Ugbo
A ranch (from Templeeti:Lang-es/Mexican Spanish) is an area of land, including various structures, given primarily to ranching, the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep. It is a subtype of farm. These terms are most often applied to livestock-raising operations in Mexico, the Western United States and Western Canada, though there are ranches in other areas. People who own or operate a ranch are called ranchers, cattlemen, or stockgrowers. Ranching is also a method used to raise less common livestock such as horses, elk, American bison, ostrich, emu, and alpaca.
Ranches na-enwekarị nnukwu ebe, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nha ọ bụla. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ United States, ọtụtụ ranches bụ ngwakọta nke ala nke onwe ya gbakwunyere site na ịgbazite ala n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Bureau of Land Management ma ọ bụ United States Forest Service. Ọ bụrụ na anụ ụlọ ahụ gụnyere ala a na-akọ ubi ma ọ bụ ala a na'ịgba mmiri, anụ ụlọ ahụ nwekwara ike itinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo dị nta, na-azụ ihe ọkụkụ maka inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri, dị ka ahịhịa na ọka nri.[1]
Ranches that cater exclusively to tourists are called guest ranches or, colloquially, "dude ranches". Most working ranches do not cater to guests, though they may allow private hunters or outfitters onto their property to hunt native wildlife. However, in recent years,Templeeti:When a few struggling smaller operations have added some dude ranch features such as horseback rides, cattle drives, and guided hunting to bring in additional income. Ranching is part of the iconography of the "Wild West" as seen in Western movies and rodeos.
Ọrụ ugbo
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A na-akpọkarị onye nwere ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ ebe a na-azụ anụ ụlọ, ma a na-ejikwa okwu ndị na-achị ehi, onye na-azụ anụ, ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ anụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ bụrụ na onye a na-ahụ maka njikwa n'ozuzu ya bụ onye ọrụ nke onye nwe ya n'ezie, a na-eji okwu foreman ma ọ bụ onye nlekọta anụ ụlọ. A na-akpọ onye na-azụ anụ bụ́ onye na-akpa anụ mgbe ụfọdụ onye na-azụ ehi ma ọ bụ nwa ehi. Onye a na-abụkarị onye nwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, karịsịa ebe enweghị onye nwe ya, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ onye nlekọta anụ ụlọ.
Ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke onye na-azụ anụ ma na-ekere òkè n'ịgwọ anụ ụlọ ka a na-akpọ ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere cowhand, anụ ụlọ, na cowboy. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ndị mmadụ na-akpachapụ anya n'ịnyịnya ịnyịnya.
Mmalite nke ịkpa anụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịzụ anụ na omenala ehi malitere na Spen, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ijikwa nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-ata nri n'ala kpọrọ nkụ site n'ịnyịnya. N'oge Reconquista, ndị otu ndị ama ama Spanish na iwu agha dị iche iche natara nnukwu onyinye ala nke Alaeze Castile meriri site na Moors. Ndị nwe ala a ga-agbachitere ala ndị etinyere n'aka ha ma nwee ike iji ha nweta ego ha nwetara. N'ime usoro a, a chọpụtara na ịzụ atụrụ na ehi n'èzí (n'okpuru usoro Mesta) bụ ihe kacha mma maka traktị buru ibu, karịsịa n'akụkụ Spain nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura na Andalusia.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme na North America
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Mgbe ndị Conquistadors bịara Amerịka na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị bi na ya sochiri, ha wetara ha ehi na usoro ịzụ ehi. Nnukwu onyinye ala site n'aka gọọmentị Spain (ma mesịa bụrụ nke Mexico), akụkụ nke usoro hacienda, nyere ohere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụmanụ na-agagharị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi n'ebe buru ibu. Ọtụtụ omenala dị iche iche mepụtara, na-emetụtakarị ebe mbụ dị na Spain nke ebe obibi sitere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ n'ime omenala nke Jalisco charros na etiti Mexico sitere na Salamanca charros nke Castile. [citation needed] Omenala vaquero nke Northern Mexico bụ ihe okike, mepụtara iji kwekọọ na njirimara nke mpaghara ahụ site na isi mmalite Spanish site na mmekọrịta ọdịbendị n'etiti ndị isi Spanish na ụmụ amaala na ndị mestizo.[2]
Ịkpa ehi nwere ọganihu na Spanish Florida n'oge narị afọ nke iri na asaa.[3]
