Mmemme maka nkwado nke asambodo ọhịa

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Mmemme maka nkwado nke asambodo ọhịa
otu, statute
Oge/afọ mmalite1999 Dezie
ahaCertification forestière PEFC Dezie
mba/obodoSwitzerland Dezie
dị na ngalaba nhazi mpagharaGeneva Dezie
Nwe ikikeBelgium Dezie
ọdịdị isi ụlọ ọrụGeneva Dezie
Isiokwu nlebanyanchedo gburugburu ebe obibi Dezie
webụsaịtịhttp://www.pefc.org/ Dezie
full work available at URLhttp://www.pefc.be/ Dezie

   

The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa, nke na-abụghị uru, nke na'abụghị nke gọọmentị nke na-akwalite nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide site na asambodo nke atọ. A na-ewere ya dị ka usoro asambodo nke ndị nwe obere ọhịa.[1]

Usoro asambodo ọhịa 48 a kwadoro na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 280 (90 ^ 6 ) nke oké ọhịa a kwadoro.[2][3] Nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ usoro asambodo oké ọhịa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara oké ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ.[4] Ọ dị na Geneva, Switzerland.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ikeMARMAR nke PEFC na 1992 Earth Summit na Rio de Janeiro, ebe e bu ụzọ webata echiche nke njikwa njikwa na-adịgide adịgide. eze mere ka a nabata Agenda 21, akara zuru oke nke a ga-eme n'ụwa niile, mba na mpaghara site n'aka òtù United Nations System, Gọọmenti, na Nnukwu Ìgwè na mpaghara ọ na-ekiri ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi . Nke a dugara n'ịmepụta Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), nke e adi na 1993 iji ike ikwu maka mgbasa na inye maka ndị àmà ndị mezuru ikike ahụ.

Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule nke afọ 1990, mgbaàmà mgbaàmà ikike FSC nwere ike igbochi na-ebu maka nchekwa, mkpuchi na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ebe mgbochi nwere ike ịbụ ihe akwụ. Na nzaghachi, otu ndị nwe ụfọdụ na ndị isi njikwa Europe, nke Confederation of European Forest Owners (CEPF) duziri, , , , ndu ọrụ na usoro ọzọ nke ga-adị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala maka ndị nwe ụfọdụ dị obere na ndị dị n 'etiti.

Ihe si na ya pụta bụ okike nke PEFC na 1999, nke a na-akpọ na mbụ Pan-European Forest Certification Council. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke nzukọ ahụ bụ ịzụlite usoro asambodo nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ma nwee ike ime ka ọ kwekọọ na ụdị ọhịa dị iche iche na omume nchịkwa, mgbe ọ ka na-ezute ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba.

N'afọ 2000, PEFC kwadoro ụkpụrụ mba nke Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany na Austria ji.

N'afọ 2004, ọ kwadoro ụkpụrụ mba mbụ ya na-abụghị nke Europe, nke Australia na Chile ji. N'ihi ya, PEFC gbanwere aha ya site na Pan European Forest Certification gaa na Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes.

N'afọ 2005, oke ọhịa ahụ e nyere asambodo megide ụkpụrụ PEFC ruru 100 nde hekta mgbe ọ sonyere na Canada (SFI-Sustainable Forestry Initiative).

N'afọ 2007, oke ọhịa a kwadoro megide ụkpụrụ PEFC ruru nde hekta 200.

N'afọ 2009, ndị mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri na-ekpo ọkụ ghọrọ ndị otu PEFC Gabon na Malaysia.

N'afọ 2015, òtù mba 40 bụ ndị otu PEFC.

N'afọ 2017, oke ọhịa ahụ e nyere asambodo megide ụkpụrụ PEFC ruru nde hekta 300.

N'afọ 2022, e nwere ndị otu mba 55 so na PEFC.

Taa, PEFC bụ usoro asambodo oké ọhịa kachasị n'ụwa na usoro asambodo nke nhọrọ maka ndị nwe obere ọhịa.[1]

ụkpụrụ nke PEFC dabere na isi nke njikwa njikwa na-adịgide adịgide, nke ichebe ụdị dị iche iche, ejide n'aka ikike na ụdị nke ndị ọrụ na obodo ndị dị n'azọ, yana ngwá ọrụ ngwaọrụ. E mere usoro nwere nke ahụ ahụ ka ọ nke nke ike ime ntọala na ụdịdị dị iche iche na usoro, nke mere ka ọ pụta mfe ma dị ọnụ ala maka ndị nwe ụfọdụ dị obere na ndị dị n'etiti.

Ụkpụrụ nchịkwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọta nke mmemme maka nkwado nke atụmatụ asambodo ọhịa (PEFC) na Marburg-Schröck, Germany.

