Steven R. Donziger

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Steven R. Donziger
Mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
Aha enyereSteven, R. Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaDonziger Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya1961 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụJacksonville Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaBekee Dezie
Ọrụ ọ na-arụonye ọka iwu, climate activist, Onye ntaakụkọ Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọHarvard Law School, Bolles School Dezie
webụsaịtịhttps://www.freedonziger.com/ Dezie

Steven Robert Donziger (amụrụ na Septemba 14, 1961) bụ onye ọka iwu America a maara maka agha iwu ya na Chevron, ọkachasị Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc. na ikpe ndị ọzọ ebe ọ na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ugbo 30,000 na ụmụ amaala ndị nwere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu ahụike nke igwu mmanụ na mpaghara mmanụ Lago Agrio nke Ecuador kpatara. Ụlọ ikpe nke Ecuador nyere ndị gbara akwụkwọ $ 9.5 ($ 11.5 ijeri na dollar nke afọ 2021) maka mmebi, nke mere ka Chevron wepụ akụ ya na Ecuador ma malite ikpe megide Donziger na US. [2]N'afọ 2011, Chevron tinyere akwụkwọ RICO (mgbakọta nrụrụ aka) megide Donziger na New York City. Onye ọka ikpe US District Lewis A. Kaplan nụrụ ikpe ahụ, onye kpebiri na a pụghị itinye mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe Ecuador na US n'ihi na ọ bụ site na wayo, iri ngo, na ọrụ ịgba chaa chaa nwetara ya. N'ihi ikpe a, a chụpụrụ Donziger n'ọrụ iwu na New York na 2018.

E jidere Donziger n'ụlọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019 mgbe ọ na-echere ikpe maka ebubo nke nlelị mpụ nke ụlọ ikpe, nke bilitere n'oge mkpesa ya megide mkpebi RICO Kaplan, mgbe ọ jụrụ inyefe ngwaọrụ eletrọniki o nwere na ndị ọkachamara Chevron. [1][2]N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, Onye ọka ikpe US District Loretta Preska chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya, a mara Donziger ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021. [1]Mgbe a na-ejide Donziger n'ụlọ n'afọ 2020, mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu nwetara ihe nrite Nobel kọwara ihe Chevron mere megide ya dị ka "mmegbu ikpe". Ndị na-eme mkpọsa maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ kpọrọ omume Chevron ihe atụ nke ikpe megide itinye aka ọha na eze (SLAPP). [3]N'ọnwa Eprel 2021, ndị otu isii nke Congress Progressive Caucus chọrọ ka Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nyochaa ikpe Donziger. [4]N'ọnwa Septemba 2021, Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ kwuru na njide e tinyere Donziger tupu ikpe ya bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ma kpọọ ka a tọhapụ ya. [5]Ebe ọ nọrọ ụbọchị 45 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ngụkọta nke ụbọchị 993 n'ụlọ, a tọhapụrụ Donziger na Eprel 25, 2022.[6][7]

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2022, ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe gọọmentị etiti kwadoro ikpe mkparị Donziger. [8]Na Machị 2023 Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ ịnụ mkpesa ndị ọzọ.[9]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nne Donziger, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, zụlitere ya na Jacksonville, Florida, ọ gakwara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Bolles. [10][11][11]Ọ kpọgara ya na ngagharị iwe iji kwado Ọgbaghara Salad Bowl nke César Chávez. [12]Nna nna Donziger bụ Aaron E. Koota, onye ọka iwu mpaghara Brooklyn ma mesịa bụrụ onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke New York State. [13]Donziger gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum America ebe o dekwara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji ya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard Law School na 1991.[14]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, Donziger rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ na ụlọ ọrụ United Press International na Managua, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'efu na Nicaragua maka The Fort Lauderdale News, Toronto Star, na The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. [14]O guzobekwara Project Due Process nke nyere ndị Cuba ọrụ iwu ndị rutere na US na Mariel boatlift.[15]

Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ ruo afọ atọ, Donziger gara Harvard Law School. [10][14]Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na 1991 ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ọha na eze na Washington, D.C. N'afọ 1991, ọ gara Iraq dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nke mepụtara akụkọ banyere mmetụta nke bọmbụ na ndị nkịtị n'oge Agha Gulf mbụ. Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nabatara akụkọ ahụ. [14]Donziger bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission, nke Harper Perennial bipụtara na 1996. Akwụkwọ ahụ kọwara ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-eme ka egwu nke mpụ, ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ na usoro ikpe mpụ ma na-arụ ụka megide ikpe kacha nta.[16]

Ikpe mkpegharị megide Chevron[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oil pollution in Lago Agrio, November 2007
Mmetọ mmanụ na Lago Agrio, Nọvemba 2007

Malite n'afọ ndị 1970, Texaco rụrụ ọrụ igwu mmanụ na Amazon na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ mba Ecuador, Petroecuador. [10]N'afọ ndị 1990 Texaco bịarutere nkwekọrịta nde $ 40 na Ecuador iji kpochaa ụfọdụ mmetọ sitere na ya, a tọhapụrụ ya n'ibu ọrụ.[17]

Frente de Defensa de la Amazonía (FDA) gwara Donziger ka o nyere aka nweta nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmetọ na mmetụta ahụike nke igwu mmanụ na mpaghara mmanụ Lago Agrio kpatara, mpaghara nke a maara dị ka "Amazon Chernobyl". [15]Ọ gara Ecuador n'afọ 1993, ebe o kwuru na ọ hụrụ "ihe dị ka ọdachi apocalyptic," gụnyere ụmụaka na-aga ụkwụ ọtọ n'okporo ụzọ ndị mmanụ kpuchiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị jupụtara na mmanụ. [10]N'afọ 1993, mgbe ọ gachara Ecuador, Donziger na ndị ọka iwu ndị ọzọ wetara ikpe na New York megide Texaco n'aha ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ugbo 30,000 na ụmụ amaala si mpaghara Amazon. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị gbara akwụkwọ enweghị ego, Donziger, na nkwado FDA, kwadoro ikpe ahụ site na ire òkè nye ndị na-etinye ego, na-enye obere akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ọ bụla. [15]Ndị ọka iwu họọrọ itinye akwụkwọ na New York n'ihi na n'oge ahụ isi ụlọ ọrụ Texaco dị na New York. Ikpe ahụ boro ebubo na oghere mmanụ Texaco na Amazon kpatara nnukwu mmetọ. Chevron zụrụ Texaco na 2001 ma kwuo na Texaco emeela ka ebe ọrụ ya dị ọcha nakwa na onye mmekọ ya, Petroecuador, bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmetọ ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ. [10][14]Chevron rịọrọ ka e kpee ikpe ahụ na Ecuador, na 2002, ụlọ ikpe US jụrụ ikpe ndị gbara akwụkwọ dabere na forum non conveniens ma kpebie na Ecuador nwere ikike. Ụlọ ikpe US kwere nkwa Chevron na ọ ga-anabata mkpebi ụlọ ikpe Ecuador.[18][19]

Mgbe ikpe ahụ kwagara Ecuador, Donziger mere mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze iji mee ka ndị Ecuador mara banyere mmetọ nke Amazon. O kwuru na "ndị obodo agaghị enweta ikpe ziri ezi na Ecuador ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị ka ihe mere ha ma nweta nkwado ọha na eze". Donziger pụtara na ihe nkiri 2009 Crude nke nyochara oge afọ abụọ na ikpe ahụ. [14][10]Ụlọ ikpe dị n'ógbè Ecuador chọpụtara na ikpe mara Chevron na 2011 ma nye ndị gbara akwụkwọ ijeri $ 18 maka mmebi. Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe atọ kwadoro mkpebi ahụ gụnyere ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke Ecuador, Ụlọikpe Ikpe nke Mba, ọ bụ ezie na e belatara mmebi ahụ ruo ijeri $ 9.5.[18][14]

