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Otu ihe ọkụkụ

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Ubi poteto nwere otu ọdịbendị

N'ọrụ ugbo, monoculture bụ omume nke ịkụ otu ụdị ihe ọkụkụ n'ubi n'otu oge.[1] A na-eji Monoculture eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo siri ike yana n'ịkọ ugbo: ma ubi ọka 1,000 hectare na ubi 10-ha nke kalenda organic bụ monocultures. Otu ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, ijikwa, na iwe ihe ubi, karịsịa site n'ịkwado iji ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ndị a, ma monocultures nwekwara ike ịbawanye ohere nke ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọrịa nje. Omume a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị mepere emepe n'ụwa niile. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ụdị dị iche iche ma n'oge, dịka na ntụgharị mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ usoro, ma ọ bụ na oghere, na polyculture ma ọ bụ intercropping (lee okpokoro n'okpuru).

Otu onye na-aga n'ihu, ma ọ bụ monocropping, bụ́ ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụlite otu ụdị ahụ kwa afọ, nwere ike ibute mmụba ngwa ngwa na mgbasa nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa n'ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịmalite.

A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "oligoculture" akọwa mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ ole na ole, dịka a na-eme n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa.[1]

Echiche nke monoculture nwekwara ike ịgbasa (dịka ọmụmaatụ) mkparịta ụka dịgasị iche iche n'ime obodo ukwu.[2]

Ọrụ ugbo

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N'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo, okwu ahụ na-akọwa omume nke ịkụ otu ụdị n'ọhịa.[3] Ihe atụ nke monoculture gụnyere ahịhịa, ubi ọka wit ma ọ bụ ọka, ma ọ bụ ubi apụl.

Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche na ohere na oge; monocultures na polycultures, na ntụgharị nke abụọ ahụ.[4]
Ụdị dị iche iche n'oge
Ala Dị Ala Ka Ọ dị elu
Okirikiri Ọganihu (na-abụghị nke na-agba gburugburu)
Ụdị dị iche iche na mbara igwe Ala Dị Ala Monoculture, otu ụdị n'ọhịa Ịga n'ihu

Otu ihe ọkụkụ,

Ịkọ otu ihe ubi

Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ

(mgbanwe nke monocultures)

Usoro nke monocultures
Ka Ọ dị elu Polyculture, ụdị abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa

agwakọta n'ọhịa (agwakọta)

Ịga n'ihu

Ọdịbendị dị iche iche

Mgbanwe nke polycultures Usoro nke polycultures

Rịba ama na ọdịiche dị n'etiti monoculture na polyculture abụghị otu n'etiti monocropping na intercropping. Abụọ ndị mbụ na-akọwa ụdịdị dị iche iche dị na mbara igwe, dị ka ntinye aka. Monocropping na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-akọwa ụdị dị iche iche ka oge na-aga.

Uru

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N'ihe ọkụkụ monocultures, osisi ọ bụla dị n'ọhịa nwere otu ihe ọkụkụ, mmezi, na owuwe ihe ubi chọrọ nke na-akpata nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ na ọnụahịa dị ala. Mgbe a na-ejikọta ihe ọkụkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ya nke ọma, monoculture nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ dị elu karịa polyculture. [5] Omume nke oge a dị ka ịkụ monoculture na ojiji nke fatịlaịza emeela ka ala ọzọ dị mkpa iji mepụta nri, nke a na-akpọ nchekwa ala.[6]

Ihe ize ndụ

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Monocultures nke osisi ndị na-adịgide adịgide, dị ka mmanụ nkwụ Africa, tii na osisi pine, nwere ike ibute nsogbu ala na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka acidisation nke ala, mmebi, na Ọrịa ndị ala na-ebute, nke na-emesị nwee mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mmepụta ihe na nkwado.[7]_9-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Monoculture#cite_note-link.springer.com-9 [9]][8][9][10][11] Mgbanwe dị iche iche nke monocultures nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na ntiwapụ nke nje.[12] Otú ọ dị, ka ntụgharị ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ (ihe ọkụkụ ole na ole gụnyere) otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ dị elu. E nwere ihe atụ nke obere, afọ abụọ na-ahọrọ maka ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe dị otú ahụ.[13]N'ikpeazụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke monocultures na-agbadata n'ihe abụọ; mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.[14] Usoro okike na ebe obibi dị mma bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị osisi, ụmụ ahụhụ, na ụdị anụmanụ. Mgbe a na-eji nnukwu ala eme ihe maka naanị otu ụdị, a na-emetụta nguzozi ahụ dum. Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na-enyekarị ugbu a ka a ghara ịrụ ọrụ. Ọnọdụ dị ala nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ala ọrụ ugbo pụtakwara na a hapụrụ ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweghị anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha, na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa.[14] Iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ọkụkụ ha, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ dị arọ. Ndị a nwere ike belata ọkwa nke ụdị dị iche iche ma bụrụkwa ihe ize ndụ nye mmiri n'ihi mmiri na-agbapụta.[14]

