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Jonas Savimbi

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Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (   ; 3 Ọgọst 1934 – 22 Febrụwarị 2002) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndu ndị agha nnupụisi nke Angolan bụ onye hibere ma duru otu National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). UNITA bụ otu n'ime otu dị iche iche busoro agha ụgha megide ọchịchị colonial Portuguese site na 1966 ruo 1974. Ozugbo e nwetara nnwere onwe, ọ ghọziri òtù na-emegide ọchịchị Kọmunist bụ nke chere ndị na-achị People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ihu n'oge Angolan. Agha Obodo. Savimbi nwere mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na ndị na-emegide ọchịchị Kọmunist na United States, gụnyere Jack Abramoff na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ebute olu mgbochi ọchịchị n'ụwa. E gburu Savimbi n'ọgụ ya na ndị agha gọọmentị n'afọ 2002.

Oge ọ malitere

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  A mụrụ Jonas Malheiro Savimbi na Munhango, Bié Province, obere obodo dị na Benguela Railway, ma zụlitere na Chilesso, n'otu mpaghara ahụ. Nna Savimbi, Lote, bụ onye nlekọta ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Benguela nke Angola na onye nkwusa Protestant Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola (Chọọchị Ọgbakọ nke Angola), nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ America hiwere ma na-elekọta ya. Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị otu Bieno nke Ovimbundu, ndị mechara jee ozi dị ka isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Savimbi.

N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, Savimbi gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Protestant, mana ọ gakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ Roman Katọlik. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ na Portugal.

Kama, ọ sonyere ụmụ akwụkwọ si Angola na obodo Portuguese ndị ọzọ bụ ndị na-akwado onwe ha maka nguzogide ọchịchị colonial ma nwee kọntaktị na pati Communist Portuguese nzuzo. Ọ maara Agostinho Neto, bụ onye n'oge ahụ na-amụ nkà mmụta ọgwụ na onye mechara ghọọ onyeisi oche nke MPLA na onye isi ala mbụ nke Angola. N'okpuru nrụgide na-arịwanye elu nke ndị uwe ojii nzuzo Portuguese (PIDE), Savimbi hapụrụ Portugal gaa Switzerland site n'enyemaka nke ndị Kọmunist Portuguese na French na ndị ọzọ na-enwe ọmịiko, ma mesịa merụọ ahụ na Lausanne. N'ebe ahụ, ọ nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta ọhụrụ n'aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ America ma mụọ sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ gara n'ihu na mahadum dị na Friborg maka ịga n'ihu ọmụmụ ihe.[lower-alpha 1]

Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ma eleghị anya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1960, ọ zutere Holden Roberto, onye bụlarị kpakpando na-eto eto n'etiti ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ.[5] ọ zutere Holden Roberto, onye bụbu kpakpando na-arị elu na okirikiri émigré. Roberto bụ onye guzobere UPA ( União das Populaçoes de Angola) ma bụrụkwa onye amaralarị maka mbọ ọ gbara ịkwalite nnwere onwe Angola na United Nations. Ọ gbalịrị iweta Savimbi onye yiri ka ọ ekpebibeghị ma ọ ga-etinye onwe ya n'ihe kpatara nnwere onwe Angola n'oge a na ndụ ya.

N'ọgwụgwụ Septemba 1960, a gwara Savimbi ka o kwuo okwu na Kampala, Uganda n'aha UDEAN (União Democrática dos Estudantes da Africa Negra), òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ jikọtara ya na MPLA. Na nzukọ a ọ zutere Tom Mboya bụ onye kpọgara ya Kenya ịhụ Jomo Kenyatta. Ha abụọ gbara ya ume isonye na UPA. Ọ gwara ndị France na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ "J'ai été convaincu par Kenyatta" ("Ketatara kwenyesiri m ike").[1] O degaara Roberto akwụkwọ ozi ozugbo na-etinye onwe ya n'ọrụ ya, nke Mboya kpọgara New York n'onwe ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Switzerland, Roberto kpọrọ ya na telifon. Ha zutere na Léopoldville (Kinshasa) na December 1960, ma pụọ ​​ozugbo gaa United States. Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ nleta.

Enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na isi mmalite ihe gbasara ụbọchị ntinye ọrụ Savimbi n'ime UPA. Fred Bridgland, onye dere akụkọ akụkọ banyere Savimbi, na-ekwu na "a kpọbatara Savimbi na UPA" na 1 February 1961.[7] Ka o sina dị, ọ ga-abụ na ọ sonyeghị na UPA ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1961.[lower-alpha 2]

O doro anya na Savimbi anọghị n'etiti ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe UPA na mbido afọ 1961. O sonyeghị na ịhazi nnupụisi nke Machị 1961, ọ sonyeghịkwa na ya.

Savimbi nọrọ na Léopoldville ruo ọgwụgwụ nke March 1961, wee gaa Switzerland ịkwadebe maka ule. O nwere ike ịbụ na ọ dara, n'ihi na ọ hapụrụ ọmụmụ ahụike na Fribourg, na December 1961 debanyere aha na Mahadum Lausanne na Iwu na Ọchịchị Mba Nile.

Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 1961, ndị Afrịka sitere na mpaghara Portuguese na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi hiwere UGEAN (União Geral dos Estudantes da Africa Negra Sob Dominacão Colonial Portuguesa) na nzukọ na Rabat, Morocco. Ọzọkwa, nzukọ a jikọtara ya na MPLA.

Holden Roberto na UPA chọrọ nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ jikọtara ọnụ na pati ha. Na December 1961, Roberto duziri nzukọ na Camp Green Lane nke dị nso na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Savimbi gara nzukọ a wee bụrụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nhazi nke kere UNEA, (União Nacional dos Estudantes Angolanos) na March 1962 na Lucerne, Switzerland. A họpụtara Savimbi onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu.[10]

Savimbi sonyere na mmemme UPA ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-amụ na Switzerland. Ọ gara n'ihu ọha n'aha nzukọ a: gaa Yugoslavia maka nnọkọ Summit mbụ na-abụghị nke Nkwekọrịta na Septemba 1961, ya na Holden Roberto, wee gaa New York maka nzukọ United Nations mgbe e mesịrị ọdịda ahụ.

N'ime obere oge, ọ bụ onye so na Kọmitii Executive nke UPA. Ọ bụ ya gbara ndị PDA ume (Partido Democrático de Angola) ka ha sonye n'otu n'otu na UPA, na-eke FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola) na mgbe ndị otu a guzobere GRAE (Govêrno Revolucionário de Angola no Exílio) na Eprel 3, 1962, Savimbi ghọrọ Minista mba ofesi nke nzukọ a.

Military career

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Savimbi choro ọkwa onye ndu na MPLA site na isonyere Ndị ntorobịa MPLA na mbido afọ 1960. [2] MPLA jụrụ ya, wee sonye na National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) n'afọ 1964. N'otu afọ ahụ, ya na Antonio da Costa Fernandes tụụrụ ime UNITA. Savimbi gara China maka enyemaka ma kwe ya nkwa ngwá agha na ọzụzụ agha. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Angola na 1966, ọ malitere UNITA wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka onye agha nnupụisi na-emegide ndị Portugal. Ọ lụkwara ọgụ megide FNLA na MPLA, ka òtù mmegide atọ ahụ gbalịrị ido onwe ha n'ọnọdụ iduzi Angola na-achị achị. Portugal mechara wepụta ihe ndekọ PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Portuguese) na-ekpughe na Savimbi bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị Portuguese iji lụso MPLA ọgụ. [3][4]

Mgbe Angola nweere onwe ya na 1975, Savimbi ji nwayọọ nwayọọ dọtara uche Ndị China na, n'ikpeazụ, ndị na-eme iwu na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ Onye America. A zụrụ ya na China n'afọ ndị 1960, Savimbi bụ onye agha nnupụisi nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke a zụrụ n'ụzọ Maoist na-aga agha, gụnyere ịrata ndị iro ya na ọtụtụ ndị agha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha wakporo ma ụfọdụ n' cikinsu jiri anya laghachi azụ. Dị ka ndị agha nnwere onwe nke Mao Zedong, Savimbi kwadoro akụkụ dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na agbụrụ dị iche iche nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ime obodo - nke ukwuu Ovimbundu - dị ka akụkụ nke usoro agha ya. Site n'echiche nke atụmatụ agha, enwere ike iwere ya dịka otu n'ime ndị isi ndị agha okpuru kachasị dị irè na narị afọ nke 20.

