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Ralph Bunche

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Ralph Bunche
Bunche at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Born
Ralph Johnson Bunche

(1904-08-07) 7 Ọgọstụ 1904
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Died9 Disemba 1971(1971-12-09) (aged 67)
New York City, U.S.
EducationUniversity of California, Los Angeles (BA)
Howard University (MA)
Harvard University (PhD)
Known forMediation in Israel
Nobel Peace Prize (1950)
Children3
RelativesRalph J. Bunche III (grandchild)
Signature

Ralph Johnson Bunche (/bʌntʃ/; ógọst 7, 1904 - December 9, 1971) bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 na usoro ikike obodo US, onye natara onyinye Nobel Peace Prize nke 1950 maka ntinye aka ya na Israel. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na onye mbụ sitere n'Afrịka ka e nyere ihe nrite Nóbel. O tinyere aka n'ịmepụta na mmalite nchịkwa nke United Nations (UN), ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro decolonization na ọtụtụ ọrụ udo nke UN.

Bunche jere ozi na ndị nnọchi anya US na Dumbarton Oaks Conference na 1944 na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na International Organisation na 1945 bụ ndị depụtara akwụkwọ ikike UN. Mgbe ahụ, ọ jere ozi na ndị nnọchiteanya America na nnọkọ mbụ nke United Nations General Assembly na 1946 wee sonye na UN dịka onye isi nke Ngalaba Ntụkwasị Obi, malite ogologo usoro nhazi nsogbu na ọrụ ndị metụtara decolonization. Na 1948, Bunche ghọrọ onye ogbugbo maka Middle East, na-akparịta ụka n'etiti Egypt na Israel. Maka ihe ịga nke ọma a, e nyere ya Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1950.

Bunche gara n'ihu na-eje ozi na UN, na-arụ ọrụ na ọgba aghara na Sinai (1956), Kongo (1960), Yemen (1963), Saịprọs (1964) na Bahrain na 1970, na-akọ ozugbo na odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN. Ọ chịziri otu ọmụmụ ihe na-ahụ maka akụ mmiri na Middle East. N'afọ 1957, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pụrụ iche, na-enwe nnukwu ọrụ maka ọrụ nchekwa udo. N'afọ 1965, Bunche na-ahụ maka nkwụsị ọkụ na-eso agha dị n'etiti India na Pakistan. Ọ lara ezumike nká na UN na June 1971, nwụọ ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị.

N'afọ 1963, Onye isi ala John F. Kennedy nyere ya ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe onye. [1] Na UN, Bunche nwetara aha ọma nke na magazin Ebony kwupụtara na ọ bụ ma eleghị anya onye Africa America kachasị nwee mmetụta na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 na "[f] ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, ọ bụ onye Africa America a ma ama n'oge ya ma [na US] na mba ofesi. "[2]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Bunche na Detroit, Michigan na 1904 wee mee baptizim na Ụka Baptist nke Abụọ. Mgbe Ralph bụ nwata, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Toledo, Ohio, bụ́ ebe nna ya chọrọ ọrụ. Ha laghachiri na Detroit na 1909 mgbe a mụsịrị nwanne ya nwanyị Grace, site n'enyemaka nke nwanne nne ha, Ethel Johnson. Nna ha esoghị ezinaụlọ ahụ ebi ọzọ ka Ohio gachara, ọ bụghịkwa “ezigbo onye na-enye ya”. Edi enye ama etiene mmọ ke ini mmọ ẹkewọrọde ẹka New Mexico.

N’ihi ahụ́ ike nke nne ya na nwanne nna ya na-adalata, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Albuquerque, New Mexico, na 1915. Nne ya, “nwanyị nwere mmasị n’egwú bụ́ onye nyere ọtụtụ ihe n’ihe nwa ya nwoke kpọrọ ezinụlọ ‘na-eji echiche na echiche na-ejupụta’” , nwụrụ na 1917 site na ụkwara nta, [1] na nwanne nna ya obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.[2] Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bunche bụ nne nne ya, Lucy Taylor Johnson zụlitere, onye o kwuru na ọ kụnyere n'ime ya mpako ya n'agbụrụ ya na nkwenye onwe ya.[3]

N'afọ 1918, Lucy Taylor Johnson na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ Bunche kwagara na mpaghara South Central nke Los Angeles. [4][5]