Ọhịa

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In forestry, monoculture refers to the planting of one species of tree. Monoculture plantings provide greater yields[Tinye edensibịa] and more efficient harvesting than natural stands of trees. Single-species stands of trees are often the natural way trees grow, but the stands show a diversity in tree sizes, with dead trees mixed with mature and young trees. In forestry, monoculture stands that are planted and harvested as a unit provide limited resources for wildlife that depend on dead trees and openings since all the trees are the same size; they are most often harvested by clearcutting, which drastically alters the habitat. The mechanical harvesting of trees can compact soils, which can adversely affect understory growth. single-species planting also causes trees to be more vulnerable when they are infected with a pathogen, attacked by insects,[15] or affected by adverse environmental conditions.[16]

Ebe obibi monoculture

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N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ubi ndị England na ụlọ ndị dị n'ụlọ nwere mmetụta n'akụkọ ifo, mana mmalite ya n'ime ala America bụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.[17] Ọmarịcha ihe mere ka ebe obibi ahịhịa ndụ ghọọ ihe mgbakwunye na-ewu ewu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị America. Turfgrass bụ ụdị na-abụghị nke ala ma chọọ ọkwa dị elu nke nlekọta. Otú ọ dị, mkpali maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe sitere na nrụgide ọha na eze. Na mpaghara, gọọmentị na òtù amalitela iwere omume monocultural n'aka ha (chọọ echiche Homeowner Associations). Nsogbu dị iche iche metụtara mmezi nke ihe onwunwe onwe onye emeela, dị ka idebe ịma mma na uru ala. Esemokwu na nlekọta ebe obibi nke ahịhịa, ahịhịhịa na-eto eto, wdg, emeela ka ikpe obodo ma ọ bụ ọbụna mwakpo kpọmkwem megide ndị agbata obi.[17]

Dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ọkwa dị elu nke nlekọta achọrọ maka turfgrass mepụtara ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu maka njikwa kemịkal, ya bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụ ahịhịa, ọgwụ ahụhụ. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1999 gosiri na n'ime mmiri ndị dị n'obodo ukwu, a chọtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụdị ọgwụ ahụhụ na 99% nke iyi ndị ahụ. Otu nnukwu ihe ize ndụ metụtara ọgwụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere ikpughe kemịkal n'ime ụlọ site na ikuku, uwe, na oche nke nwere ike imerụ ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye.[17]

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezo aka na mmepụta nke otu ụdị ihe ọkụkụ n'ọhịa (oghere), monoculture nwekwara ike izo aka na ịkụ otu ụdị n'ofe mpaghara buru ibu, nke mere na enwere ọtụtụ osisi n'ógbè ahụ nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ibe ha. Mgbe osisi niile dị n'ógbè yiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọrịa ha na-enweghị ike iguzogide ya nwere ike ibibi ihe ọkụkụ niile. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009 ụkwara ọka wit kpatara nchegbu dị ukwuu na mba ụwa, ebe ọ na-emetụta ihe ọkụkụ ọka wit nke ukwuu na Uganda na Kenya, ma malite ịgbasa na Eshia.[18] N'iburu n'uche ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ọka wit nke ụwa na-esote Green Revolution, mmetụta nke ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-eyi mmepụta ugbo n'ụwa niile egwu.

Ihe atụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke monocultures nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnukwu Ụnwụ nke Ireland

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Na Ireland, iji otu ụdị poteto, "lumper", mere ka nnukwu ụnwụ nri nke 1845-1849. Lumpers nyere nri dị ọnụ ala iji nye ndị Irish nri. A na-agbasa poteto n'ụzọ ahịhịa na obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mgbe ndị na-arịa ọrịa Phytophthora rutere Ireland site na Amerịka na 1845, lumper enweghị ike iguzogide ọrịa ahụ, na-eduga na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdịda zuru oke nke ihe ọkụkụ poteto gafee Ireland.