Civil war

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Dị ka ndị Soviet kwadoro MPLA kemgbe 1974, ma kwupụta onwe ya Marxist-Leninist na 1977, Savimbi gbahapụrụ mmasị Maoist mbụ ya na kọntaktị ya na China, na-egosi onwe ya na mba ụwa dị ka onye na-emegide ọchịchị Kọmunist. Agha dị n'etiti MPLA na UNITA, ihe ọ bụla kpatara ya na ihe ọ na-eme, si otú a ghọọ akụkụ nke Agha Nzuzo, na Moscow na Washington na-ele esemokwu ahụ anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka nguzozi ike ụwa.[5]

Nkwado United States

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Savimbi na Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan na 1986
Savimbi na-ekele Onye isi ala George H. W. Bush na 1990

N'afọ 1985, site na nkwado nke nchịkwa Reagan na site na mgbalị lobbying nke Paul Manafort na ụlọ ọrụ ya Black, Manafort, Stone na Kelly nke a kwụrụ $ 600,000 kwa afọ site na Savimbi malite na 1985, Jack Abramoff na ndị ọzọ na-achọghị mgbanwe na United States haziri Democratic International na Jamba, na Cuando Cubango Province na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Angola.[6][7][8][9][5] Savimbi nwetara nkwado siri ike site na Heritage Foundation nwere mmetụta, nke na-agbaso omenala. Onye na-enyocha iwu mba ọzọ Michael Johns na ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-eleta Savimbi mgbe niile n'ogige nzuzo ya na Jamba ma nye onye ndú nnupụisi ahụ nduzi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha na-aga n'ihu n'agha ya megide gọọmentị Angola.

Ndị na-akwado Savimbi na United States mesịrị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka Central Intelligence Agency kwenye ka ha mee ka ngwá agha nzuzo ma nata ndị agha nnupụisi maka agha Savimbi megide gọọmentị Marxist nke Angola. N'oge ọ gara Washington, D.C. na 1986, Reagan kpọrọ Savimbi ka ya zute na White House. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Reagan kwuru na UNITA meriri "mmeri nke na-eme ka ụwa nwee ike".

Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ka Agha Obodo Angola na-akawanye njọ, Savimbi laghachiri Washington, ebe o toro ọrụ Heritage Foundation maka UNITA.

Military and political efforts

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Savimbi zutere Ndị omeiwu Europe abụọ na 1989

N'ịkwado nkà agha ya, Savimbi jikwa àgwà ọgụgụ isi ya masị ọtụtụ ndị. Ọ na-asụ asụsụ asaa nke ọma gụnyere Portuguese, French, na Bekee. N'ileta ndị nnọchi anya mba ọzọ na okwu n'ihu ndị America na-ege ntị, ọ na-ekwukarị na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, n'ikpeazụ na-aghọ otu n'ime ndị na-emegide ndị Kọmunist nke Ụwa nke Atọ.

Savimbi's biography describes him as "an incredible linguist. He spoke four European languages, including English although he had never lived in an English-speaking country. He was extremely well read. He was an extremely fine conversationalist and a very good listener." Savimbi also accused his political opponents of witchcraft.[10] These contrasting images of Savimbi would play out throughout his life, with his enemies calling him a power-hungry warmonger, and his American and other allies calling him a critical figure in the West's bid to win the Cold War.

Ka nkwado US malitere ịga n'ihu ma na-eduga ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe na US kwadoro ebumnuche ya, Savimbi nwetara nnukwu uru atụmatụ na ngwụcha afọ 1980, na ọzọ na mbido afọ 1990, mgbe o sonyere na ntuli aka nke afọ 1992. N'ihi ya, Moscow na Havana malitere ịtụle mmekọrịta ha na Angola, ka ọnwụ ndị Soviet na Cuban na-arịwanye elu na njikwa ala Savimbi na-abawanye.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1989, UNITA nwere ikike zuru oke n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mana o nwere ike ịmepụta ọrụ ndị agha okpuru dị mkpa n'ebe niile na Angola, ma e wezụga obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mpaghara Namibe. N'oge ọ na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'agha, na 1989 na 1990, Savimbi malitere ịwakpo gọọmentị na ndị agha na gburugburu isi obodo ahụ, Luanda. Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ chere na nguzozi atụmatụ na Angola agbanweela nakwa na Savimbi na-etinye UNITA n'ọnọdụ maka mmeri agha.

