Via Campesina

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  La Vía Campesina (site na Spanish: la vía campesine, li) bụ òtù ndị ugpo mba ụwa nke e guzobere na 1993 na Mons, Belgium, nke òtù otu narị na iri asatọ na ábụọ guzobere zoro na mba 81, ma kọwaa onwe ya dị ka "otu òtù mba niile nke na-ahazi òtù ụmụ amaala nke obere ndị na'etiti na ha, ndị Ọrụ ugwo, ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo, na obodo ndị obodo si Eshia, Africa, America, da Europe".[1]

La Via Campesina na-akwado ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ na ya, ọ bụkwa otu ahụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "nchịkwa nri".[1] La Vía Campesina na-eme mkpọsa iji chebe ikike onye ọrụ ugbo nwere mkpụrụ, ịkwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, maka mgbanwe ala, na n'ozuzu maka ịnakwere ikike nke ndị ọrụ ubi.[2]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

     Map of countries with a member organization of La Vía Campesina

Malite n'afọ ndị 1980 gọọmentị na-etinye obere aka n"ime ime obodo, nke na'eme ka ikike ụlọ ọrụ na ndị otu ndị ọrụ ugbo ghara ịdị ike ka ha na na - na "na-ebi ndụ n "n'ọrụ ugpo" na[3] N'ihi ya, ìgwè ndị ọrụ ugbo mba malitere ịmekọrịta na òtù mba dị iche iche, malite na Latin America wee gaa n'ụwa niile.[3]

Ihe ndị ruuru ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere na nkwado ikike ọhụrụ nke bilitere na 1990s; n'oge ahụ, ihe ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na ihe omume mmepe jikọtara ọnụ nke gbasaa site na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke obodo iji tinye ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba.[4] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugwo na'ihu na ịma echiche nke neoliberalism aka na akụ na ụba ụwa na ịchọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ ga-echebe ikike nke ndị ọrụ gburugburu ụwa.[4]

Mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị otu ndị ọrụ ugbo si Europe, Latin America, Eshia, North America na Africa guzobere nzukọ ahụ na 1993.[5] Ntọala ahụ sochiri Uruguay Round nke General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), ebe a bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta World Trade Organization (WTO) maka Ọrụ Ugbo na Azụmaahịa metụtara Ikike Nzuzo (TRIPS).[6] Nkwekọrịta ndị a kpatara mmeghachi omume site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa maka ilekwasị anya na nsogbu teknụzụ karịa ikike mmadụ inweta nri, ọkachasị maka ndị bi na Global South.[7] Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ na-aga n'ihu n"oge a, na'emetụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo.[5] La Vía Campesina nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo obere ikpo okwu iji nụ olu ha banyere otu mgbanwe ndị a si emetụta ndụ ha.[5]

Mmegharị ahụ etoola ma bụrụkwa nke a ghọtara ugbu a dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere nri na ọrụ ugbo. O gosila ya n'ọtụtụ mba ụwa, dịka:

  • Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO);[8]
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV);[9]
  • Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke UN (HRC);[5]
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Via Campesina etinyela aka na mkparita uka nke Nkwupụta United Nations na ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzọ bi na mpaghara ime obodo, nke UN General Assembly nakweere na Disemba 2018..[10][11]

Ihe ndị a na-ebute ụzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka weebụsaịtị La Via Campesina si kwuo, mmegharị ndị bụ isi okwu na-akwalite nri ọbụbụeze; na-achọ mgbanwe agrarian; ikike ndị mmadụ n'elu ala, mmiri, ókèala; iguzogide ahia efu; na-akwalite ụmụ nwanyị na-ewu ewu na-ewu ewu; na-akwado ikike mmadụ, ikike nke ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ; na-akwalite agroecology; na-akwalite usoro mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọrụ ugbo; na-amụba òkè ndị ntorobịa n'ọrụ ugbo.[12]

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, òtù ahụ etinyela uche dị ukwuu na nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma mee ka mmegide ya na ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche sikwuo ike.[3] O lekwasịrị anya n'inweta nkwado maka okwu gbasara ọbụbụeze nri, iweghachite okwu ahụ bụ "onye ọrụ ugbo" ma mepụta njirimara ndị ọrụ obodo n"ofe ókèala na ọdịbendị mba.[3] La Vía Campesina na-ejikọkwa aka na òtù ndị ọzọ na ndị na'abụghị gọọmentị (NGOs) iji mee ka ọnụnọ mba ụwa ya sie ike.[13]