Bunche bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye na-arụrịta ụka, onye na'eme egwuregwu na onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya na Jefferson High School. Ọ gara Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na Phi Beta Kappa [6] na 1927 dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya. N'iji ego obodo ya nwetara maka ọmụmụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1][7]

Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ

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Bunche nwetara nzere masta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1928 yana doctorate na 1934, mgbe ọ na-akụzi na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1]. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị chọrọ doctoral ịmalite nkuzi tupu ha agụchaa akwụkwọ edemede ha. Ọ bụ onye mbụ Afrịka America nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mahadum America. Akwụkwọ edemede Bunche nke 1934, "Nchịkwa French na Togoland na Dahomey", nwetara ihe nrite Toppan maka akwụkwọ edemede kacha mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ntụnyere na Ngalaba Gọọmenti na Mahadum Harvard.[2]. Akwụkwọ nta ahụ nyochara usoro iwu nke Njikọ Mba, na-arụ ụka na usoro ahụ enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na alaeze ukwu. [1] [8]

Site na 1936 ruo 1938, Ralph Bunche gụrụ Anthropology ma mee nnyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Northwestern [9] na Evanston, Illinois, na London School of Economics (LSE), ma mesịa na Mahaduma Cape Town na South Africa.[10]

O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, A World View of Race, na 1936, na-arụ ụka na "agbụrụ bụ echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke nwere ike ịbụ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji mee ka mmetụta ihe dị mma maka ịzụlite ajọ mbunobi nke otu. " N'afọ 1940, Bunche jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na Sweden bụ Gunnar Myrdal'ihe ọmụmụ ihe dị ịrịba ama banyere agbụrụ na US, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . [11][and]

N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ (1928-1950), Bunche jere ozi dịka onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị Ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, ebe ọ kụzikwara. Ọzọkwa, o nyere aka na Howard School of International Relations na ọrụ ya gbasara mmetụta ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na alaeze ukwu nwere na usoro akụ na ụba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba ụwa.[12]

A họpụtara Bunche ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society n'afọ 1950. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ a nabatara n'ime Society kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya na 1743. [13] N'afọ 1953-54, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke American Political Science Association . [14] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Board of Overseers nke alma mater ya, Mahadum Harvard (1960-1965), dị ka onye so na bọọdụ nke Institute of International Education, yana dị ka onye nlekọta nke Oberlin College, Mahadum Lincoln, na New Lincoln School.

Afọ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ

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Na 1941–43, Bunche rụrụ ọrụ na Office of Strategic Services (OSS), ọrụ ọgụgụ isi oge agha, dịka onye nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Colonial Affairs. Na 1943, e zigara ya na OSS na State Department. A họpụtara ya Associate Chief of Division of Dependent Area Affairs n'okpuru Alger Hiss. Ya na Hiss, Bunche ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi nke Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR). O tinyere aka na nhazi mbido maka United Nations na Nzukọ San Francisco nke 1945. Na 2008, US National Archives and Records Administration wepụtara PDF dị peeji 51 nke ndekọ OSS ya, nke dị na ịntanetị.[15]

Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu

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N'ihe dị ka ngwụcha Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na 1944, Bunche sonyere na atụmatụ maka United Nations na Dumbarton Oaks Conference, nke emere na Washington, D.C. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nye ndị nnọchi anya US maka Charter Conference nke United Nations nke emere n'afọ 1945, mgbe edere akwụkwọ na-achịkwa. Ya na First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Bunche nyere aka n'ịmepụta na ịnabata Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948. Bunche gbara ndị Africa America ume ka ha were ọnọdụ UN. "Ndị isi ojii kwesịrị ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma kwadebe iji nweta ụfọdụ ọrụ na United Nations, "ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ. "A ga-enwe ụdị ọrụ niile na ndị Negro kwesịrị ịnwa inweta ọrụ na ọkwa niile. Ụfọdụ nzukọ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ na nke a ugbu a. "[16]

Dị ka akwụkwọ United Nations "Ralph Bunche: Visionary for Peace", si kwuo, n'ime afọ iri abụọ na ise ọ jere ozi na United Nations, ọ  