N'igosi nchegbu na Soviet Union na-etinye na ọganihu Savimbi na Angola, onye ndú Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev welitere agha Angola na Reagan n'oge ọtụtụ nzukọ US-Soviet. Na mgbakwunye na izute Reagan, Savimbi zutere onye nọchiri Reagan, George H. W. Bush, onye kwere Savimbi nkwa "onyinye kwesịrị ekwesị na nke dị irè".

1990s

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Billboard na-egosi Savimbi na Jamba, Cuando Cubango, isi ụlọ ọrụ UNITA na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Angola.

Na Jenụwarị 1990 na ọzọ na Febụwarị 1990, Savimbi merụrụ ahụ na agha ya na ndị agha gọọmentị Angola. Mmerụ ahụ egbochighị ya ịlaghachi Washington ọzọ, ebe ọ zutere ndị na-akwado ya na Onye isi ala Bush na mgbalị iji mụbaa enyemaka ndị agha US na UNITA.[11] Ndị na-akwado Savimbi dọrọ aka ná ntị na nkwado Soviet na-aga n'ihu maka MPLA na-eyi egwu imekọ ihe ọnụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti Gorbachev na US.

Na Febụwarị 1992, Antonio da Costa Fernandes na Nzau Puna hapụrụ UNITA, na-ekwupụta n'ihu ọha na Savimbi enweghị mmasị na ule ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kama na ịkwadebe agha ọzọ.[2] N'okpuru nrụgide ndị agha sitere na UNITA, gọọmentị Angola na Savimbi kwurịtara nkwụsị agha, Savimbi wee gbaa ọsọ maka onye isi ala na ntuli aka mba nke afọ 1992. Ndị na-enyocha mba ọzọ kwuru na ntuli aka ahụ ziri ezi. Mana n'ihi na ọ bụghị Savimbi (40 pasent) ma ọ bụ Onye isi ala Angola José Eduardo dos Santos (49%) nwetara pasent 50 dị mkpa iji merie, a haziri ntuli aka nke abụọ.

Na ngwụcha Ọktọba 1992, Savimbi zigara osote onye isi oche UNITA Jeremias Chitunda na onye ndụmọdụ UNITA Elias Salupeto Pena na Luanda iji kwurịta nkọwa nke ntuli aka nke abụọ. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1992 na Luanda, ndị agha gọọmentị wakporo ụgbọ njem Chitunda na Pena ma wepụ ha abụọ n'ụgbọala ha wee gbaa ha égbè. Ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị buuru ozu ha ma ha ahụghị ọzọ. A maara mwakpo MPLA megide UNITA na FNLA dị ka Halloween Massacre ebe ndị agha MPLA gburu ihe karịrị 10,000 nke ndị na-atụ vootu ha n'ụwa niile. N'ịkatọ aghụghọ gọọmentị na-eme ntụli aka ma na-ajụ mkpebi gọọmentị maka udo, Savimbi si na ntuli aka nke abụọ pụọ wee maliteghachi ịlụ ọgụ, ọkachasị na ego mba ọzọ. UNITA gara n'ihu ngwa ngwa n'agha, na-agba isi obodo mba ahụ nke Luanda gburugburu.

Na 1994, UNITA bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta udo ọhụrụ. Savimbi jụrụ osote onye isi ala nke enyere ya ma maliteghachi ọgụ ọzọ na 1998. A kọkwara na Savimbi kpochapuru ndị nọ na UNITA ndị ọ hụrụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu na-edu ndú ya ma ọ bụ na-agbagha usoro atụmatụ ya. Dị ka Fred Bridgland si kwuo, onye odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi Savimbi Tito Chingunji na ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ya, ndị nwere ike ịbụ ihe karịrị 60, gburu na 1991 mgbe Savimbi chere na Chingunji nọ na nzuzo, mkparịta ụka na-akwadoghị na gọọmentị Angola n'oge ọrụ dị iche iche nke diplomatic Chingunji na Europe na. United States. Savimbi gọrọ agọ na itinye aka ya na ogbugbu Chingunji ma taa ụta maka ndị otu UNITA. Dị ka Bridgland si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya bụ The War for Africa: Twelve Months that Transformed a Continent, n'ihe mere na mbụ a kpọrọ 'Red September', Savimbi lekọtara ahụhụ na igbu ọtụtụ mmadụ, gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ya, ndị nwunye ha na ụmụ ha. , n'ememe amoosu. Bridgland kwukwara na Aurora Katalayo (nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye ndu UNITA Mateus Katalaoy, onye Savimbi boro ebubo na o gburu afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ) na nwa ya nwoke dị afọ anọ gbara ọkụ ndụ, boro ebubo amoosu.[12]