Okwu "Rancho" na Mexico mepụtara nkọwa dị iche iche na ihe ọ pụtara na mbụ na Spain. N'akwụkwọ "Descripción de la Diócesis de Guadalajara de Indias" (1770), Mateo José de Arteaga kọwara "Ranchos" dị ka "mgbatị nke ala ebe mmadụ ole na ole na-ebi na obere ihe onwunwe na ndo n'ime ụlọ."[5] Na 1778, José Alejandro Patiño, n'edemede ya bụ "Topografía del Curato de Tlaxomulco," kọwara Ranchos dị ka "ụfọdụ ụlọ obodo na-enwechaghị ọmarịcha na uru, ebe ndị ogbenye na ndị nọ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke bi, na-akọpụta obere ala ha nwere ma ọ bụ mgbazinye ebe ha ga-akụ na ya. dịka oke nke ọ bụla nwere ike ha si dị na ịzụ anụ ụlọ ha dịka ike ha siri dị.[4][5][6]
Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ejikọtawo okwu Rancho na Estancia dị ka e si jiri ya mee ihe na Mexico iji kọwaa otu ala nke mebere Hacienda ma ọ bụ ime obodo ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ime obodo n'ozuzu ya. Domingo Revilla na 1844, n'edemede ya "Los Rancheros", kọwara Rancho ma ọ bụ Estancia dị ka "otu nke ala nke mejupụtara Hacienda, ebe a na-azụ ehi na ịnyịnya, na nke na-elekọta Caporal bụ onye isi ụgbọ mmiri. ndị ọzọ na-agba ehi."[8] Niceto de Zamacois, n'akwụkwọ ya "Historia de Méjico" (1879), kọwara okwu dị ka ndị a: "...ndị ikom ime obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ ha n'ịnyịnya ka a na-enye aha. "Rancheros," nke sitere na okwu Rancho nke a na-etinye na obere hacienda, ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu nke kewara na racherias ma ọ bụ ranchos, a na-enye ndị na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ na haciedas nke Veracruz "Jarochos.[7] "[8]
Ya mere, okwu Rancho n'asụsụ Spanish nke Mexico ghọrọ otu ala nke mebere hacienda ebe a na-azụ ehi na ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ndị bi na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Ranchos na-ahụ maka ehi na ịnyịnya ka a na-akpọ Rancheros.[9]
United States
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Ka ndị bi na United States kwagara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ha wetara ụdị ehi mepụtara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ na Europe tinyere ha, ma mee ka njikwa ha kwekọọ n'ala ndị kpọrọ nkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ site n'ịgbaziri ihe ndị dị mkpa nke omenala vaquero nke Spain.
Otú ọ dị, e nwere ehi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke oké osimiri. Deep Hollow Ranch, 110 miles (180 km) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke New York City na Montauk, New York, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ranch mbụ na United States, ebe ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1658. Ranch ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe a na-arụrịta ụka na ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ehi kachasị ochie n'ihe bụ United States taa, ọ bụ ezie na a na-azụ ehi n'ógbè ahụ kemgbe ndị bi na Europe zụrụ ala n'aka Ndị India nọ n'ọ́ ahụ na 1643.[10] Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ehi na Long Island, yana mkpa ọ dị ịkpalite ha na ala ịta ahịhịa nkịtị n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-elekọta ehi bi n'ezie n'ụlọ ndị e wuru n'ebe ịta ahụhịa, a na-emekwa ehi maka njirimara, kama ịbụ ndị a na-akpọ.[10] Nanị "ụgbọ ehi" nke e mere na Long Island bụ otu ụgbọ na 1776, mgbe a kwagara ehi nke agwaetiti ahụ na mgbalị na-agaghị aga nke ọma iji gbochie ha ijide ha n'oge Agha Mgbanwe, na atọ ma ọ bụ anọ ụgbọ na ngwụcha afọ 1930, mgbe a kpọkọtara ehi n'ebe Montauk Highway gaa n'ebe ịta nri dị nso na Deep Hollow Ranch.[10]
Ebe a na-emeghe
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Ala ahịhịa na ọzara nke ihe taa bụ Mexico na ọdịda anyanwụ United States dabara nke ọma maka ịta nri “oghere mepere emepe”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, bison America abụrụla isi ihe na-eri nri maka ụmụ amaala America nọ na Great Plains ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-atụgharị ehi na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe a mụsịrị ụmụ ha wee hapụ ha ka ha na-agagharị na obere nlekọta na enweghị ogige, wee chịkọta ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, a na-achụpụ anụmanụ ndị tozuru okè n'ahịa ma na-azụ anụ na-abịaru nso. isi ụlọ ọrụ anụ ụlọ maka nchebe ka ukwuu n'oge oyi. Iji akara akara anụ ụlọ mere ka a mata ma hazie ehi ndị dị iche iche nwere. Malite na mmezi nke Texas na 1840s, na mgbasawanye ma ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ site n'oge ahụ, site na Agha Obodo na n'ime 1880s, ịzụ ahịa na-achịkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba ọdịda anyanwụ.
