost 1 Million Dollars to Greenpeace. Greenpeace USA. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved on 6 May 2020.
  37. ↑ Moas. Clearcutting Free Speech. Greenpeace USA. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved on 6 May 2020.
  38. ↑ Eat this or die, The poison politics of food aid. Greenpeace (30 September 2002). Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  39. ↑ New and expiring approvals for GM plants in Europe (30 December 2010). Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved on 17 April 2021.
  40. ↑ Les Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés, Annexe B. Avis de la commission du génie biomoléculaire sur l'étude statistique du CRIIGEN du maïs MON863. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved on 17 April 2021.
  41. ↑ Suppressed report shows cancer link to GM potatoes (en). The Independent (21 September 2011). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved on 17 April 2021.
  42. ↑ Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S, Howells RM, Kennedy MJ, Vernon G, Wright SY, Hinchliffe E, Adams JL, Silverstone AL, Drake R (2005) A new version of Golden Rice with increased pro-vitamin A content.
  43. ↑ Greenpeace.
  44. ↑ Detox. Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved on 26 June 2013.
  45. ↑ Offshore Technology.com. (30 May 2014).
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Hovland, K. (30 May 2014).
  47. ↑ Greenpeace, JET protest against deep sea mining (en). jamaica-gleaner.com (23 July 2019). Retrieved on 24 April 2022.
  48. ↑ Vidal, John. "Greenpeace commissions third Warrior", The New Zealand Herald, 18 January 2010. Retrieved on 2 October 2011.
  49. ↑ BBC News.
  50. ↑ Nobel laureates sign letter on Greenpeace 'Golden' rice position - statement. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved on 1 July 2016.
  51. ↑ Finding aid to Greenpeace Canada fonds, Library and Archives Canada (20 July 2017). Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved on 18 May 2021.
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