Ọnwụ

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Mgbe ọ lanarịrị ihe karịrị mgbalị igbu ọchụ isii, ma bụrụkwa onye a kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro iri na asaa, e gburu Savimbi na 22 Febụwarị 2002, n'agha ya na ndị agha gọọmentị Angola n'akụkụ osimiri na mpaghara Moxico, ebe a mụrụ ya.[10] N'ọgụ ahụ, Savimbi nwere mmerụ ahụ 15 n'isi, akpịrị, elu ahụ na ụkwụ. Mgbe Savimbi gbara égbè, ọnyá ya nwụrụ n'otu ntabi anya.[13]

Aha Savimbi dị omimi maka izere ndị agha Angola na ndị ndụmọdụ agha Soviet na Cuban mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Angola nyochaa izi ezi nke akụkọ banyere ọnwụ ya na 2002 n'agha ruo mgbe foto nke ozu ya ọbara na nke jupụtara na mgbọ pụtara na telivishọn steeti Angola, na Ngalaba steeti United States mechara kwado ya. E liri ya na Luena Main Cemetery na Luena, Moxico Province. Na 3 Jenụwarị 2008, e bibiri ili ya ma boo ndị otu ndị ntorobịa anọ nke MPLA ebubo ma jide ha.[14] E gwupụtara ozu ya ma lie ya n'ihu ọha na 2019.[15]

Ihe Nketa

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António Dembo nọchiri Savimbi, onye ghọrọ onye ndu UNITA n'oge na-adịghị anya na Febụwarị 2002. Mana Dembo merụrụ ahụ n'otu mwakpo ahụ gburu Savimbi, ọ nwụkwara n'ihi ha ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị ma bụrụ onye Paulo Lukamba Gato nọchiri. Izu isii mgbe ọnwụ Savimbi gasịrị, a bịanyere aka na nkwụsị agha n'etiti UNITA na MPLA, mana Angola ka kewara nke ukwuu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị na-akwado MPLA na UNITA. Nhọrọ ndị omeiwu na Septemba 2008 mere ka ndị MPLA nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu, mana ndị na-ekiri mba ụwa jụrụ ikike ya.[16]

N'ime afọ ole na ole kemgbe ọnwụ Savimbi, ihe nketa ya abụwo isi iyi nke arụmụka. "Mjọ nke Savimbi mere, nnukwu njehie akụkọ ihe mere eme, bụ ịjụ (nhọpụta) ma laghachi n'agha", Alex Vines, onye isi nke mmemme Africa na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Chatham House nke dị na London kwuru na Febụwarị 2012.[17] Onye ọkachamara Africa Paula Roque, nke Mahadum Oxford, na-ekwu na Savimbi bụ "nwoke nwere ike, nwoke nke gosipụtara ike na idu ndú. Anyị enweghị ike ichefu na maka akụkụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na ya, UNITA nọchitere anya ihe".[17]

"Ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ọtụtụ ụmụ" hapụrụ ya, nke ikpeazụ dịkarịa ala 25.[10]

N'omenala a ma ama

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Savimbi bụ obere onye na Call of Duty: Black Ops II, egwuregwu vidio nke e wepụtara na 2012. Ọ bụ Robert Wisdom kwuru Savimbi.[18] Atọ n'ime ụmụ Savimbi nwere esemokwu na nnọchiteanya Savimbi n'egwuregwu ahụ, na-azọrọ na e gosipụtara ya dị ka "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke chọrọ igbu onye ọ bụla".[19] Otú ọ dị, Activision, ndị na-ebipụta Black Ops II, kwuru na egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara ya dị ka "onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-eme atụmatụ".[20] Ụlọ ikpe France jụrụ ikpe ahụ.[21]

Hụkwa

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  • Usoro asambodo Kimberley

