Putuidem
Putuidem ( Acjachemen : "afọ" ma ọ bụ "otubo"), [1] ikwu ụzo Putuidhem ma ọ bụ Putuidhem, [2] [3] bụ nnukwu obodo nke ndị Acjachemen, nke a na-adị ka Juaneño ndidi ha kwagara na Mission San Juan. Capistrano. [4] Putuidem bụ obodo nne, obodo nke mebere obodo ndị ọzọ nke ebo ahụ.[1]
[2]Saịtị a dị na San Juan Capistrano, California dị nso na Interstate 5, ihe dị ka maịl n'ebe ugwu nke ozi ahụ. A na-eli ya ugbu a n'okpuru ebe egwuregwu na ebe a na-eme nka nke Junipero Serra Catholic High School, nke iwu site na nkwado obodo na 2003 mgbe ahụ na ikpe iji ike ya. [3] [4]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụmụ amaala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Obodo a na-ọdụ ala n'ebe mmiri dị, ma hiwere ya site n'aka Chief Oyaison, bụkwakwara Oyison, onye na- Sejat mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo, na ada ya ekiri Coronne. [1] N'imekpọ obodo ahụ, Coronne duuru njem gaa n'otu mmiri, dị nso na njikọ nke Oso Creek na Trabuco Creek . Coronne gburu na ike ma ahụ ya onyonyo mkpọda ala. Ndị ahụ na-eru uju la ike na Putuidem wee hie Ụra n'ụdị pyramid, nke a na-akpọ acjachema, nke nyere ndị Acjachemen aha ha. [2] Coronne, onye nwere ego n'otubo ya, nyere obodo ahụ aha ya[5]
N'otu akwụkwọ na-ehota Gerónimo Boscana, a na-ekwu na obodo "emesịa chịrị onye ikwu a na-akpọ Choqual bụ onye chịrị Atoum-pumcaxque " (obodo dị nso nke Acjacheme ). [1] [2] Putuidem dị n'elu ugwu site na obodo Toovunga dị n'egwu osimiri na mgbada site na obodo nta nke Alume (site na Trabuco Creek ), Sajavit (site na San Juan Creek ), Piwiva (site na San Juan Creek), na Huumai (saịtị na San Juan Creek).[5] [6]
Oge ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 1776, e wuru Mission San Juan Capistrano n'ụdị Putuidem yana obodo Ahachmai dị nso, nke obodo nta ahụ nke ukwuu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya iji jee ozi ahụ. N'oge na-akpa anya obodo bịara gwụchaa n'ihi nke ndị Europe. N'otu oge ahụ, ozi ahụ ma tolite, na 383 tụbara site na 1783, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ na Putuidem, na 741 tụ tụụrụ site na 1790.[7] [8]
[9]Ndị tụ tụ na nso nso a ma ọ bụ neophytes nwere ọrụ ka ukwuu na ozi ahụ, na-elekọta anụ ụlọ na ihe mmetụta. Mgbe apụ ndụ nke ihe owuwu ebube, e dechara ụlọ ụka nkume na ozi ahụ na 1806, nke nwere ụlọ elu dị elu na nkume ise dị n'ime ime "akwa niile nke neophytes." [1] Ka ọ na-erule 1810, na-abụ neophytes 1,138, na-arrị elu na 1,361 na 1812, ma na-agbada ma emesịa. Ebibiri ụlọ ụka nkume na 1812 San Juan Capistrano ala ọma jijiji, nke gburugburu ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị obodo 50 na-aga ọhụrụ. Mgbe e mechachara ozi ahụ n’ụwa n’afọ 183, e mewo ikike nke ndị obodo 4,317 baputiziiz n’ozi ahụ, 1,689 n’ime ha bụ ndị okenye na 2,628 n’ime ha bụ iwu. Ozi ndị die na ozi ahụ bụ 3,158. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị lanarịrị oge ozi ahụ biri na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu
Ọrụ Amerịka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[10]Na 1933, ekwuru na mmiri Putuidem dị nso, nke ndị Spanish na-akpọ El Aguagito ma ọ bụ El Aguajito nwere ike ịhụ 0.8 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke Highway 101 n'otu ebe otu osisi Sycamore ochie guzoro. [1] Ọ bụ Aaron Buchheim nwe ala ahụ na 1933, onye nwa ya rere ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Junipero Serra. Ihe dị ka ụmụ obere ise nke ndị obodo ahụ́ na-ebi na mpaghara San Juan Capistrano.
