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José Eduardo dos Santos

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José Eduardo dos Santos
dos Santos in 2007
Personal details
Born(1942-08-28) 28 Ọgọstụ 1942
Luanda, Portuguese Angola
Died8 Julaị 2022(2022-07-08) (aged 79)
Barcelona, Spain
Spouse(s)

 

José Eduardo dos Santos (ptpt [ʒuˈzɛ eˈðwaɾðu ðuʃ ˈsɐ̃tuʃ]; 28 August 1942 - 8 July 2022) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye agha Angola nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala Angola site na 1979 ruo n'afọ '2fọ017. ptDị ka onye isi ala, dos Santos bụkwa onye isi Ndị agha Angola (FAA) na onye isi oche nke People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), otu na-achị Angola kemgbe ọ nwetara nnwere onwe n'afọ 1975. Ka ọ na-erule oge ọ kwụsịrị n'afọ 2017, ọ bụ onye isi ala nke abụọ kachasị ogologo oge n'Africa, nke Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo nke Equatorial Guinea karịrị.

Dos Santos sonyeere MPLA, mgbe ahụ bụ òtù na-emegide ọchịchị, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma nweta nzere na injinia mmanụ na nkwukọrịta radar mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Soviet Union. Mgbe Agha nke Nnwere Onwe nke Angola gasịrị, e guzobere Angola n'afọ 1975 dị ka steeti Marxist-Leninist nke MPLA na-edu. Dos Santos nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa gụnyere Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na gọọmentị nke onye isi ala mbụ nke Angola, Agostinho Neto.

Mgbe Neto nwụsịrị na 1979, ndị MPLA họpụtara dos Santos ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala ọhụrụ, nke ndị Soviet Union kwadoro ma keta agha obodo megide ndị nnupụisi na-emegide ọchịchị Kọmunist na-akwado Western, ọkachasị UNITA. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1991, ọchịchị ya kwekọrịtara na ndị nnupụisi ka ha webata usoro otu ọtụtụ, ebe ha na-agbanwe echiche MPLA site na ọchịchị Kọmunist gaa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. A họpụtara ya onye isi ala na 1992 Angolan ntuli aka izugbe maka onye ndu UNITA Jonas Savimbi, ma chịkwaa nnwere onwe akụ na ụba ahịa efu na mmepe nke ngalaba mmanụ Angola. Na 1997, o nyere aka na mbuso agha nnupụisi nke Zaire gbara agbata obi n'oge Agha Kongo Mbụ, na-eduga na ịkwatu onye Congo UNITA enyi Mobutu Sese Seko na ntinye nke Laurent-Désiré Kabila dị ka Onye isi oche nke Democratic Republic of Congo n'afọ ahụ. N'oge Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo site na 1998 ruo 2003 ọ kwadoro ọchịchị Kabila na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwoke Joseph megide ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ na UNITA. MPLA nwetara mmeri n'agha obodo site na 2002 ka Savimbi nwụsịrị. Mgbe o meriri oge onye isi ala nke abụọ na ntuli aka 2012, ọ lara ezumike nká na onye isi ala na 2017, onye otu pati João Lourenço nọchiri anya ya dị ka onye isi ala.

Onye na-ese okwu, dos Santos nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa maka ntinye aka ya na mgbochi colonialism na nkwalite mkparita uka udo na ndị nnupụisi iji kwụsị agha, a na-etokwa ya maka ịdọta nnukwu ego na mba ọzọ na akụ na ụba Angola. A katọrọ ya dị ka onye ọchịchị aka ike ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-eke otu n'ime ọchịchị ndị kacha arụrụ arụ n'Africa, na netwọk nkwado gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ.[1][2][3]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ José Eduardo dos Santos na 28 Ọgọst 1942 na ebe taa ógbè Sambizanga dị na Luanda,[4] Nne na nna ya, Avelino Eduardo dos Santos na Jacinta José Paulino, kwagara Portuguese Angola site na ọchịchị Portuguese São Tomé. na Principe.[5] Nne ya bụ nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi, ebe nna ya bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ na onye na-ewu ihe.[6] Nwanne ya nke okenye, Isabel Eduardo dos Santos zụlitere Manuel Vicente, n'okpuru Dos Santos emesia osote onye isi ala Angola. Dos Santos nwanne nwanne Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos bụ praịm minista nke Angola site na 2002 ruo 2008.

Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Luanda, ma nweta agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Liceu Salvador Correia, taa a na-akpọ Mutu ya Kevela.[1][2][3]

Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, dos Santos sonyeere MPLA, nke bụ akara mmalite nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.[10] N'ihi mmegide nke gọọmentị colonial, dos Santos gara biri n'ala ọzọ na Congo-Brazzaville gbara agbata obi na 1961.[10] Site n'ebe ahụ, ya na MPLA jikọrọ aka wee bụrụ onye isi na pati ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya.[5]

Iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ọ kwagara Azerbaijan, nke bụ Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic n'ime Soviet Union, ebe, site na 1969, ọ natara nzere na injinia mmanụ na nkwukọrịta radar site na Azerbaijan Oil and Chemistry Institute na Baku.[4][5][6]

Ọrụ

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Na 1970, dos Santos laghachiri Angola, nke ka bụ ókèala Portuguese nke a maara dị ka Overseas Province nke Angola.[10] Ọ jere ozi afọ atọ na MPLA's EPLA guerrilla[5] Force (Exército Para a Libertação de Angola), mechara mara dị ka People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), nku agha nke MPLA, ghọrọ onye na-ebufe redio. na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị-agha nke abụọ nke MPLA na Cabinda Province.[10] Na 1974, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi-ọchịagha nke ọrụ telecoms nke mpaghara nke abụọ.[5] Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya MPLA na Yugoslavia, Zaire, na Republic of China tupu a họpụta ya na Kọmitii Central[14] na Politburo nke MPLA na Moxico na Septemba 1974.[5]

Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ, 1975-1979

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Dos Santos (nke ise site n'aka ekpe) na Brandenburg Gate n'oge nleta steeti nke afọ 1981, ya na ndị ọrụ East Germany

Na June 1975, dos Santos ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ngalaba Ofesi MPLA na nke MPLA's Department of Health. Mgbe Angola nweere onwe ya na Nọvemba 1975, MPLA nwere ikike na Luanda, mana gọọmentị MPLA ọhụrụ chere agha obodo ihu na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) na National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). ).[10] N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara dos Santos ka ọ bụrụ onye ozi mbụ nke mba ofesi Angola mgbe nnwere onwe,[5] ma na nke a ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'inweta nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọchịchị MPLA na 1975-1976.[15]. Na Mgbakọ Mbụ MPLA na Disemba 1977, a họpụtara dos Santos ka ọ bụrụ kọmitii Central na Politburo.[5] Na Disemba 1978, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa onye isi osote onye isi ala mbụ na gọọmentị gaa na nke Minista atụmatụ.[5]

Mgbe ọnwụ ebumpụta ụwa nke onye isi ala mbụ nke Angola, Agostinho Neto, na 10 Septemba 1979, a họpụtara dos Santos onyeisi oche nke MPLA na 20 Septemba 1979 ma were ọrụ dịka Onye isi ala Angola na onye isi ndị agha na 21 Septemba. . Na nhoputa ndi omeiwu nke Angola nke mbu na 9 Novemba 1980 a hoputara ya dika onye isi oche nke ogbako ndi mmadu nke Angola dika obodo otu otu.[5]

Usoro udo, 1980-2002

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George W. Bush na-akwado Festus Mogae nke Botswana, Joaquim Chissano nke Mozambique, na José Eduardo dos Santos na 2002

Ihe kacha mkpa dos Santos ga-anagide ya bụ esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na otu ndị isi ntọhapụ ha, National Union for the Total Integration of Angola (UNITA).[10] UNITA, nke Jonas Savimbi na-edu ma na South Africa na United States kwadoro, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ghọtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na MPLA ziri ezi dị ka ọchịchị na-achị Angola ma kpalite ọtụtụ agha agha n'ime ọtụtụ afọ iji kwupụta mmegide ya. Ejikwa oke aka mba ọzọ mara agha ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na Soviet Union na Cuba kwadoro ọchịchị MPLA na US na South Africa kwadoro UNITA dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie mgbasawanye nke mmetụta Soviet na Africa.[16] Site na 1989 ruo 1991, United Nations Angola Verification Mission I na site na 1991 ruo 1995, United Nations Angola Verification Mission II weere ọnọdụ.