Tinyere ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ bịara mkpa maka ihe ọkụkụ iji nye ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ nri, ya mere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo bịakwara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere ndị na-elekọta anụ ụlọ. Ọtụtụ ọrụ "dị iche iche", na ọrụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na-ewere ọnọdụ. Site na Homestead Act nke 1862, ndị ọzọ bịara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ iji guzobe ugbo. Nke a kpatara esemokwu ụfọdụ, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ iji gbochie ubi iji gbochie ehi na atụrụ iri ihe ọkụkụ ha. waya nwere ogwu, nke e mepụtara na 1874, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ banye n'ime ogige nke ala ndị nwe onwe ha, ọkachasị maka ụlọ. E nwere mbelata nke ala na Great Plains meghere maka ịta nri.
Ọgwụgwụ nke oghere
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Ọgwụgwụ nke oghere ahụ emeghị site na mbelata ala n'ihi ọrụ ugbo, kama site na ịtabiga nri ókè. Ehi ndị a na-azụ n'ebe a na-emeghe mepụtara ọdachi nke ndị mmadụ niile ka onye ọ bụla na-azụ anụ na-achọ uru akụ na ụba site n'ịzụ ọtụtụ anụmanụ n'ala ọha na eze nke "ọ dịghị onye" nwere. Otú ọ dị, n'ịbụ ụdị na-abụghị nke ala, usoro ịta ahịhịa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi na-arịwanye elu jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ogo nke ala ịta ahịrị, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ogbugbu nke anụ ọhịa bea America mere n'otu oge. oge oyi nke 1886-87 bụ otu n'ime oge kachasị njọ e dekọrọ, na anụ ụlọ ndị a na-echegbu onwe ha maka mbelata ịta nri nwụrụ site na ọtụtụ puku. Ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ ehi dara ogbenye, ndị ọzọ nwetakwara nnukwu ego. Ya mere, mgbe oge a gasịrị, ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ malitekwara ịgbachi ala ha ma soro gọọmentị America kwurịta maka ịgbazite anụ ụlọ ka ha wee nwee ike ịchịkwa ala ịta ahịhịa nke ụmụ anụmanụ ha nwere.
Ịkpa anụ na Hawaii
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịkpa anụ na Hawaii mepụtara n'onwe ya na kọntinent United States. N'oge ọchịchị ndị eze, Capt. George Vancouver nyere ọtụtụ isi ehi nye eze Hawaiian, Pai Chania Kamehameha, eze nke alaeze Hawaiian, na site na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, ha amụbaala nke ukwuu, ruo n'ókè nke na ha na-emebi obodo niile. N'ihe dị ka 1812, John Parker, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke wụliri ụgbọ mmiri wee biri n'àgwàetiti ahụ, natara ikike n'aka Kamehameha ijide ehi ọhịa ma mepụta ụlọ ọrụ anụ.
Ụdị ịzụ anụ nke Hawaii na mbụ gụnyere ijide ehi ọhịa site na ịkwaga ha n'ime olulu e gwuru n'ala ọhịa. Ozugbo agụụ na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na-achịkwa ha, a na-adọkpụ ha n'elu ebe dị elu, ma jiri mpi ha kee ha na mpi nke ehi (ma ọ bụ ehi) ma kpọga ha n'ebe ndị e wusiri ike. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too n'okpuru ọchịchị nwa Kamehameha Liholiho (Kamehameha nke Abụọ). Mgbe nwanne Liholiho, Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), gara California, mgbe ahụ ka bụ akụkụ nke Mexico, ọ masịrị ya na nkà nke ndị na-agba ọsọ na Mexico. N'afọ 1832, ọ kpọrọ ọtụtụ ndị ka ha bịa Hawaii iji kụziere ndị Hawaii otu esi arụ ọrụ ehi.
A bịara na-akpọ onye na-agba ịnyịnya nke Hawaii paniolo, nke a na-akpọpụta asụsụ Spanish. Ọbụna taa, ịnyịnya ọdịnala Hawaiian na ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke azụmaahịa anụ nwere ọdịdị Mexico doro anya, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ Hawaiian ka na-ebu aha nna nke vaqueros mere Hawaii ụlọ ha.
Ịkpa anụ na South America
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Argentina na Uruguay, a maara ranches dị ka estancias na Brazil, a na-akpọ ha fazendas. N'ọtụtụ ebe na South America, gụnyere Ecuador na Colombia, enwere ike iji okwu hacienda ma ọ bụ finca mee ihe. Ranchero ma ọ bụ Rancho bụkwa okwu ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Latin America.
