Kansụl Nchebe Akụnụba

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  The Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) bụ United States dabeere 501(c)(3) mba na-abụghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado otu, ya na isi ụlọ ọrụ na New York City na ọfịs na Washington DC, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Bozeman, India, na Beijing. E hiwere otu a na 1970 megide ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na New York.

Dị ka nke 2019, NRDC nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nwere mmemme ịntanetị na mba niile, yana ndị ọrụ nke ihe dịka ndị ọka iwu 700, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara amụma ndị ọzọ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E hiwere NRDC n'afọ 1970. Nwuwe ya bụ akụkụ nke mpụta nke Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, ikpe Storm King. Ikpe a gbadoro ụkwụ na atụmatụ Con Ed iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa na Storm King Mountain. Ụlọ ọrụ a na-atụ anya ga-esi n'osimiri Hudson wụnye nnukwu mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri wee wepụta ya site na turbins iji mee ka ọkụ eletrik na-achọsi ike.

Ụmụ amaala iri na abụọ nwere nchegbu haziri Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference megide ọrụ ahụ, na-ekwu maka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ya, na otu ahụ, nke Whitney North Seymour Jr. nọchitere anya ya, onye mmekọ iwu ya Stephen Duggan na David Sive, gbara Federal Power Commission akwụkwọ na nke ọma. nwetara mkpebi siri ike na otu dị ka Scenic Hudson na otu ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nwere nguzo na-agbagha mkpebi nchịkwa nke FPC. N'ịghọta na ịgba akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-achọ ka ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkàiwu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, Duggan, Seymour, na Sive nwetara ego site na Ford Foundation wee sonye na Gus Speth na atọ ndị ọzọ Yale Law School gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas nke 1969: Richard Ayres, Edward Strohbehn Jr., na John Bryson.

John H. Adams bụ onye ọrụ mbụ nke otu ahụ na Duggan onye isi oche ntọala ya; Seymour, Laurance Rockefeller, na ndị ọzọ jere ozi dị ka ndị otu bọọdụ.

Ọnọdụ na ike nuklia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ ndị 1970, NRDC chọrọ igbochi mgbasawanye nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Indian Point na New York. Ọ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo mgbe mmechi nke osisi ahụ na 2021, chọrọ imechi osisi ahụ. NRDC chọkwara imechi ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Diablo Canyon na California. N'afọ 2018, NRDC enweghị ọnọdụ na atụmatụ ndị omebe iwu na New Jersey iji kwado atọ n'ime ihe nrụpụta nuklia ya. NRDC kwusiri ike na ike nuklia abụghị isi iyi ike iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-arụ ụka na ọ na-ebute ahụike ọha na eze na nchekwa site na mkpofu nuklia na mgbasawanye nke nuklia. Na 2014, onye isi NRDC Frances Beinecke kwuru na NRDC enweghị ike ịkwado ike nuklia n'ihi na ọ ga-atụfu onyinye.

Ọnọdụ na ike anyanwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2012, NRDC gbara gọọmentị etiti akwụkwọ ka ha kwụsị ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke 663.5-megawatt Calico dị na Desert Mojave na California. NRDC kwuru na osisi anyanwụ ga-emebi anụ ọhịa echedoro. N'afọ 2022, NRDC kwadoro atụmatụ iji nye aka n'ịgba ọkụ anyanwụ n'elu ụlọ.

Ọnọdụ na mmiri eletrik[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnọdụ NRDC na ike mmiri bụ na ọ bụghị isi iyi ume ọhụrụ. Mgbe akwadoro maka mmechi Indian Point, NRDC enweghị ọnọdụ n'atụmatụ iji wuo eriri nnyefe na Quebec iji nweta ike mmiri karịrị akarị mgbe anyị na-arụ ụka, "anyị agaghị anọ n'ụgbọ ebe [hydropower] na-ebuli oghere anyị chere na ekwesịrị ikpuchi ya. site ezi renewables".

Ihe omume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

NRDC na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ọrụ ya bụ "ichekwa ụwa - ndị ya, osisi ya na anụmanụ ya, na usoro okike nke ndụ niile dabere," na "ịhụ na ikike nke mmadụ nile nke ikuku, mmiri na anụ ọhịa. , na igbochi ọdịmma pụrụ iche imebi ọdịmma ọha." Akụkụ ọrụ ha kwuru gụnyere: "mgbanwe ihu igwe, obodo, ume, nri, ahụike, oke osimiri, mmiri, ọhịa".

Dị ka otu ndị na-akwado iwu, NRDC na-arụ ọrụ iji mezuo ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro iwu iji belata mmetọ ma chebe ihe ndị sitere n'okike site na ịgba akwụkwọ, na site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ndị ọkachamara na sayensị, iwu, na amụma na mba na mba ụwa.

NRDC bipụtara onEarth, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke na-ekwu maka ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi, site na 2016. E hiwere ya na 1979 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Amicus. Dị ka Amicus, ọ meriri George Polk Award na 1983 maka mkpesa mmasị pụrụ iche.

Ndị ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye isi oche mbụ nke kansụl ahụ bụ John H. Adams, bụ onye jere ozi ruo 2006. Frances Beinecke nọchiri ya, onye jere ozi dịka onyeisi oche site na 2006 ruo 2015. Onye isi oche nke atọ bụ Rhea Suh, onye jere ozi site na 2015 ruo 2019.

Na 2020, Gina McCarthy jere ozi dị ka onye isi na onye isi ala. Ọ bụbu onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ọchịchị Obama wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nke White House na ọchịchị Biden n'afọ 2021. N'afọ 2021, NRDC họpụtara Manish Bapna, onye bụbu World Resources Institute, ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala na onye isi ọhụrụ ha. . N'ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha NRDC steeti ha nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 700 gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-akwado amụma.

Iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

NRDC v US EPA (1973), ya na David Schoenbrod mere ka United States Environmental Protection Agency malite ibelata nduku tetraethyl na mmanụ ụgbọala ngwa ngwa karịa ka ha na-aga.

NRDC megidere Iwu Nchekwa ikike mmiri, ụgwọ nke ga-egbochi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti chọrọ ka ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ hapụ ikike mmiri ha na United States iji jiri ala ọha.

NRDC kwadoro Iwu Akụkụ Ọrụ EPS nke 2014 (H.R. 5057; 113th Congress), ụgwọ nke ga-ewepụ ụfọdụ ike mpụga site n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ndị e depụtara na iwu ikpeazụ nke United States Department of Energy bipụtara na February 2014.

Mmetụta na iwu nchịkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

NRDC etinyela aka na ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na-akọwa iwu nchịkwa United States.

  • Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 435 U.S. (), nke kwenyere na ụlọ ikpe enweghị ike itinye usoro ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa karịa nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ Iwu Nchịkwa chọrọ.
  • Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. (), nke nyere ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ikike dị ukwuu ịkọwa iwu iji mee mgbanwe iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ebumnuche ndị omeiwu edoghị anya.
  • Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 462 U.S. () bụ mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke kwenyere na iwu Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) dị irè na a ga-ewere na nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe mkpofu nuklia enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge ikikere nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • John H. Adams & Patricia Adams, A Force for Nature: Akụkọ nke NRDC na ọgụ ya iji chekwaa mbara ala anyị (Chronicle Books: 2010)

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Official website
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