PEFC International bụ naanị atụmatụ asambodo ọhịa nke mba ụwa nke na-adabere na nkwekọrịta na ntuziaka gọọmentị na mba ụwa nabatara, si otú a na-ejikọta ụkpụrụ njirimara nkwado ya na usoro gọọmentị dị ugbu a.[5] Nke a gụnyere:

  • Pan-European Criteria, Indicators na Operational Level Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe)[6]
  • ATO / ITTO Ụkpụrụ, ụkpụrụ na ihe ngosi maka nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ nke Africa (ATO / ITTO)
  • Ntuziaka ITTO maka nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide (ITTO)

PEFC chọrọ ịgbaso nkwekọrịta asatọ niile nke ILO, ọbụlagodi na mba ndị na-akwadoghị ha. Mgbakọ ndị a bụ

  • Nke 29: Ọrụ Mmanye (1930)
  • Nke 87: Nnwere Onwe nke Njikọ na Nchebe nke Ikike Ịhazi (1948)
  • Nke 98: Ikike ịhazi na mkparịta ụka n'otu (1949)
  • Nke 100: Ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata (1951)
  • Nke 105: Ikpochapụ Ọrụ Mmanye (1957)
  • Nke 111: Ịkpa ókè (Ọrụ na Ọrụ) (1958)
  • Nke 138: Afọ ole na ole maka ịbanye n'ọrụ (1973)
  • Nke 182: Ụdị Ọrụ Nwatakịrị Kasị njọ (1999)

Usoro asambodo ọhịa nke mba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

PEFC na-amata naanị oké ọhịa ndị a kwadoro na ụkpụrụ ndị PEFC nyochara ma kwado.[7]

Usoro ndu nke mba ahụ ka a mata ya ka mkpa iji setịpụ iwu na-agba ọsọ ihe ISO / IEC Guide 59:1994 Usoro nke ezi omume maka nhazi. A kara akara ngosi mba site na ihe a na-akpọ National Governing Bodies, ma amụ ihe maka mkpa, ọchịchọ na-akpali site na mmetụta. Ntuziaka ndị na-eso usoro maka ekiri na imezigharị, ma nye ndị na-eji mgbasa ozi nke ihe doro anya n'ihe ịrịba.

Nkwado[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na- akara ngosi niile PEFC akwụkwọ n'oge egosi ha. Usoro Varkanda nke mba mmetụta mgbapapa PEFC na- adabere na nyọka onwe ya iji hụ na ọ na-emezu ihe PEFC ihe maka ihe ngosipụta, mgbaka mgbaka na eze na ihe ngosi ngosi. Otu panel nke ndị na-egosi na PEFC Board na- icon onye, ​​ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma, ndị otu PEFC ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ dị ka iwu PEFC. Iji hụ na akwụkwọ onwe nke ndị na-enye ụkpụrụ, ọ bụghị PEFC n'onwe ya akwụkwọ ha, kama ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ikike mba.

N'ikwekọ na mkpebi ya maka nghọta, PEFC na-eme ka akwụkwọ ya niile nke usoro asambodo ọhịa nke mba, gụnyere nyocha onwe ya, dị n'ihu ọha. Ozi gbasara asambodo niile e nyere, gụnyere ozi gbasara asambodo a kwụsịtụrụ, wepụrụ na nke a kwụsịrị, dị n'ihu ọha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PEFC.[8]

Mba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mba ndị nwere usoro asambodo mba PEFC kwadoro gụnyere: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Indonesia, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, Thailand, United Kingdom, Uruguay na Vietnam.[9]

Nkatọ na atụmatụ asambodo ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kansụl na-ahụ maka ohia bụ usoro ụzọ ọzọ. Nkwekọrịta nke FSC na PEFC akwụkwọ ihe na usoro ihe emepụtara. Otú ọ dị, FSC na PEFC na-eji otu mmemme mmemme na mba ndị dị ka United Kingdom, Switzerland na Norway; Malaysia arịla-abụ osisi osisi ya maka Nkwado PEFC nke dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ibu na ibu FSC.

Ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, dị ka The Wilderness Society,[10][11][12][13][14][15] Greenpeace ekwenyeghị na ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị FSC, gụnyere PEFC, nwere ike ijide n'aka nlekọta ọhịa.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mgbukpọ ọhịa site na mpaghara

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Forest Products Annual Market Review, 2008-2009
  2. ↑ [https://cdn.pefc.org/pefc.org/media/2022-08/7946f8ab-2f16-48c6-9b73-e5cd5e56d47d/89737fba-0954-5022-bdcd-029270ae5c4c.pdf
  3. ↑ PEFC Global Certification: Forest Management & Chain of Custody - Presentations & Speeches. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2016-12-16.
  4. ↑ UNECE/FAO Forest Annual Market Review 2011-2012
  5. ↑ ITTO Technical Series 29: Developing Forest Certification (May 2008)
  6. ↑ Pan-European Criteria, Indicators and Operational Level Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management
  7. ↑ Rotherham (2011). "Forest management certification around the world – Progress and problems". The Forestry Chronicle 87 (5): 603–611. DOI:10.5558/tfc2011-067. Retrieved on 2012-10-09. 
  8. ↑ Documentation of PEFC-endorsed national forest certification systems. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2012-10-09.
  9. ↑ List of PEFC-endorsed national forest certification systems. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2014-12-11.
  10. ↑ 'PEFC-approved' - the unsustainable stamp of approval May 21, 2007
  11. ↑ Your guide to ethical copy paper. “Avoid the following brandings: FSC Mixed Sources ...PEFC (including AFS) – Poor governance, includes wood from badly managed forests, linked to world’s worst forestry practices ... in Australia”
  12. ↑ Weaker Certification Schemes (en). Greenpeace. Greenpeace (3 March 2014). Retrieved on 12 June 2016. “Greenpeace International does not believe that other forest certification systems, such as PEFC have the ability to ensure responsible forest management. These systems lack robust requirements to protect social and ecological values.”
  13. ↑ Greenpeace, RAN warn of forest certification greenwash. Greenpeace Southeast Asia. Retrieved on 2021-09-07.
  14. ↑ Destruction: Certified. greenpeace.org. Greenpeace International (10 March 2021).
  15. ↑ Fern articles about PEFC

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nkatọ

Àtụ:Forestry

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