Mkpebi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ isi na ọrụ La Vía Campesina, a raara ya nye nnọchiteanya ziri ezi na itinye aka nke ndị niile sonyere, na-eme mgbanwe nhazi mgbe ọ dị mkpa.[13] Echiche nke ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa dị mkpa iji nyochaa ma melite mmepụta nri na ọbụbụeze ụwa.[13] Akụkụ nke mgbalị a maka ịha nhata n'etiti ndị otu ahụ bụ ịmepụta njirimara ndị ọrụ ugbo. A na-akpọ iweghachite njirimara a "re-peasantization".[14] Dị ka Desmarais si kwuo (2008), okwu ahụ bụ "onye ọrụ ugbo" n'asụsụ Bekee nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na feudalism, mana n"asụsụ na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ihe ọ pụtara sara mbara; campesino sitere na okwu campo, nke pụtara "obodo", nke na-ejikọta ndị mmadụ na ala.[13] Nkọwa feudalist a bụ otu ihe mere nzukọ ahụ ji họrọ ịghara ịsụgharị aha ya n'asụsụ Bekee.[13]

Ihe nrite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2018, La Vía Campesina natara XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarre a la So solidaridad).[15]

Na June 2018, ndị kwụụrụ onwe, ọtụtụ na ọtụtụ omenala, bụ nke na-adabere kpamkpam na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nke akụ na ụba ọ bụla, enwetara onyinye nrite nke Lush Spring Prize Prize Award.[16]

N'afọ 2015, nzukọ ahụ natara onyinye site na Latin American Scientific Society for Agroecology (SOCLA) "n'ịghọta ihe atụ ya nke ọgụ na-adịghị agwụ ike maka agroeconology na ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'imezu ọrụ ya ilekọta ụwa, inye ụwa nri, chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche ma mee ka mbara ala dị jụụ, site n"[17]

Na 2004, La Vía Campesina nwetara onyinye nturu ugo International Human Rights Award site na Global Exchange, na San Francisco.[18]

Nhazi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụ nwanyị so na Via Campesina n'oge 7th World Social Forum (Nairobi, 2007)

La Vía Campesina bụ òtù na-eme ihe ike, na mpaghara na nke mba. Ndị otu si mba ịrị asatọ na otu, nke a haziri n mpaghara itoolu.[5] Kọmitii Nhazi Mba Nile na-anọchite anya otu nwoke na otu nwanyị na mpaghara ọ bụla na maysa onye ntorobịa na kọntinent ọ ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke ọkara ahọpụtara site na ndị otu mpaghara ha.[5] N'inwe ihe dị ka òtù 182 nke obodo na nke mba dị iche iche dị na mmegharị ahụ, La Via Campesina na-anọchite anya ndị ọrụ ugbo 200 gburugburu ụwa.[5]

Dị ka Menser si kwuo (2008), La Via Campesina bụ ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbasawanye nke mmegharị mba na mba n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n"ihi usoro nhazi ya na mgbanwe ya iji hụ na nnọchiteanya ziri ezi.[19]

Nzukọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nnọchiteanya si n'ógbè ọ bụla na-ezukọ na Nzukọ Mba Nile ihe dịka afọ anọ ọ ga-abụ. E nwere nzukọ ndị gara aga na Mons na 1993, Tlaxcala City na 1996, Bangalore na 2000, São Paulo na 2004, Maputo na 2008, Jakarta na 2013, na Derio na 2017.[20] Ngalaba odeakwụkwọ mba ụwa na-agbanwe ebe etiti ya kwa afọ 4 dabere na mkpebi e mere na Nzukọ Mba Nile. Ebe ndị gara aga bụ Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), Indonesia (2005-2013) na Harare (2013-2021).[20]

Kemgbe Nọvemba 2021, odeakwụkwọ ahụ nọ na Bagnolet, France.[21] Onye nhazi nke ugbu a bụ Morgan Ody, onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ nri si Bretagne, France, otu (La Confédération paysanne na European Coordination Via Campesina (ECVC).

Ntinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E leghaara nwoke na nwanyị anya dị ka ihe atụ na mmalite nke mmegharị ahụ. Mgbe a bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta Managua - onye bu ụzọ na La Vía Campesina - mmadụ asatọ niile nọ ebe ahụ bụ ụmụ nwoke.[6] Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo malitere itinye aka ma na'ịgba mbọ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'oge Nzukọ Mba Nile na Tlaxcala na 1996.[6] Na nzukọ a, ha kpebiri ịmepụta kọmitii raara onwe ya nye ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nsogbu okike, nke mesịrị ghọọ Kọmiti Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vía Campesina.[6] Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na kọmitii ahụ tinyekwara aka nke ukwuu n'ịdezi atụmatụ nke ọnọdụ isi nkuku na ọbụbụeze nri nke e gosipụtara na World Food Summit na 1996.[6] Ha gụnyere ahụike dị ka ihe atụ maka mmepụta nri na-enweghị agro-chemicals, yana mkpa ụmụ nwanyị itinye aka na mgbanwe iwu n'ihi na a na'egbochi ụmụ nwoke itinye akwụkwọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[6] Ụmụ nwanyị nke La Vía Campesina ka na-arụ ọrụ maka nnọchiteanya ka ukwuu na itinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị n'ọkwa ndị ndu.