Ịkwụsị ịchị mba ọzọ

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Bunche nyere aka n'ịkwụsị ọchịchị colonial. Ọrụ ya iji kwụsị ọchịchị colonial malitere n'isi mmalite nke ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, n'oge ahụ ọ tolitere ghọọ onye ọkà mmụta na-ahụ maka mmetụta nke colonialism na ndị a na-achị n'okpuru ọchịchị, wee malite mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ọchịchị colonial na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi. sitere na Caribbean na Africa, karịsịa n'oge nyocha ihe ubi ya na oge ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Economics nke London. Bunche kọwara amụma akụ na ụba n'ime obodo na iwu dị ka ihe na-erigbu mmadụ, ma kwuo na ndị ọchịchị colonial na-akọwahie ụdị ọchịchị ha.[1] Ọ rụrụ ụka na Kọmishọna Mandates na-adịgide adịgide chọrọ ikike ịgbasawanye iji nyochaa ka e si chịkwaa iwu ndị ahụ[17]

Ọrụ Bunche na decolonization nwere mmetụta site na ọrụ Raymond Leslie Buell. Otú ọ dị, Bunche ekwenyeghị na Buell na uru nke ọchịchị ndị Britain na ndị France. Bunche kwuru na ọchịchị ndị Britain abụghị nke na-aga n'ihu - ọchịchị ndị Britain bụ nke nna na-eme nke ọma na ndị ọcha na-eme ka ọ dị njọ.[17] 

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Susan Pedersen na-akọwa Bunche dị ka "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" nke ọchịchị United Nations's trusteeship.[1] Bunche bụ onye isi odee nke isiakwụkwọ dị na akwụkwọ ikike UN gbasara ókèala na-anaghị ekpebi onwe ya na onye nnọchi anya.[2] O mechara bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Trusteeship nke UN.[2][18]

Esemokwu Arab na Israel na Nobel Peace Prize

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Malite na 1947, Bunche tinyere aka na ịgbalị idozi esemokwu Arab-Israel na Palestine. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka na Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Palestine, ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN Palestine Commission. Na 1948, ọ gara Middle East dị ka onye isi na-enyere aka na Sweden Count Folke Bernadotte, onye UN họpụtara ka ọ dozie esemokwu ahụ. Ndị ikom a họọrọ àgwàetiti Rhodes maka isi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ha. Na Septemba 1948, ndị otu ndị Juu Lehi nọ n'okpuru ala gburu Bernadotte na Jerusalem, bụ nke Yitzhak Shamir duziri wee kpọọ ndị otu ya dị ka ndị na-eyi ọha egwu [1] ma kweta na ha mere mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu.ndị na-eyi ọha egwu [19] [20]

Bunche na Praịm Minista Israel Levi Eshkol, 1966

Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, Bunche ghọrọ onye isi ogbugbo nke UN; ọ duziri mkparịta ụka niile n'ọdịnihu na Rhodes. Onye-nnọchi-anya Israel bu Moses Dayan; ọ kọrọ na memoirs na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparita uka ya na Bunche mere n'elu tebụl billiard mgbe ha abụọ nọ na-agbapụ ọdọ mmiri. N'iji nchekwube, Bunche nyere onye ọkpụite obodo ọrụ ka o mepụta epekele ncheta pụrụ iche nke bu aha onye mkparita uka ọ bụla. Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ahụ, Bunche nyere onyinye ndị a. Mgbe ọ kpughechara nke ya, Dayan jụrụ Bunche ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla. Bunche zara, "Agara m agbaji efere ndị ahụ n'elu isi unu jọrọ njọ." Maka imezu nkwekọrịta Armistice nke 1949, Bunche nwetara Nrite Nobel Peace na 1950.[1][2] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka United Nations, na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ esemokwu tisasịrị, gụnyere Congo, Yemen, Kashmir, na Saịprọs. A họpụtara Bunche n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na 1968. Mgbe ọ nọ na UN, Bunche nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Ambassador Charles W. Yost, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na nzukọ ntọala UN.