Na 29 na 30 Septemba 1992, mgbe agha afọ 16 gburu ihe ruru mmadụ 300,000, e mere ntuli aka izugbe na Angola, n'okpuru nlekọta United Nations.[17] Dos Santos ji 49% duo egwuregwu ahụ na agba nke mbụ; Onye isi ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya, Jonas Savimbi, meriri 40%.[18] N'okpuru iwu nke ewepụtara na mbido afọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na dos Santos gwụchara obere ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, ọ ga-adị mkpa ka ọ merie ntuli aka nke abụọ megide Savimbi ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ n'usoro iwu nke Angola. Agba nke abụọ a emeghị, dịka UNITA kwupụtara na ọ kwadoghị ntuli aka ahụ.[19]

Agha ụbọchị atọ dara, n'ime oge mgbuchapụ Halloween mere, mgbe ndị agha MPLA gburu iri puku kwuru iri puku ndị UNITA na-eme ngagharị iwe na mba niile.[20] Savimbi kpebiri ịkwụsị na ntuli aka ahụ, na-ebo ebubo na a na-eme ntuli aka, ma maliteghachi agha obodo ozugbo.[20] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, dos Santos ka nọ n'ọchịchị.[20]

N'afọ 1993, mgbe Savimbi na UNITA jụrụ ịhapụ ókèala ha meriri site n'agha, United States, nke na-etinye aka n'idozi mkparịta ụka udo n'etiti ndị otu abụọ na ndị isi na-ese okwu iji mee ka ha nwee ịkekọrịta ike, kpebiri iwepụ nkwado ya na UNITA ma kweta na dos Santos na gọọmentị MPLA dị ka ndị na-achị Angola.[7]

Ọnwụ nke onye ndu UNITA Jonas Savimbi na February 2002 nyere aka ịmaliteghachi usoro udo ahụ. Na 4 Eprel 2002, ndị agha Angolan na ndị nnupụisi kwenyere n'ịkwụsị ọkụ wee kwupụta udo na 2 Ọgọst 2002.[21] Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Angola nabatara ya dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọọmentị, UNITA kwetara ịkwatu ndị agha ya, nke ndị agha 50,000 mejupụtara, ma kweta ka etinye ha n'ime ndị agha nchekwa obodo.[22] Mgbe mkpebi ahụ gasịrị, UN Security Council meghere ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Angola ma guzobe ọrụ United Nations Mission na Angola (UNMA), nke chọrọ ime ka udo dịrị na mba ahụ.[23]

Nsogbu ọchịchị mgbe agha obodo biri 2001-2016

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Dos Santos na 2003 na Onye isi ala Brazil, Lula da Silva

N'afọ 2001, dos Santos kwupụtara na ya ga-agbahapụ na ntuli aka onye isi ala na-esote.[24] Na Disemba 2003, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke MPLA[25] na enweghị ntuli aka onye isi ala ọzọ mere, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa ha maka 2006, [26] wee 2007, na n'ikpeazụ 2009.[27] N'August 2006, o nwetara nkwekọrịta na Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda.[28]

Mgbe ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Angola 2008 gasịrị, MPLA na-achị achị meriri, wee malite ịrụ ọrụ n'usoro iwu ọhụrụ nke ewepụtara n'isi n'afọ 2010. N'okpuru usoro iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, a na-ahọpụta onyeisi oche site na mbụ-past-the-post okpukpu abụọ. votu n'otu oge maka otu okwu dị ka ọgbakọ, ma nwee ike ije ozi kacha nke usoro abụọ. Ndị otu ọ bụla na-esonye na-ahọpụta onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala ka ọ bụrụ n'elu ndepụta ya, bụ onye a ga-amata nke ọma na akwụkwọ ntuli aka. Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke otu pati na-enweta ntuli aka kacha bu onye ahọpụtara onye isi ala.[29][30]

Onye isi ala nke United States George W. Bush nabatara Onye isi ala dos Santos na Oval Office, 2004.