[10]Ihe ọmụmụ nke olili emume na ozu ozu, ihe ndị dị nsò, ugo ọla edo na akpụkpọ condor, nke eji eji na nke dị nsò na Chinigchinich, ka a pụta n'ime ala dị n'obodo ahụ. Ọkakà ihe ochie mere ememme na e lili àmà na gburugburu Putuidem, ebe saịtị ndị ọtụtụ puku awụ toro eto dị nso na isi iyi dị nsasị nke obodo ahụ. [1]
Olili ozu n'okpuru Junipero Serra Catholic High School[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Marc Spizziri, onye na-ere aha Toyota Niguel Laguna Niguel, na Timothy Busch, onye ọka iwu ụtụ isi nke Irvine, bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na nso ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Anne dị nso, tụpụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ iji jee ozi na South Orange County na 1998. [1] Mgbe mgbe iji nwetara ebe mbụ dara, ha mgbaàmà nke na Junipero Serra Road, nke ha mara na ọ bụ ihe dị nsasị nye ndị Acjachemen. [1] Ha zutere onye ndu ebo David Belardes, onye mmetụtara dị ka MLD (nke ibi ka ọ bụ nwa) maka ọrụ ahụ, ihe achọrọ n'okpuru iwu steeti California. Ọkà ọmụmụ ndị Alma Gottlieb kọrọ na Belardes agwala ya na ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ agha amụ ruo ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ma hapụkwa imegide .[10]
[11]Belardes duuru ndị kacha nta n'ime otu Acjachemen atɔ, Otú ọ dị, na otu abụọ buru ibu, nke Damien Shilo na Sonia Johnston duziri, eserese ahụ, na-achọ ka edobere ala ahụ maka ebe omenala. [1] Ha hiwere otu njikọ mara dị ka mmiri nke Capistrano, nke ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị bi na mgbochi condominium gbara agbata obi lub. [1] Patricia Martz, onye prọfesọ na Mahadum California State, Los Angeles bụ onye sonyeere mmegide ahụ, mere akwụkwọ na a ga-eli ozu 175 na saịtị ahụ. Ndị ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọkachamara ihe ochie nke obodo Henry Koerper na Cypress College, na-enwe obi abụọ na ndị ahụ, na-ahụta na ọ bụ nanị ebe asaa ili ozu ka mkpọsa
[10]A gbara akwụkwọ ikpe abụọ, ndị mmegide ịgbakwara ịme egwuregwu aka n'ihu ọha na ọrụ ahụ, mana ha enwetaghị mbinye aka zuru oke, obodo mechara kwenye ka e wuo ụlọ ahụ, ụlọ egwuregwu, na akwụkwọ nka. [1] [2] [3] Owuwu onu na 2003 maka ike dị ukwuu. Enwere ike na ikike ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị nna ochie n'oge a na-arụ ọrụ ma lie ya n'ebe Belardes mara. [4] [5] Ndị Acjachemen ndị na-ekiri mere ma hazie ka ha ihe owuwu tupu na mgbe a na-ewu ya. [6] Ụmụ amaala California ndị ọzọ, ndị agha ndị Tongva, MeXica (ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Mexico) na ndị na-akwado Aztlán si Santa Ana, yana ndị Mexico kwabatara na obodo dị nso bịara na-anya .
[12]Ndị nkatọ nke Signere na a ga-akpọ ụlọ akwụkwọ aha Junípero Serra, onye otu ozi mpaghara ahụ nke butere ndị bi n'obodo Putuidem. [1] Ndị nkatọ ndị ọzọ akpọọla ahụ ihe ndọtị nke America wepụrụ ndị amaala na mkpochapụ omenala Acjachemen. [2] akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'onwe ya ekwo ihe mere eme nke saịtị na akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ha, The Paw Print . Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ kwuru na ha mmemme paranormal na akwụkwọ ahụ
Na 2015, ndị Acjachemen na obodo San Juan Capistrano malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji wuo ogige acre 1.3 n'ebe ugwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ga-egosipụta ihe oyiyi Coronne, obere ihe nkiri amphitheater, ụlọ ụdị omenala, ihe ngosi nkọwa, na ebe omenala. Agbanyeghị, na 2019, enwere nchegbu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-ewu ogige ahụ. [3] N'ọgwụgwụ 2021, emepere ogige ahụ mgbe ọtụtụ igbu oge gasịrị ma depụta ya dị ka Obodo nta nke Putuidem . [13]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụmụ amaala California
- California ozi esemokwu nke omenala
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ New Church-Indian Divide. Los Angeles Times (November 27, 2002). Retrieved on January 12, 2021.
- ↑ Loewe (2016). Of Sacred Lands and Strip Malls: The Battle for Puvungna. Rowman & Littlefield, 137. ISBN 978-0759121621.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lewinnek (2022). A people's guide to Orange County, Gustavo Arellano, Thuy Vo Dang, 158. ISBN 978-0-520-97155-4. OCLC 1226813397. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Leopo (2020-10-12). Leopo: A Time to Reflect, Recognize Local Indigenous History (en-US). Voice of OC. Retrieved on 2022-12-12.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 O'Neil (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2 (2): 226–232.
- ↑ Martínez (2009). Latinos in Pasadena. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 10. ISBN 978-0-7385-6955-0. OCLC 402526696.
- ↑ Golla (2022). California Indian Languages. Univ of California Press, 180. ISBN 9780520389670.
- ↑ (1934) The Hypotrochanteric Fossa of the Femur (with 14 Plates). Smithsonian Institution, 57–60.
- ↑ (2003) Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Volume III, N to S, Frederick Webb Hodge, Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, 445–446. ISBN 978-1-58218-755-6. OCLC 647873186.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gottlieb (2012). The restless anthropologist : new fieldsites, new visions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 63–65. ISBN 978-0-226-30497-7. OCLC 780446639. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Luna (September 16, 2002). Tug Over Indian Burial Site Escalates. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2023-10-12.
- ↑ Elsanadi. Is Our Gym Haunted?. JSerra.org. Retrieved on January 12, 2021.
- ↑ Putuidem Village recognizing San Juan Capistrano's first people opens after years of delay (en-US). Orange County Register (2021-12-04). Retrieved on 2022-12-11.