Osisi pine

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Ruo n'afọ 1950, mkpụrụ osisi unere Gros Michel na-anọchite anya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ unere niile a na-eri na United States n'ihi ụtọ ha, obere mkpụrụ, na arụmọrụ iji mepụta. Obere mkpụrụ ha, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-adọrọ mmasị karịa ndị buru ibu na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị n'Eshia, adịghị mma maka ịkụ.[19] Nke a pụtara na a ga-akụ osisi unere ọhụrụ niile site na ihe na-amị mkpụrụ nke osisi ọzọ. N'ihi ụdị ịkụ osisi a na-enweghị mmekọahụ, unere niile a zụlitere nwere otu ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-enye ha enweghị àgwà maka iguzogide Fusarium wilt, ọrịa fungal nke gbasara ngwa ngwa na Caribbean ebe a na-akụ ha. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1960, ndị na-akụ ya ga-agbanwe ka ha na-akụ unere Cavendish, nke a na-akụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. Ụdị a nọ n'okpuru nrụgide ọrịa yiri nke ahụ ebe ọ bụ na unere niile bụ clones nke ibe ha ma nwee ike ịdaba n'ụzọ dị mfe dị ka Gros Michel mere.[20]

Ehi

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Nlegharị anya n'elu nke ebe a kwụsịrị osisi maka monoculture ma ọ bụ Ịkpa ehi, nso Porto Velho na Rondonia, Brazil, na 2020

A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ eme ihe ebe a na-azụ otu ụdị anụ ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri (CAFOs).

Many of today'sÀtụ:When livestock production systems rely on just a small number of highly specialized breeds. Focusing heavily on a single trait (output) may come at the expense of other desirable traitsÀtụ:Sndsuch as fertility, resistance to disease, vigor, and mothering instincts. In the early 1990s, a few Holstein calves were observed to grow poorly and died in the first 6 months of life. They were all found to be homozygous for a mutation in the gene that caused bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency. This mutation was found at a high frequency in Holstein populations worldwide. (15% among bulls in the US, 10% in Germany, and 16% in Japan.) Researchers studying the pedigrees of affected and carrier animals tracked the source of the mutation to a single bull that was widely used in livestock production. In 1990 there were approximately 4 million Holstein cattle in the US, making the affected population around 600,000 animals.[21]

Uru nke ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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Ọ bụ ezie na inwe obere ihe dị iche iche na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke usoro ọrụ ugbo nwere ike inwe ihe ndọghachi azụ, ịba ụba mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche site n'iwebata ihe ndị dị ndụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche nwere ike ịtụgharị ha ma mee ka usoro ahụ dịkwuogide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'inwe ihe ọkụkụ nwere àgwà dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ọrịa na mgbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, enwere ohere dị ntakịrị nke inwe ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ahụ gbasaa na mpaghara ahụ dum. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na otu ihe ọkụkụ na-ebute ụdị ọrịa ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ahụhụ, enwere ohere na osisi ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu ga-enwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-echebe ha pụọ ​​​​na ụdị ahụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ahụ.[26]. Nke a nwere ike inye aka ịbawanye mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ebe n'otu oge na-ebelata ojiji nke pesticide na ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe.

Otu ọrụ

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Monofunctionality bụ echiche yiri ya; Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ekwe omume kpamkpam na otu akụkụ ala monofunctional nwere ọrụ ya nke sitere na ụdị dị iche iche na-emepụta ya, ya mere, ọ naghị ata ahụhụ site na otu ọdịda ahụ. Mgbe mbụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bịara na ọrụ ugbo na silviculture, a kwadoro monofunctionality dị ka ihe kachasị mma n'ihi uru mbụ dị ịrịba ama na arụmọrụ akụ na ụba. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ kemgbe echiche agbanweela. N'ime ọtụtụ afọ ebe ọ bịara doo anya na monofunctionality na-ata ahụhụ site na ụfọdụ n'ime otu ọdịda ahụ dị ka monoculture, na-ahapụ kpọmkwem mmekọrịta na ịghara imezu ihe niile dị mkpa nke mmadụ.[22]