A kọrọ na Dos Santos gbanarị mgbalị igbu ọchụ na 24 October 2010, mgbe ụgbọ ala gbalịrị igbochi ụgbọ ala ya ka ya na ezinụlọ ya na-alọta n'ụsọ osimiri. Ndị oso ya meghere mgbọ, gbuo mmadụ abụọ nọ n'ụgbọala ahụ, hụkwa ngwa ọgụ n'ime ụgbọ ahụ.[31] Ebe ọ bụla ọzọ akwadobeghị ihe omume a. Na February–March 2011, na ọzọkwa na Septemba 2011, ndị Angolan na-eto eto haziri ngagharị iwe megide dos Santos na Luanda, ọkachasị site na ịntanetị.[32]

Na ntuli aka ndị omebe iwu 2012, otu ya, MPLA, meriri ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke votu.[33] Dị ka dos Santos bụbu onye isi ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke pati ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala ozugbo, n'usoro iwu e hiwere na 2010.[34]

Na Septemba 2014, dos Santos kwupụtara njedebe nke njikọta nke ọkwa gọvanọ mpaghara na odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke mpaghara MPLA. Usoro a bu n'obi imeziwanye ọrụ nchịkwa nke mpaghara na ndị ọchịchị ime obodo, dịka ụzọ isi gbanwee usoro ọchịchị n'ọnọdụ ọhụrụ na nnukwu ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ọha.[35].

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba

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Dos Santos na Vladimir Putin n'oge nzukọ na 2006
Dos Santos na Onye isi ala Russia Dmitry Medvedev mgbe onye nke ikpeazụ nọ na nleta steeti na Angola na 2009

Ozugbo ọ bụ onye Marxist-Leninist, dos Santos kwere ka akụ na ụba ahịa pụta ka ọdịda nke Soviet Union na-aga n'ihu. Dos Santos mechara hapụ Marxism-Leninism kpamkpam ma kwe ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ tinye ego na nnukwu mmanụ Angola.[8] Angola ghọrọ onye nke abụọ kachasị emepụta mmanụ n'Africa na onye nke atọ kachasị emepụta diamond n'oge dos Santos nọ n'ọchịchị.[8] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2006, dos Santos guzobere African Countries Diamond Producers Association, otu nzukọ nke ihe dịka mba iri abụọ nke Afrịka guzobere iji kwalite mmekọrịta ahịa na itinye ego na mba ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ diamond Afrịka.[9]

N'agbanyeghị akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị Angola nọgidere na-ada ogbenye: N'oge ọnwụ dos Santos na 2022, afọ ole na ole mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ, ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe karịrị nde ndị Angola 30 na-eri ihe na-erughị US $ 1.90 kwa ụbọchị. [8] Dos Santos lekọtara Kleptocracy nke nwere nnukwu akụ na ụba e zigara ezinụlọ dos Santos; N'afọ 2020, onye nọchiri dos Santos, João Lourenço, mere atụmatụ na e zuru ihe karịrị ijeri $ 24 ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'okpuru dos Santos, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ site na ịmegharị ego mmanụ, nkwado, na nkwekọrịta gọọmentị. [8][10]

Onye nọchiri ya, 2016-2017

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Onye isi ala Brazil Dilma Rousseff zutere José Eduardo dos Santos na Obí Onye isi ala na Luanda, 2011

Dos Santos kwupụtara na 11 Machị 2016 na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịla ezumike nká na 2018. Oge a ga-apụta na ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ gasịrị, nke a haziri maka afọ 2017.[11][12] N'ọnwa Disemba 2016, MPLA họọrọ João Lourenço, Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa na osote onye isi oche nke MPLA, dị ka onye isi ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke pati ahụ ma ya mere onye isi ala ya maka ntuli aka iwu nke afọ 2017, na-egosi na dos Santos ga-apụ n'akụkụ tupu afọ 2018.[13] Dos Santos kwuru na 3 Febụwarị 2017 na ọ ga-ahapụ ọrụ mgbe ntuli aka gasịrị na 2017, ebe Lourenço ga-anọchi ya. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi oche nke MPLA ma ya mere a tụrụ anya na ọ ga-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'elu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Angola site na idu ndú nke pati na-achị. Ụmụ ya Isabel dos Santos na José Filomeno dos Santos nwere ọkwa akụ na ụba dị mkpa na Sonangol na Fundo Soberano de Angola, n'otu n'otu, na-atụ aro ka nna ha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu.[14]