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ

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Ili Ralph Bunche

Bunche na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndị ojii n'ime ụbọchị ya tupu United Nations, gụnyere site n'ọkwá ọchịchị na òtù dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ikike obodo yana dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta na-eduga n'okwu gbasara agbụrụ na US na colonialism na mba ọzọ. N'oge ya na United Nations, Bunche nọgidere na-akwado ụda olu nke US Civil Rights Movement n'agbanyeghị na koodu na-achịkwa ndị ọrụ obodo na-egbochi ọrụ ya. O sonyere na March 1963 na Washington, ebe Martin Luther King Jr. kwuru okwu "Enwere m nrọ" ya, na kwa, na-aga n'akụkụ ya na Eze, na Selma na Montgomery March na 1965, bụ nke nyere aka na ngafe nke njem ahụ. Iwu ikike ntuli aka nke 1965 na mmanye gọọmentị etiti nke ikike ịtụ vootu.[1] N'ihi ọrụ ya na oge tupu agha, Bunche bụ isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Na-adịghị na America. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ onye ọchịchị Kọmunist ma ọ bụ Marxist, na n'ezie a wakporo nnukwu mwakpo site na pro-Soviet press n'oge ọrụ ya.[21]

Bunche bi na mpaghara Kew Gardens nke Queens, New York, n'ụlọ ejiri ego Nrite Nobel zụrụ, site na 1953 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[1] Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere agba, Bunche gara n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ofe United States na mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara ya. Na 1959, a jụrụ ya na nwa ya nwoke, Ralph, Jr., ịbụ onye otu na West Side Tennis Club na mpaghara Forest Hills nke Queens.[2] Mgbe ndị nta akụkọ nyechara mbipụta a nke mba, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ndị Bunches mgbaghara na òkù nke ịbụ otuOnye ọchịchị ahụ jụrụ ha gbara arụkwaghịm. Bunche jụrụ onyinye a, na-ekwu na ọ bụghị n'ihi nhata agbụrụ na ọ bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ dabere na ugwu onwe ya.[1] N'oge ọrụ UN ya, Bunche jụrụ nhọpụta site n'aka ndị isi oche Harry Truman na John Kennedy, n'ihi iwu Jim Crow ka na-arụ ọrụ na Washington, DC Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme John Hope Franklin kwadoro ya na "ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ndu n'etiti ndị Africa-America" n'ihi n'ikike ya pụrụ iche "iwere ike na ugwu ọ chịkọbara ... iji dozie nsogbu nke obodo ya".[3]

Bunche katọrọ Ọgba aghara Watts, nke dugara na nkatọ sitere n'aka ndị ike ojii. O weere nkatọ ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike ma mgbe nwa ya nwanyị gburu onwe ya bịara nwee ọmịiko maka ọgba aghara ahụ, na-akpọ ha ịjụ ikike na-ezighị ezi.[22]

Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ

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Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Mahadum Howard na 1928, Bunche zutere Ruth Harris, onye bụ onye nkuzi klas nke mbụ na Washington, D.C.[1] Ha mechara malite ịhụ ibe ha wee lụọ na June 23, 1930. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ: Joan Harris Bunche (1931–2015), Jane Johnson Bunche (1933–1966), na Ralph J. Bunche, Jr. (1943–2016). [2] Nwa nwa ya, Ralph J. Bunche III, bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ndị Na-adịghị anọchi anya ya, bụ òtù mba ụwa nke e guzobere iji kwado olu nke mba na ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile na-abụghị ndị nnọchiteanya na ndị a na-akpapụ iche.

Na Ọktoba 9, 1966, nwa ha nwanyị Jane Bunche Pierce dara ma ọ bụ wụpụ site n'elu ụlọ ya na Riverdale, Bronx; e kwenyere na ọnwụ ya bụ igbu onwe ya. Ọ hapụghị akwụkwọ ozi ọ bụla. Ya na di ya Burton Pierce, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cornell na onye isi ọrụ, nwere ụmụ atọ. Ụlọ ha dị na okpukpu nke mbụ nke ụlọ ahụ.[23]

Ọnwụ

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Bunche gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na UN n'ihi ọrịa ahụ, mana ekwuputaghị nke a, dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu U Thant tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enwe ike ịlaghachi n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ahụ́ ike ya adịkwaghị mma, Bunche wee nwụọ na Disemba 9, 1971, n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa obi, ọrịa akụrụ, na ọrịa shuga. Ọ dị afọ 67. [1] E liri ya na ili Woodlawn na Bronx, New York City.