N'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, site na mpaghara pampas nke South America ruo na steeti Minas Gerais na Brazil, gụnyere pampas semi-arid nke Argentina na ndịda Brazil, na-adịkarị mma maka ịkpa anụ, na omenala mepụtara nke yiri nke Mexico na United States. Omenala gaucho nke Argentina, Brazil na Uruguay so n'omenala ịzụ ehi a mụrụ n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na narị afọ nke 20, ịzụ ehi gbasaa n'ebe ndị na-adịghị mma nke Pantanal. Karịsịa na Brazil, narị afọ nke 20 gosipụtara uto ngwa ngwa nke mgbukpọ ọhịa, ka a na-egbutu ala Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo site na ịkpụcha na ịgba ọkụ nke mere ka ahịhịa too maka anụ ụlọ, mana ọ mekwara ka ala ahụ daa n'ime naanị afọ ole na ole. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ amaala nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo megidere ụdị anụ ụlọ a ma mee mkpesa megide ọkụ a gbara oké ọhịa iji guzobe ọrụ ịta nri na ugbo. Esemokwu a ka bụ nchegbu na mpaghara ahụ taa.
Ebe a na-azụ anụmanụ n'èzí Amerịka
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Na Spain, ebe enwere ike ịchọta mmalite nke Ịkpa anụ, enwere ganaderías na-arụ ọrụ na ala dehesa, ebe a na-azụ ehi na-alụ ọgụ. Otú ọ dị, a naghị ahụ ụdị anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ ọ bụla n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe ndị ọzọ, ebe e nwere obere ala na mmiri ozuzo zuru ezu na-enye ohere ịzụ ehi na obere ugbo.
N'Australia, ala ahịhịa bụ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè (na mbụ n'echiche nke ebe a na-etinye ngwaahịa nwa oge). N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ọnọdụ niile, ndị a bụ ma ọ bụ ọdụ ehi ma ọ bụ ụlọ atụrụ. Ogige ehi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa dị n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ dị n'Australia. A na-akpọkarị ndị nwe ọdụ ndị a ndị na-azụ anụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akpa anụ, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bi na ala ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ndị ọrụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ / ụmụ nwanyị, jackaroos /jillaroos na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba mgba (karịa ndị na-ere anụ). Ọtụtụ ọdụ ehi Australia buru ibu karịa 10,000 km2, nke kachasị ukwuu bụ Anna Creek Station nke na-atụle 2,677 km2 na mpaghara (ihe dịka okpukpu asatọ nke US Ranch kachasị ukwuu). Anna Creek bụ nke S Kidman & Co.
Okwu ndị yiri ya na New Zealand bụ ịgba ọsọ na ọdụ.
Na South Africa, a na-akpọkarị nnukwu ala ndị yiri ya ugbo (mgbe ụfọdụ kwa ranch) na South African English na 210 na Afrikaans.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ịkpa anụmanụ
- Ebe a na-azụ ehi
- Ngwá ọrụ ubi
- Ebe obibi
- Nchịkwa zuru oke
- Homestead (ụlọ)
- Intensive animal farming § Cattle
- Ndepụta nke Ranches na Stations
- Ebe a na-azụ ihe nkiri
- Ịzụ atụrụ
- Ụlọ akwụkwọ Ranch
- Ụlọ a na-akpọ Ranch
- Ebe a na-azụ atụrụ
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Holechek, J.L., Geli, H.M., Cibils, A.F. and Sawalhah, M.N., 2020. Climate Change, Rangelands, and Sustainability of Ranching in the Western United States. Sustainability, 12(12), p.4942.
- ↑ Haeber, Jonathan. "Vaqueros: The First Cowboys of the Open Range". National Geographic News, August 15, 2003. Accessed online October 15, 2007.
- ↑ Arnade (1961). "Cattle Raising in Spanish Florida, 1513-1763". Agricultural History 35 (3): 116–124. ISSN 0002-1482.
- ↑ Serrera Contreras (1977). Guadalajara ganadera estudio regional novohispano, 1760-1805 (in es). Sevilla, Spain: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. ISBN 9788400036959.
- ↑ Gomez Serrano (2000). Haciendas y ranchos de Aguascalientes estudio regional sobre la tenencia de la tierra y el desarrollo agrícola en el siglo XIX (in es). Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. ISBN 9789685073059. Retrieved on 23 February 2022.
- ↑ Serrera Contreras (1977). Guadalajara ganadera estudio regional novohispano, 1760-1805 (in es). Sevilla, Spain: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. ISBN 9788400036959.
- ↑ Revilla (1844). El museo mexicano o miscelánea de amenidades curiosas e instructivas Volume 3, Volume 3, Mexico City: Ignacio Cumplido. Retrieved on 23 February 2022.
- ↑ de Zamacois (1879). Historia de Méjico desde sus tiempos mas remotos hasta nuestros dias Volume 10, Volume 10, Barcelona and Mexico: J.F. Párres y compañia. Retrieved on 23 February 2022.
- ↑ Domínguez (1856). Diccionario nacional ó gran diccionario clásico de la lengua Española. Madrid, Paris: Mellado. Retrieved on 23 February 2022.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ochs, Ridgeley. "Ride 'em, Island Cowboy," Newsday,. Accessed May 5, 2008