Okwu ndị na-ese okwu

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Dos Santos duziri otu n'ime ọchịchị kachasị arụrụ aka n'Africa site n'ileghara mkpa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya anya ma lekwasị anya na ịnakọta akụ na ụba maka ezinụlọ ya na imechi ndị mmegide ya, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 70% nke ndị bi na ya na-ebi n'ihe na-erughị $ 2 kwa ụbọchị.[15]

Dos Santos na-ekwu okwu na 2014

Dos Santos bara ọgaranya mgbe mbụ ọ weghaara ọchịchị, wee malite ịnakọta akụ na ụba ka ukwuu n'oge na mgbe agha obodo Angola gasịrị. Mgbe nkwụsị ọkụ ahụ mere na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke akụ na ụba bụ nke onwe, ọ kpọọrọ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-apụta. O nyere aka ịhazi ihe ndị yiri nke ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe ndị sitere n'okike.[16] Dị ka Transparency International si kwuo, Angola nwere aha dị ka otu n'ime mba ndị na-arụrụ aka n'ụwa site na njedebe nke ọchịchị Dos Santos.[17]

N'ikpeazụ, ndị omeiwu Angola mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị ka onye isi ala nwee ego na ụlọ ọrụ na òtù. N'ịzaghachi nke a, dos Santos malitere ịhazi nwa ya nwanyị ka ọ nata ụtụ isi na akụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. Dos Santos wee malite iji gọọmentị na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-enye dị ka ụtụ isi nke ọ na-achịkọta ma na-enweta uru nke ma jisie ike jide nnukwu akụ ụlọ ọrụ site na ndị nnọchi anya.[16]

N'ihe a maara dị ka Luanda Leaks, a kpughere nnukwu netwọk nke ihe karịrị ụlọ akụ 400, ụlọ ọrụ, na ndị ndụmọdụ ka ha na-etinye aka na ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ezinụlọ dos Santos.[18] N'etiti ndị ọzọ, ndị a gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Banco BIC, nke onye mmekọ ezinụlọ dos Santos bụ Américo Amorim, Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Company,PwC, Eurobic, na ụlọ ọrụ shell a na-akpọ Athol Limited.[19] Dị ka akụkọ mgbasa ozi Angola si kwuo, Brave Ventures, ụlọ ọrụ nke onye na-ere ihe osise na Switzerland bụ Yves Bouvier, sokwa na ọrụ ịsa ego na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ French nke dos Santos nyere ọrụ ilekọta mmepe nke usoro ahụike ọha na eze.[20][21]

Tinyere nke a, mmefu ego gọọmentị etoola ihe karịrị afọ iri ruo ijeri dollar 69 na 2012 site na ego mmanụ.  International Monetary Fund kọrọ na ijeri 32 nke ego mmanụ na-enweta furu efu na ndekọ gọọmentị tupu achọta ya na "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ụtụ isi".[16] 

Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ

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Dos Santos, ma e wezụga Portuguese, nke na-asụkwa Spanish, French, na Russian nke ọma, nwetara nnukwu akụ na ụba onwe ya.[22][23]

Alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọrịta, ezinụlọ dos Santos

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José Eduardo dos Santos lụrụ di ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ, ma eleghị anya ọtụtụ di na nwunye anọ, dabere na isi iyi.[24] O nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ isii site na ndị nwunye ya, na otu amụrụ n'alụghị di.[25][26][24]

Nwunye mbụ ya bụ onye Russia a mụrụ na geologist Tatiana Kukanova, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" id="mwAX0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan nke oge a). [27][28][29] Dos Santos na Kukanova nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Isabel dos Santos (b. 1973), onye bụ n'otu oge nwanyị kachasị baa ọgaranya n'Africa.[27][30][31] Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm.[24]

