Toxic (graffiti artist)
| ụdịekere | nwoke  |
|---|---|
| mba o sị | Njikota Obodo Amerika |
| ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 1965 |
| ọrụ ọ na-arụ | onye na-ahu maka ihe nkiri |
| onye nnọchite anya nwebiisinka | ikike mmeputakwa nke CISAC-otu nọchiri anya ya |
| ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okike | Ọrụ nwebiisinka chekwara |
Torrick Ablack, nke a makwaara dị ka Toxic (amụrụ n'ubochí irí na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 1965) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe bụ akụkụ nke Graffiti movement nke mmalite afọ 1980 na New York City. Ọ gbanwere site na nka n'okporo ámá gaa n'igosi ihe osise ya na gallery na ebe ngosi ihe mgbè ochie na mba ụwa.
Ndụ na ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Ablack na Bronx, New York n'ubochí irí na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 1965.[1] Nné ya bụ onye Puerto Rican na ezinụlọ nna ya si Trinidad.[2] N'oge ọ bụ nwata, e nyèrè ya aha njirimara Toxic Battery, nke ghọrọ akara edemede ya.[1] Ọ malitere ise ihe osise mgbè ọ dị afọ irí na atọ na A-One na Kool Koor. Ha sonyeere ndị ọrụ Rammellzee na-ede ihe na Tag Master Killers, nke nwekwara Delta2.[3] Ónyé otu ọ bụla mepụtara ụdị nke ha maka ịhazi akwụkwọ ozi dabere na echiche Rammellzee nke Gothic Futurism, nke na-akọwa graffiti dị ka iji akwụkwọ ozi mee ihe n'ọgụ iji weghachite asụsụ site na "omenala na-adịghị mma" nke nchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[4] Na mbido afọ 1980, ha so na ndị na-ese ihe na-eweta nka na egwu mbụ site na Bronx na Queens gaa n'ebe nka dị n'etiti ọbọdọ.[5] N'afọ 1982, Toxic, A-One, na Kool Koor sonyere na ihe ngosi otu Camouflaged Panzerism na Fashion Moda na South Bronx.[1]
Toxic zutere onye na-ese ihe Jean-Michel Basquiat n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè ngosi Basquiat na Annina Nosei Gallery na 1982.[2] Basquiat ghọrọ ónyé nduzi ya ma wéré ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere ya aka n'oge ụfọdụ.[4] Na ngwụcha afọ 1982, Toxic na Rammellzee sonyeere Basquiat na Los Angeles ka ọ na-akwadebe màkà ihe ngosi ya na Gagosian Gallery.[6] Mgbe ha nọ na Los Angeles, ebe ha nwere mmasị n'otú ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkírí si egosipụta ndị Africa America, ọkachasị n'oge Golden Age nke Hollywood.[5] Na nzaghachi, ha kpọrọ onwé ha ndị Hollywood Africans dị ka nkwupụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji gbochie ngosipụta nke ndị Africa America na Hollywood. A na-egosipụta mmadụ atọ ahụ na ihe osise Basquiat Hollywood Africans n'ihu Chinese Theater with Footprints of Movie Stars (1983) na Hollywood Africins (1983).[7]
Toxic nọgidere na-agbaso usoro ịpị ihe odide ma rụọ ọrụ na ákwà ndị a na-etinye na mgbidi. Ọrụ ya ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe karịa mkpado ndị o dere na ụgbọ ala n'okpuru ala. N'afọ 1984, Toxic sonyere na ihe ngosi otu Arte di Frontiera: New York Graffiti na Ịtali.[8] Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi Rapid Enamel na Mahadum Chicago na 2014, nké bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke graffiti na ụlọ ọrụ America.[9] Ihe osise ya apụtala na nchịkọta nkè nnukwu ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, gụnyere Brooklyn Museum, Groninger Museum na Museum of the City of New York.[10] N'afọ 2013, e gosipụtara ya na ihe ngosi Last of the Hollywood Africans: Toxic, Rammellzee na Jean-Michel Basquiat na Londonewcastle Project Space na London.[5] N'afọ 2015, e gosipụtara ya na ihe ngosi otu Le Pressionnisme na Pinacothèque de Paris . N'afọ ahụ, o sonyere na ngosi Graffiti, New York zutere Dam na Amsterdam Museum.[1] N'afọ 2020, e tinyere ihe osise ya, Ransom Note: CEE (1984), na ihe ngosi Writing the Future: Basquiat and the Hip-Hop Generation na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.[11]
Toxic mepụtara akwụkwọ mgbidi, ákwà linin e bìrì ebi, na panel mgbidi na mmekorita ya na ụlọ akwa French Pierre Frey.[12][13]
Ọ bi na France, mana ọ na-etinye ógè ya n'etiti Paris, Florence, na New York.[1]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Niso. "Asi llego Toxic a galerias de arte y museos", El Tiempo, January 30, 2016, p. 21.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lark (September 11, 2013). Toxic / Torrick Ablack (en). Widewalls. Retrieved on 2021-01-03.
- ↑ Rammellzee: Graffiti Writer, Artist and Deity "Racing For Thunder" (en-US). Brooklyn Street Art (July 25, 2018). Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dive into "Writing the Future" (en). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved on 2021-01-05.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Last of the Hollywood Africans: Toxic, Rammellzee and Jean-Michel Basquiat (en-US). Very Nearly Almost (February 8, 2013). Retrieved on 2021-01-03.
- ↑ Hoffman. "Basquiat's L.A.", Los Angeles Times, March 13, 2005.
- ↑ Saggese (2014). Reading Basquiat: Exploring Ambivalence in American Art (in en). Univ of California Press, 23–24. ISBN 978-0-520-27624-6.
- ↑ Archivio Ferrari > Ricerca: arte di frontiera. www.genusbononiaearchiviofotografico.it. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved on 2021-08-18.
- ↑ Rapid Enamel: The Art of Graffiti | Exhibitions (en). The Renaissance Society. Retrieved on 2021-01-03.
- ↑ Ransom Note: CEE. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on 2021-01-03.
- ↑ Saenger. "Art From the Streets of New York", Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2020. Retrieved on 2021-01-03. (in en-US)
- ↑ Sherman (December 10, 2015). A Toxic Win: Graffiti Artist and a Storied French House Unexpectedly Team Up (en-US). PaperCity Magazine. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
- ↑ Martin (December 31, 2014). Pierre Frey's Favorite Street Artists (en-us). Architectural Digest. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.