Hụkwa

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  • Ebem Ụdị dị iche iche
  • Ihe ọkụkụ ego
  • Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche
  • Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ
  • Ọdịda Anyanwụ
  • Ihe dị ndụ a gbanwere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
  • Nnukwu Ọrịa Mmanya nke France
  • Osisi unere buru ibu nke Michel
  • Ihe nketa
  • Ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ
  • Ịkpa ihe ọkụkụ n'ike
  • Kil'ayim (mmachibido iwu)
  • Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eleghara anya na nke a na-ejighị eme ihe
  • Permaculture
  • Ịzụlite Mkpụrụ Obi Dị Iche
  • Ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ
  • Ụmụnne nwanyị Atọ

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Compare: Denison (2012). Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691173764. “Regionally and globally, we practice oligoculture, relying mainly on only a few crops, particularly corn (maize), wheat, and rice.” 
  2. ↑ For example: Gomez (2015). Small Business and the City: The Transformative Potential of Small Scale Entrepreneurship, Rotman-UTP Publishing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 15–16. ISBN 9781442696518. “[...] the idiosyncratic nature of what an urban main street can offer local residents stands in sharp contrast to the predictable monoculture of contemporary retail development.” 
  3. ↑ Connor (2011-04-28). Crop Ecology: Productivity and Management in Agricultural Systems (in en). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50032-6. 
  4. ↑ Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures. Retrieved on 2015-09-18.
  5. ↑ Cardinale (2011-03-01). "The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems". American Journal of Botany 98 (3): 572–592. DOI:10.3732/ajb.1000364. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21613148. 
  6. ↑ G. Tyler Miller (24 September 2008). Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-55671-8. 
  7. ↑ Leech (2009). "The Oil Palm Industry: A Blight on Afro-Colombia". NACLA Report on the Americas 42 (4): 30–34. DOI:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725459. 
  8. ↑ Correa-García (Summer 2018). "Territorial transformations produced by the sugarcane agroindustry in the ethnic communities of López Adentro and El Tiple, Colombia". Land Use Policy 76: 847–860. DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.026. 
  9. ↑ Arafat (2020). "Soil Sickness in Aged Tea Plantation Is Associated With a Shift in Microbial Communities as a Result of Plant Polyphenol Accumulation in the Tea Gardens" (in English). Frontiers in Plant Science 11. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2020.00601. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 32547573. 
  10. ↑ Arafat (August 2019). "Long-Term Monoculture Negatively Regulates Fungal Community Composition and Abundance of Tea Orchards" (in en). Agronomy 9 (8): 466. DOI:10.3390/agronomy9080466. 
  11. ↑ Cordero. "Large scale eucalypt plantations associated to increased fire risk". PeerJ Preprints. DOI:10.7287/peerj.preprints.3348v1. 
  12. ↑ Bullock (January 1992). "Crop rotation" (in en). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 11 (4): 309–326. DOI:10.1080/07352689209382349. ISSN 0735-2689. 
  13. ↑ Levine (2002). "Adaptation of the Western Corn Rootworm to Crop Rotation: Evolution of a New Strain in Response to a Management Practice" (in en). American Entomologist 48 (2): 94–107. DOI:10.1093/ae/48.2.94. ISSN 2155-9902. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Duffy (2009). "Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 (8): 437–444. DOI:10.1890/070195. 
  15. ↑ (2000) in Richardson: Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3. 
  16. ↑ Forestry. USEPA.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Robbins (November 2003). "The Lawn-Chemical Economy and Its Discontents". Antipode 35 (5): 955–979. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00366.x. ISSN 0066-4812.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Vidal. "'Stem rust' fungus threatens global wheat harvest", The Guardian, 2009-03-19. Retrieved on 2010-05-13.
  19. ↑ Gros Michel. The banana knowledge platform of the ProMusa network. Retrieved on 2019-06-08.
  20. ↑ Schwarzacher (2007-10-01). "Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana". Annals of Botany 100 (5): 1073–1084. DOI:10.1093/aob/mcm191. ISSN 0305-7364. PMID 17766312. 
  21. ↑ Williams. "The Value of Genome Mapping for the Genetic Conservation of Cattle", The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015-10-22. Retrieved on 2015-10-22.
  22. ↑ (2007) in Mander: Multifunctional Land Use. Springer, 93–104/xii+422. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-36763-5. ISBN 978-3-540-36763-5. 
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