Alụmdi na nwunye abụọ ọzọ ya (ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta ogologo oge, dabere na isi iyi) mechakwara na ịgba alụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nkewa.[24] Ya na nwunye ya nke abụọ, Filomena Sousa, nwere otu nwa, José Filomeno dos Santos, nke a maara dị ka "Zenú"[24] (b. 1978), onye jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Fundo Soberano de Angola.[26]

Nwunye ya nke atọ bụ Maria Luísa Abrantes Perdigão . [26] Ụmụ abụọ Abrantes na dos Santos bụ nwa nwanyị, Welwitschia "Tchize" dos Santos (b. 1978), na nwa nwoke, onye na-ese ihe na Angola bụ Coréon Dú (b. 1984). [24][32] Maria Luísa Abrantes jere ozi dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ego site na June 1990 ruo April 1992.

N'afọ 1991, dos Santos lụrụ nwunye ya nke anọ na nke ikpeazụ, Ana Paula nke Lemos, onye bụbu onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu na onye nlereanya.[26] Ha nwere ụmụ atọ: Eduane Danilo (b. 1991), Joseana (b. 1995), na Eduardo (b. 1998). [24] Di na nwunye ahụ nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2022.[24] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, Eduane Danilo bụ onye mmekọ na ụlọ ọrụ ego nke Angola a na-akpọ Banco Postal, na-ejide ngwaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka onwe a na-ahụkarị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Angola Telecom.[33]

Igbe ozu nke dos Santos tupu e lie ya [34]

Ndụ e mesịrị

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N'etiti afọ 2017, dos Santos gara Barcelona, Spain ugboro abụọ, na nleta izu ole na ole nke a nụrụ na ọ metụtara nsogbu ahụike. Gọọmentị kwetara na nleta mbụ ahụ metụtara ahụike ya. Enweghị nkọwa gọọmentị maka nleta ya nke abụọ, site na 3 ruo 19 Julaị.[35]Dos Santos nwere ọrịa kansa ọtụtụ afọ tupu ọnwụ ya.[36][8]Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị egwu mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkwụsị obi na iku ume na 23 June 2022 ma nwekwaa COVID-19. [37][38] Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Julaị 2022, na Teknon Medical Centre na Barcelona, mgbe ọ dị afọ 79.[39]

E mere emume olili ozu ya na Luanda isi obodo Angola na ọtụtụ ndị isi Afrịka na onye isi ala Portugal nọ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2022.[40]

Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù

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  • :
    • Dr António Agostinho Neto Order 
  • :
    • Iwu nke José Martí 
  • : Nnukwu olu nke Order of Saint James of the Sword Nnukwu olu olu nke Order nke Prince Henry [69] 
    • Nnukwu olu nke Order of Saint James of the Sword [41]
    • Nnukwu olu nke Order of Prince Henry [41]
  • Russia: Order of Friendship[70] Order of Honour[71] 
    • Usoro nke ọbụbụenyi[42]
    • Iwu nke Nsọpụrụ[43]
  • : Order of the Republic of Serbia, klas nke abụọ [72] 
    • Usoro nke Republic of Serbia, klas nke abụọ [44]
  • South Africa: Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo [73] 
    • Usoro nke ndị enyi nke O. R. Tambo[45]

A na-eto Dos Santos maka ọrụ dị mkpa ọ rụrụ maka nnwere onwe mba ahụ na mkpebi ya maka ịkwalite udo na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ, site na mkparịta ụka ya na ndị mmegide e mere iji kwụsị agha obodo.[46] Ọ natara Order of the Companions nke O. R. Tambo na 2010.[45][47] Ọ nwetakwara diplọma nsọpụrụ nke National Commission on Racial Justice nke Unified Church of Christ (USA). [48]

A kpọrọ Dos Santos "Nwoke nke Afọ 2014" site na Africa World. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, nhọrọ nke onye ndú Angola bụ n'ihi enyemaka ya na nnukwu usoro nke mmeghachi omume akụ na ụba na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Angola kemgbe njedebe nke agha ahụ.