Iji zere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ikpe nyere na Ecuador, Chevron wepụrụ akụ ya na mba ahụ, na-eduga ndị gbara akwụkwọ ịchọ ọrụ mmanye na Canada, Brazil, na Argentina maka ịnapụ ihe onwunwe Chevron. [10]Otu nchịkọta akụkọ na The Wall Street Journal kwuru na ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Argentina na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Brazil jụrụ arịrịọ Donziger ka a mee ka ikpe Ecuador. [20]N'afọ 2017, ụlọ ikpe Canada kwenyere na enweghị ike inye ndị gbara akwụkwọ na Ecuador ihe onwunwe nke ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nke Chevron na Canada dịka ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ahụ dị iche na nne na nna ya na US. N'afọ 2019, ndị gbara akwụkwọ na Ecuador kwụsịrị ikpe ha na Canada megide Chevron.[21]

N'afọ 2018, Ụlọikpe Na-adịgide Adịgide nke Arbitration na The Hague kpebiri na ikpe nke ijeri $ 9.5 na Ecuador bụ nke aghụghọ na nrụrụ aka mara ma "ekwesịghị ịbụ nke ụlọ ikpe nke steeti ndị ọzọ nabatara ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dị irè". Ego Ecuador ga-akwụ Chevron iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmebi ahụ ka ga-ekpebi. [22][23][24]Ihe nrite ahụ chọpụtara na Ecuador mebiri ọrụ ya n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, nkwekọrịta itinye ego na iwu mba ụwa. Ihe ụlọ ikpe nke Arbitration chọpụtara banyere ọrụ aghụghọ gụnyere na ihe akaebe e debere n'ihu ụlọ ikpe ahụ bụ "ihe ndekọ zuru oke, vidiyo, na ihe aka ná ntị nke aghụghọ e debere tupu ụlọ ikpe ikpe", na ndị gbara akwụkwọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ kwadoro n'ezie na-etinye aka na ịmanye na iri ngo nke ndị ọkàikpe Ecuador. Mgbalị ha mere ka e nye iwu ka a họpụta "onye ọkachamara" nke nwere enyi na ndị gbara akwụkwọ, na ndị ọkàiwu gọọmentị Ecuador "kwado" ndị gbara akwụkwọ ahụ, na ndị gbara ya akwụkwọ nyere ndị "ndị ọkachamara" aka azụ ma dee akụkọ ha nakwa na ndị gbara ha kwụrụ onye ọka ikpe lara ezumike nká ka ha dee iwu onye ọka ikpe na-anọchite anya - nakwa na otu onye ọka ikpe ahụ rịọrọ aka azụ nke Chevron jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ.[24]

Ikpe megide Donziger[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Chevron kwuru na ihe nkiri Crude nke e gosipụtara na Sundance Film Festival gosipụtara onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nọ na nzukọ usoro iwu nke ndị ọka iwu ndị gbara akwụkwọ; otu onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma ahụ mechara bụrụ onye ọkachamara na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu iji dee akụkọ banyere nsogbu teknụzụ, mana ewepụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na ntọhapụ ihe nkiri. Ndị ọka iwu Chevron chọrọ ịmara ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi ihe nkiri nke onye nduzi ihe nkiri ahụ, Joe Berlinger hapụrụ. Na Mee 6, 2010, onye ọka ikpe gọọmentị etiti bụ Lewis Kaplan kwadoro akwụkwọ mkpesa nke Chevron tinyere ma kpebie na Berlinger gafere ihe karịrị awa 600 nke ihe nkiri mbụ e mepụtara n'oge mmepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. Chevron gbalịrị ịkpọ oku ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ikpe na-aga n'ihu nke a tụlere na fim ahụ. Ndị otu iwu Berlinger kwenyesiri ike na ihe nkiri ahụ na-echebe site na ihe ùgwù nke ndị nta akụkọ ma mee mkpesa maka mkpebi ụlọ ikpe.[25]