Ihe edeturu na ntụaka

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Loiseau & de Roux, p. 99.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brittain. "Obituary: Jonas Savimbi", The Guardian, 25 February 2002. Retrieved on 11 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Jervis. "Contested Power in Angola: 1840s to the Present", Journal of Third World Studies.
  4. ↑ Brittain. "Jonas Savimbi", The Guardian, 25 February 2002. Retrieved on 7 May 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Verini (17 August 2005). The tale of 'Red Scorpion'. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008..
  6. ↑ Swan. "Top Trump Aide Led the 'Torturers' Lobby' Bloody Money: Paul Manafort and the partners at his firm made a fortune repping some of the most despicable dictators of the 20th century.", Daily Beast, April 13, 2016. Retrieved on August 28, 2021. “Updated on 6 November 2017.”
  7. ↑ Shear. "McCain Adviser's Work As Lobbyist Criticized: Charles Black, John McCain's top political strategist, is now retired from a 30-year", The Washington Post, May 22, 2008, p. 1. Retrieved on August 28, 2021.
  8. ↑ Shear. "McCain Adviser's Work As Lobbyist Criticized: Charles Black, John McCain's top political strategist, is now retired from a 30-year", The Washington Post, May 22, 2008, p. 2. Retrieved on August 28, 2021.
  9. ↑ Levine. "Inside Washington's Propaganda Shops: Publicists of the Damned", Spy (volume 6), February 1992, pp. 52–60. Retrieved on August 28, 2021. See page 60. The full title of the article is "Believe it or not, there are Americans out there who have nice things to say about Saddam Hussein, Nicolae Ceaucescu, and the murderous governments of Zaire, Myanmar, and El Salvador – and they have better access to your congressman than you do. They're lobbyists, and they earn hundreds of thousands of dollars flacking for fascists and schmoozing on behalf of tyrants blithely waltzing through life as Publicists of the Dammed."
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Jonas Savimbi", The Economist, 28 February 2002.
  11. ↑ Alao (1994). p. xx.
  12. ↑ Bridgland. The War For Africa: Twelve Months That Transformed A Continent. 
  13. ↑ "Savimbi 'died with gun in hand'", BBC News, 25 February 2002. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  14. ↑ Cawaia. "Jonas Savimbi's tomb vandalised, says UNITA", Mail and Guardian, 23 January 2008. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  15. ↑ "Jonas Savimbi: Angola's former Unita leader reburied after 17 years", BBC News, 1 June 2019. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  16. ↑ Angola: Doubts Over Free and Fair Elections. Human Rights Watch (13 August 2008).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Angola's Savimbi still haunts 10 years on", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 21 February 2012. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  18. ↑ Snider. "Review: 'Black Ops II' Stays on High Ground", USA Today, Gannett, 13 November 2012. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  19. ↑ Stuart. "Call of Duty publisher sued by family of Angolan rebel", The Guardian, Guardian News & Media Limited, 14 January 2016. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.
  20. ↑ "Angolan rebel Savimbi's family sues Call of Duty makers", BBC News, BBC, 3 February 2016. Retrieved on 3 February 2016.
  21. ↑ "Angolan rebel Jonas Savimbi's family lose Call of Duty case", BBC News, BBC, 24 March 2016. Retrieved on 8 June 2019.

Akwụkwọ

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  •  
  •  
  • Heywood, Linda M. "Unita and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola". Journal of Modern African Studies 27.1 (1989): 47-66.
  •  
  •  
  • . 
  • Neto, Pedro Figueiredo. "The Consolidation of the Angola-Zambia Border: Violence, Forced Displacement, Smugglers and Savimbi." Journal of Borderlands Studies 32.3 (2017): 305-324.
  •  
  • . 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "US Policy towards Angola since 1975." Journal of Modern African Studies 30.1 (1992): 31-52.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Cold War Guerrilla: Jonas Savimbi, U.S. Media & the Angolan War (1992) 183 pp.

Njikọ mpụga

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  • [1]BlackPast.org/?q=gah/savimbi-jonas-malheiro-1934-2002" id="mwAwY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Akụkọ ndụ na BlackPast.org
  • "White House Statement on the President's Meeting with Jonas Savimbi" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, 30 June 1988.
  • "Angola Rebels Demand Death Probe", BBC News, 28 February 2002.
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Templeeti:1992 candidates, Angola

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