A na-akpọ Mahadum nke Namibia Engineering and Information Technology campus na Ongwediva aha dos Santos, onye bụ onye injinia site na ọrụ, maka inyere Namibia aka inweta nnwere onwe ya pụọ na mmegbu.[49]Portugal nyere dos Santos Grand Collar nke Order of Prince Henry na 1988 na Grand Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword na 1996.[41]

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke ndị ozi Angola ugbu a
  • Ndepụta nke ndị isi ala nke Angola
  • Leopoldino Fragoso do Nascimento wepụrụ ọtụtụ ijeri n'aka gọọmentị Angola
  • Hélder Vieira Dias

Ebensidee

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  1. ↑ The Embassy of the Republic of Angola in Abu Dhabi. Adangola.ae. Retrieved on 9 January 2011.
  2. ↑ Notícias do Brasil | Noticias do Brasil, Portugal e países de língua portuguesa e comunidades portuguesas. Noticiaslusofonas.com (23 February 2006). Retrieved on 9 January 2011.
  3. ↑ 32 datas para entender José Eduardo dos Santos (pt). CNN Portugal. Retrieved on 8 July 2022.
  4. ↑ East (2003). Profiles of people in power: the world's government leaders. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-126-1. 
  5. ↑ Cowell. "José Eduardo dos Santos, Longtime Angolan Ruler, Dies at 79", The New York Times, 8 July 2022. Retrieved on 8 July 2022. (in en-US)
  6. ↑ Katsakioris (2021). "Students from Portuguese Africa in the Soviet Union, 1960–74: Anti-colonialism, Education, and the Socialist Alliance". Journal of Contemporary History 56: 142–165. DOI:10.1177/0022009419893739. 
  7. ↑ Parliamentary Chamber: Assembleia nacional- Elections held in 1992, IPU
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Drogin. "José Eduardo dos Santos, who plundered Angola, dies at 79", Washington Post, 8 July 2022. Retrieved on 8 July 2022. (in en-US)
  9. ↑ Angola: African Diamond Producing Countries Ministers Meet, Angola Press, 4 November 2006.
  10. ↑ Almeida (15 October 2020). Angola Says Stolen Assets Worth More Than $24 Billion Estimate. Bloomberg. Retrieved on 8 July 2022.
  11. ↑ Herculano Coroado, "Angola's veteran leader Dos Santos says to step down in 2018", Reuters, 11 March 2016.
  12. ↑ Daniel Garela-Pensador, "Angola's dos Santos says to quit after 36 years in power", Agence France-Presse, 11 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Herculano Coroado, "Angola's Dos Santos not up for re-election in 2017 -party document", Reuters, 3 December 2016.
  14. ↑ Herculano Coroado, "Angola's dos Santos calls end to 38 years in power", Reuters, 3 February 2017.
  15. ↑ Nsehe (9 February 2012). The Five Worst Leaders In Africa. Forbes.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Dolan (14 August 2013). Daddy's Girl: How An African 'Princess' Banked $3 Billion In A Country Living On $2 A Day. Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved on 2 September 2017.
  17. ↑ How the U.S. Is Derailing China's Influence in Africa. The Wall Street Journal.
  18. ↑ How Africa's Richest Woman Exploited Family Ties, Shell Companies And Inside Deals To Build An Empire. ICIJ.org (19 January 2020). Retrieved on 3 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Can Western Firms Stop Profiting From Poor Nations' Corruption?", The New York Times, 25 January 2020. Retrieved on 3 March 2020.
  20. ↑ AFTER THE LUANDA LEAKS, THE DELUGE: THE LID COMES OFF THE PILFERING OF ANGOLA'S WEALTH. Ventures Africa (3 February 2020). Retrieved on 3 March 2020.
  21. ↑ MEMBROS DA ELITE CORRUPTA ANGOLANA – OS CHAMADOS COLECIONADORES DE ARTE? PERGUNTE AO YVES BOUVIER, NEGOCIANTE DE ARTE INFAME. Voice of Angola (8 July 2018). Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved on 3 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Angola : The Untold history of the President Jose Eduardo dos Santos. historyofafricaotherwise.blogspot.com (9 May 2014). Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved on 26 May 2020.
  23. ↑ Angola's ruling family is worth billions. What happens when dad steps down? – African Arguments (14 August 2017). Retrieved on 1 May 2018.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 Brittain. "José Eduardo dos Santos obituary", The Guardian, 2022-07-10. Retrieved on 2022-07-17.