Nsọpụrụ

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Ihe nrite

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  • N'afọ 1949, e nyere ya Ihe nrite Spingarn site na NAACP . [24]
  • N'afọ 1950, e nyere ya Ihe nrite Nobel maka Udo, maka ọrụ ya n'idozi esemokwu Arab-Israel na Palestine
  • N'afọ 1951, ndị Boy Scouts of America nyere Bunche Silver Buffalo Award maka ọrụ ya na scouting na mmetụta dị mma maka ụwa
  • N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante gụnyere Ralph Bunche na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans. [25]
  • N'afọ 2004, e nyere Ralph Bunche ihe nrite William J. Donovan Award site na OSS Society.
  • A gụrụ ya aha agụmakwụkwọ na UCLA.[26] A na-akpọ Kọmitii Ralph Bunche, nke dị na Alumni Association's Alumni Scholars Club, aha ya.[27]
  • A gụrụ ya aha agụmakwụkwọ na Colby College [28]

Ihe ncheta

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  • Na Febụwarị 11, 1972, edepụtara ebe a mụrụ ya na Detroit dị ka Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Michigan. Nwunye ya di ya nwụrụ, Ruth Bunche gara emume mmeghe nke ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme na Eprel 27, 1972.[5][29]
  • Na Jenụwarị 12, 1982, United States Postal Service wepụtara stampụ stampụ 20¢ nke Great Americans iji sọpụrụ ya.
  • N'afọ 1996, Mahadum Howard kpọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ya na mba ụwa, ụlọ ọrụ anụ ahụ na mmemme nchịkwa metụtara ya, Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe a na-ekwu okwu na mmemme mba ụwa.[30]

Ụlọ

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  • Mahadum Colgate nwere Ralph J. Bunche House nke bụ nhọrọ ụlọ maka juniors na seniors ma nwee ike ịbụ ebe obibi maka ndị nwere mmasị pụrụ iche.[31]
  • Bunche Hall, nke akpọrọ aha ya, na UCLA. E guzobere bust nke Dr. Bunche n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata
  • Ọbá akwụkwọ Ralph J. Bunche nke Ngalaba Steeti US bụ ọbá akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti kacha ochie. Onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke steeti, Thomas Jefferson, guzobere ya na 1789, a raara ya nye ma nye ya aha ọzọ Ralph J. Bunche Library na Mee 5, 1997. Ọ dị na Harry S. Truman Building, isi ụlọ ọrụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị.
  • Mpaghara nke West Oakland, ebe Ralph Bunche High School, a makwaara dị ka "Ralph Bunche".[32]
  • A gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị aha ya na Midland, Texas; Markham, Illinois; Flint, Michigan; Ecorse, Michigan; Canton, Georgia; Miami, Florida; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Carson, California;[33] Metairie, Louisiana; Anne Arundel County, Maryland[34] na New York City; a gụrụ ụlọ ọrụ sekọndrị aha ya n'West Oakland, California na King George County, Virginia (Ralph Bunche High School).
  • Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center, ebe obibi nwata ya na nne nne ya, edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places and City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Landmarks, HCM #159. E weghachiri ụlọ ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ntụgharị Museum na Community Center.
  • Na Glasgow, Kentucky, a kpọrọ Liberty District-Ralph Bunche Community Center, iji kwado mmekọrịta obodo na nghọta ọdịbendị, aha iji sọpụrụ ya.

Ogige ntụrụndụ

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  • A gụrụ Ralph Bunche Park aha ya na New York City; ọ dị n'ofe First Avenue site na Isi ụlọ ọrụ United Nations.
  • N'akụkụ Fort Myers, Florida, osimiri ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge nkewa, a kpọrọ ya Bunche Beach [35]
  • A gụrụ agbata obi Bunche Park na obodo Miami Gardens, Florida, aha iji sọpụrụ ya.
  • A na-akpọ Ralph Bunche Road na Nairobi, Kenya, aha ya.
  • A gụrụ Bunche Park na Fort Worth, Texas aha iji sọpụrụ ya na 1954.