Na arịrịọ ya, Berlinger kwuru na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'onwe ya nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu, na ọ nọọrọ onwe ya na Donziger, ma kwuo na ọ gara n'ezie iji mee ka Crude bụrụ ihe ngosi ziri ezi. [26]Berlinger kwetara na ya "tweeted" ihe nkiri ụfọdụ na arịrịọ Donziger. [27]E wepụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na nnọkọ usoro iwu site na ntọhapụ ihe nkiri (ma ọ bụghị mbipụta ntanetị maka Netflix) mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu na-ebo ebubo jụrụ Berlinger na igosi ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "ihe siri ike ka anyị nwere ike ịhapụ ihe niile". Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke US 2nd Circuit belatara ókèala ahụ ntakịrị (Berlinger ga-atụgharị ihe karịrị awa 500 nke outtakes, kama 600), mana na 2011 kwadoro mkpebi ikpe dị ala megide Berlinger, Ọkàikpe Pierre Leval dere maka ụlọ ikpe: "Ndị na-ejighi onwe ha n'ihe ha ga-ebipụta mana ha na-erubeghị ihe ndị ọzọ nwere òkè na ihe a ga-ebipụtara enweghị ihe ùgwù ma ọ bụla".[28]

N'afọ 2011, Chevron tinyere akwụkwọ RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) megide Donziger na New York City, na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-enye onye ọka ikpe Ecuador aka azụ, na-edepụta ikpe mmebi megide ya, na "ịmezi" ọmụmụ sayensị. [29][20]Ikpe obodo Chevron na mbụ chọrọ ijeri $ 60 na mmebi nke ga-achọ ikpe site na ndị ọka ikpe. Chevron wepụrụ arịrịọ maka mmebi izu abụọ tupu ikpe, na-enye ohere ka ikpe ahụ kpee ya ikpe naanị ya. Chevron kwuru na ọ chọrọ ilekwasị anya "okwu RICO n'inweta enyemaka iwu megide ịkwalite atụmatụ ịpụnara Donziger na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ". E kenyere onye ọka ikpe US District Lewis A. Kaplan dị ka onye ọka ikpe.