  25. ↑ José Eduardo dos Santos, * 1942 | Geneall.net. geneall.net. Retrieved on 7 February 2016.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Cowell. "José Eduardo dos Santos, Longtime Angolan Ruler, Dies at 79", New York Times, 2022-07-08. Retrieved on 2022-07-16.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 David Smith, "Isabel dos Santos, dubbed 'princess', named Africa's first female billionaire", The Guardian, 25 January 2013.
  28. ↑ Louise Redvers, "Angola: Who's who in the palace?", Mail & Guardian (Zambia), 2 November 2012.
  29. ↑ "Angolan Africa's first woman billionaire", The Australian, 25 January 2013
  30. ↑ Dolan (14 August 2013). Daddy's Girl: How An African 'Princess' Banked $3 Billion In A Country Living On $2 A Day (en). Forbes. Retrieved on 11 July 2022.
  31. ↑ Dolan (22 January 2021). How Isabel Dos Santos, Once Africa's Richest Woman, Went Broke (en). Forbes. Retrieved on 11 July 2022.
  32. ↑ Especial dia Internacional da Mulher : Coreon Dú "A mulher angolana que mais admiro é minha mãe Dra. Maria Luísa Perdigão Abrantes". Platinaline.com. Retrieved on 17 February 2016.
  33. ↑ Santos. "All the President’s Children", 2017-05-30. Retrieved on 2024-04-07. (in en-GB)
  34. ↑ dos Santos Burial Sunday (en). VOA (24 August 2022). Retrieved on 2023-03-18.
  35. ↑ "Angolan president returns from second trip to Spain, condition unclear", Reuters, 20 July 2017.
  36. ↑ Salvaterra. "José Eduardo dos Santos, Autocrat Who Led Angola, Dies", Wall Street Journal, 8 July 2022. Retrieved on 8 July 2022. (in en-US)
  37. ↑ Former Angolan president dos Santos dies in Spain | Africa Times (8 July 2022).
  38. ↑ Saúde de José Eduardo dos Santos agravou-se nas últimas horas (28 June 2022).
  39. ↑ "Angola's former president dos Santos dies aged 79", Reuters, 8 July 2022. Retrieved on 8 July 2022. (in en)
  40. ↑ "José Eduardo dos Santos: State funeral for Angola ex-president", BBC News, 28 August 2022.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS. Presidency of Portugal.
  42. ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 30.10.2006 г. № 1200. President of Russia (2006-10-30). Retrieved on July 15, 2022.
  43. ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31.08.2012 № 1233 "О награждении орденом Почета душ Сантуша Ж.Э.". pravo.gov.ru (2012-08-30). Retrieved on July 15, 2022.
  44. ↑ Укази о одликовањима. predsednik.rs. Retrieved on July 15, 2022.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo. The Presidency. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved on 8 July 2022.
  46. ↑ "Jose Eduardo dos Santos: Angola's shy president", BBC News, 29 August 2012.
  47. ↑ The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo. The Presidency. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved on 8 July 2022.
  48. ↑ Biography of the President of Republic of Angola, Chairman of the MPLA Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS. Angolarussia. Retrieved on 8 July 2022.
  49. ↑ New Era Reporter (11 August 2014). Unam centre named after Angola's Dos Santos – New Era Live. Newera.com.na. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved on 27 February 2020.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Fredriksen, John C. ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) peeji nke 139-141.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Angola (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
  • Onye ozi ala ọzọ bụ́ Christine "The Eduardo dos Santos Foundation: ma ọ bụ, otu ọchịchị Angola si weghara ọha mmadụ". African Affairs 100.399 (2001): 287-309.
  • Vines, Alex, na Markus Weimer. "Angola: Afọ iri atọ nke dos Santos". Nnyocha nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afrịka 36,120 (2009): 287-294.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nchịkwa Clinton n'ebe Angola nọ: nyocha. "Ntụle nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afrịka 28.90 (2001): 563-576.

Njikọ mpụga

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Àtụ:S-endÀtụ:AngolanPresidentsÀtụ:Ministers of External Relations of AngolaÀtụ:1992 candidates, Angola

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