Ebe Ndị Dị Ndụ

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E depụtara ọtụtụ ebe obibi Bunche na National Register of Historic PlacesNdepụta Mba nke Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme

Aha ya Ebe Afọ Ndị O biri Ihe edeturu
Ụlọ Ralph J. Bunche Los Angeles, Cal. 1919?–1928? Ọzọkwa ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị Los Angeles.
Ụlọ Ralph Bunche Washington, D.C. 1941–1947 E wuru ya maka Bunche.[36]
Obodo Parkway Queens, NY 1947–1952 Ụlọ obibi e wuru maka ndị ọrụ UN.[1][36]
Ụlọ Ralph Johnson Bunche Queens, NY 1952–1971 Ọzọkwa National Historic Landmark na New York City designated landmark.[1][36]

Ihe nkiri

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  • Ralph Bunche: Onye American Odyssey (2001) [37]
  • Ralph Bunche: Odyssey na-aga n'ihu... (2003)

Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

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Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke ndị Africa America mbụ
  • Ndị nwetara ihe nrite Black Nobel

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Urquhart (1998). Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey. WW Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31859-3. 
  2. ↑ Henry (1999). Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-3582-7. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rivlin (November 2003). Ralph Johnson Bunche: Brief life of a champion of human dignity: 1903–1971. Harvard Magazine. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HarvardMag-2003" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ McFadden. "Dr. Bunche of U.N., Nobel winner, Dies", The New York Times, December 10, 1971. Retrieved on October 22, 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Marzejka. "Michigan History: Dr. Ralph Bunche—from Detroit to the world stage", The Detroit News, detnews.com, August 29, 1997. Retrieved on October 22, 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Detnews" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members (2009). Archived from the original on September 9, 2015.
  7. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  8. ↑ Robinson (2008). "Ralph Bunche and African Studies: Reflections on the Politics of Knowledge" (in en). African Studies Review 51 (1): 1–16. DOI:10.1353/arw.0.0005. ISSN 0002-0206. 
  9. ↑ Ralph Bunche | Teacher's Guide | Timeline. www.pbs.org. Retrieved on 2021-01-05.
  10. ↑ Ralph Bunche | American diplomat (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2021-01-05.
  11. ↑ Myrdal (1944). An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, 1, New York and London: Harper & Bros. ISBN 978-1-56000-857-6. 
  12. ↑ Vitalis (2015). White World Order, Black Power Politics: the Birth of American International Relations. Cornell University Press, 83, 87. ISBN 978-0-8014-5669-5. 
  13. ↑ APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved on 2021-01-27.
  14. ↑ About Dr. Ralph J. Bunche. American Political Science Association.
  15. ↑ Digital Copies of Selected OSS Personnel Files – Bunche, Ralph. Archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration (August 2008). Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved on July 16, 2014.
  16. ↑ Plummer (1996). Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4575-2. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pedersen (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press, 321–324. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02223" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ (2010) in Hill: Trustee for the Human Community: Ralph J. Bunche, the United Nations, and the Decolonization of Africa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1909-0. 
  19. ↑ Calder Walton (2008), Intelligence and National Security. 23(4): 435-462
  20. ↑ He Khazit (underground publication of Lehi), Issue 2, August 1943 also see Heller, p.115
  21. ↑ Urquhart (1998). Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey. WW Norton, 249–251. ISBN 978-0-393-31859-3. 
  22. ↑ Pedersen. "Dining at the White House", London Review of Books, 29 June 2023. (in en)
  23. ↑ "Ralph Bunche's Daughter Falls to Death", The Park City Daily News (Bowling Green, Kentucky), March 10, 1966, p. 3. Retrieved on November 30, 2010.
  24. ↑ NAACP Spingarn Medal. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010.
  25. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-963-9. 
  26. ↑ Prospective Students (en-US). alumni.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2017-06-26.
  27. ↑ Student Alumni Association | (en-US). alumni.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2017-06-26.
  28. ↑ "Ralph J. Bunche Scholar Program | Pugh Center", Colby College. Retrieved on 2017-06-26. (in en-US)
  29. ↑ Ralph J Bunche Birthplace. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012.
  30. ↑ About the Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center. Howard University (2001). Retrieved on November 30, 2010.
  31. ↑ Colgate University Housing Options. Colgate University. Retrieved on 3 July 2018.
  32. ↑ Welcome to Bunche! / Welcome. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved on October 24, 2019.
  33. ↑ Dr. Ralph Bunche Elementary. rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved on October 11, 2021.
  34. ↑ Ralph Bunche School, (Ralph J. Bunche Community Center, Inc.) Maryland Historical Trust.
  35. ↑ Bunche Beach.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Ralph Bunche House. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved on January 2, 2014.
  37. ↑ Freedman (2019-09-24). September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner (en-US). Times-Herald. Retrieved on 2023-04-17.

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