Ndụ onwe onye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Donziger lụrụ di ma nwee nwa nwoke. [15]Ezinụlọ ahụ bi n'ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ na Upper West Side nke Manhattan.[15][30]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Malo. "Lawyer who sued Chevron sentenced to six months in contempt case", Reuters, 1 October 2021. Retrieved on 1 October 2021.
  2. ↑ Order to Show Cause Why Defendant Steven Donziger Should Not Be Held in Criminal Contempt. Courthouse News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved on 22 June 2022. “The Neutral Forensic Expert shall take possession of Danziger's Devices [...] At no time shall Chevron's Forensic Expert have access to the original Devices”
  3. ↑ Watts (April 18, 2020). Nobel laureates condemn 'judicial harassment' of environmental lawyer (en). The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved on March 7, 2021.
  4. ↑ Stancil (April 28, 2021). House Dems ask AG Garland to review Chevron's 'unjust legal assault' on Steven Donziger. Common Dreams. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved on April 28, 2021.
  5. ↑ Noor (2021-09-30). UN Says Steven Donziger's House ARrest Violates International Law. Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved on 2021-09-30.
  6. ↑ Steven Donziger on Twitter: "BREAKING: It's over. Just left with release papers in hand. Completely unjust that I spent even 1 day in this Kafkaesque situation. Not looking back. Onward.👊❤️… (en). Twitter. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved on 2022-04-25.
  7. ↑ Lawyer Steven Donziger on Leaving House Arrest & His Fight with Chevron (en). Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved on 2022-04-28.
  8. ↑ "Contempt conviction upheld for lawyer who won $9.5 BLN Chevron judgment", Reuters, June 22, 2022. Retrieved on July 2, 2022.
  9. ↑ Raymond. "U.S. Supreme Court lets Chevron foe Donziger's contempt conviction stand", Reuters, 2023-03-27. Retrieved on 2023-03-28. (in en)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Krauss. "Lawyer Who Beat Chevron in Ecuador Faces Trial of His Own", The New York Times, July 30, 2013. Retrieved on May 13, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NYT-July2013-TrialOfHisOwn" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Tew. 'Crude' kicks off Jacksonville's Latin American film fest on Thursday. Jacksonville.com. Florida Times-Union. Retrieved on 28 March 2023.
  12. ↑ Koffman (January 18, 2021). Steven Donziger: corporate political prisoner (en). Morning Star. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved on March 7, 2021.
  13. ↑ Kerr (July 23, 1984). Aaron E Koota, 78, Is Dead; Former Judge & Prosecutor. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved on May 5, 2021.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Hedges. "How Corporate Tyranny Works", Scheerpost, August 25, 2020. Retrieved on August 26, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hedges250820" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Weyler. "How did a lawyer who took on big oil and won end up under house arrest?", Mother Jones, August 10, 2020. Retrieved on August 10, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "MotherJones2020" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Burton-Rose (August 15, 1998). The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission (Book Review). Prison Legal News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved on March 4, 2021.
  17. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WSJ_2021-05-02
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Emersberger (September 11, 2020). Manufacturing Disgrace: Reuters Distorts Chevron v. Donziger. Fair. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved on September 13, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fair110920" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Steinhardt (2012). "Remarks by Ralph G. Steinhardt". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) 106: 422–424. DOI:10.5305/procannmeetasil.106.0422. ISSN 0272-5037. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 The Editorial Board. "Opinion: Steven Donziger Gets His Due", The Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2018. Retrieved on August 1, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WSJ-2018" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Ecuadorans end Chevron pollution lawsuit in Canada (en). France 24 (July 9, 2019). Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved on March 4, 2021.
  22. ↑ Nagarkatti. "International tribunal rules in favor of Chevron in Ecuador case", Reuters, September 7, 2018. Retrieved on April 6, 2019. (in en) “The tribunal unanimously held that a $9.5 billion pollution judgment by Ecuador’s Supreme Court against Chevron "was procured through fraud, bribery and corruption and was based on claims that had been already settled and released by the Republic of Ecuador years earlier."”
  23. ↑ Randazzo. "Tribunal Condemns Ecuador's $9.5 Billion Ruling Against Chevron - Arbitration court in The Hague echoes earlier decisions, bolstering company's campaign to invalidate the 2011 environmental judgment", The Wall Street Journal, September 7, 2018. Retrieved on May 13, 2021. “The tribunal found Ecuador released Texaco in 1998 of its cleanup duties after the company spent $40 million on environmental remediation.”
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Krauss. "Justice Delayed But Not Denied: Corrupt Ecuadorean Process Fails In International Arbitration", Forbes, September 16, 2018. Retrieved on May 13, 2021.
  25. ↑ Itzkoff. "Judge Rules that Filmmaker Must Give Footage to Chevron", The New York Times, 6 May 2010. Retrieved on 17 March 2018.
  26. ↑ Berlinger (27 May 2010). Declaration of Joe Berlinger. Crude Productions, LLC. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved on 17 March 2018.
  27. ↑ Folkenflik (4 June 2010). A 'Crude' awakening: Chevron Vs. The documentarian. All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved on 17 March 2018.
  28. ↑ Isler (29 March 2014). What 'Chevron Corp. v. Donziger' Continues To Get Wrong about Documentary Filmmaking. Documentaries and the Law Blog. University of Pennsylvania Law School. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved on 17 March 2018.
  29. ↑ Klasfeld. "When Feds Demur, Judge Charges Ecuador Crusader Himself", Courthouse News, August 13, 2019. Retrieved on September 13, 2020.
  30. ↑ North. "Chevron Tightens the Screws on Steven Donziger", The Nation, May 28, 2020. Retrieved on March 7, 2021.
Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tag with name "Intercept" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_R._Donziger&oldid=141193