Nnukwu nri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

La Vía Campesina webatara ikike nke ọchịchị nri na Nzukọ nri ụwa na 1996 dị ka "ikike nke ndị mmadụ inwe nri ahụike na omenala kwesịrị ekwesị nke a na-emepụta site na ụzọ na-adigide na ikike ha ịkọwapụta nri na usoro ugbo nke ha."[5] Okwu ahụ bụ "ọdịbendị kwesịrị ekwesị" na-egosi na nri dịnụ ma nwee ike ịnweta maka ndị mmadụ kwesịrị dabara na ọdịbendụ nke ndị na'eri ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaahịa ọka wit a kwadoro na nke a na-ebubata agaghị adaba n'okpuru ụdị a n"ala ebe nri ọka bụ ihe ndabere nke nri ọdịnala.

Okwu Ihe nlere anya Ọchịchị nri
Azụmaahịa Azụmahịa efu na ihe niile Nri na ọrụ ugbo ewepụghị na nkwekọrịta azụmahịa
Ihe kacha mkpa mmepụta Agroexports Nri maka ahịa mpaghara
Ọnụ ahịa ihe ubi 'Ihe ahịa na-ekwu' (hapụ usoro ndị na-emepụta ma ọnụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ dị ala yana ọnụ ahịa nri a na-atụghị anya ya emebibeghị) Ọnụ ahịa ziri ezi nke na-ekpuchi ụgwọ ọrụ nke mmepụta ma na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugbo aka ibi ndụ n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù
Ịnweta ahịa Ịnweta ahịa ndị mba ọzọ Ịnweta ahịa mpaghara; njedebe nke ịchụpụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'ahịa nke ha site n'ịzụ ahịa
Enyemaka Ọ bụ ezie na amachibidoro n'ụwa nke atọ, a na-anabata ọtụtụ enyemaka na US na Europe, mana a na-akwụ ya naanị ndị ọrụ ugbo kacha ukwuu. Enyemaka dị mma nke na-adịghị emebi obodo ndị ọzọ site na mkpofu (ya bụ inye naanị ndị ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ maka ịzụ ahịa ozugbo, ọnụahịa / nkwado ego, nchekwa ala, ntụgharị gaa na ọrụ ugbo na-adigide, nyocha, wdg. )
Nri Isi ihe bụ ngwa ahịa; na omume, nke a pụtara edozi, nri mmeru nke jupụtara na abụba, shuga, nnukwu fructose ọka sirop na nsị nsị. Ikike mmadụ: kpọmkwem, kwesịrị ịdị mma, na-edozi ahụ, dị ọnụ ala, dabara adaba na omenala, na emepụtara ya na mpaghara
Inwe ike imepụta Nhọrọ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ akụ na ụba Ikike nke ndị ime obodo
Agụụ N'ihi obere nrụpụta Nsogbu nke ịnweta na nkesa n'ihi ịda ogbenye na ahaghị nhata
Nchekwa nri Emezuru site na ibubata nri Kachasị mma mgbe mmepụta nri dị n'aka ndị agụụ na-agụ, ma ọ bụ emepụtara na mpaghara
Ịchịkwa ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (ala, mmiri, ọhịa) Ahapụrụ onwe ya N'okpuru ọchịchị obodo
Ịnweta ala Site na ahịa Site na mgbanwe agrarian
Mkpụrụ Ngwa ahịa nwere ikike Ihe nketa a na-ahụkarị nke mmadụ, nke obodo ime obodo na omenala na-atụkwasị obi; 'enweghị patent na ndụ'
Ime obodo kredit na itinye ego Site na ụlọ akụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe Site na ngalaba ọha, emebere iji kwado ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ
Mkpofu Ọ bụghị okwu A ga-amachibidoro iwu
Naanị otu Ọ bụghị okwu Isi ihe kpatara ọtụtụ nsogbu
Mmepụta karịrị akarị Enweghị ihe dị otú ahụ, site na nkọwa Na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ala na ndị ọrụ ugbo banye ịda ogbenye; anyị chọrọ atumatu njikwa ọkọnọ na US na EU
Nkà na ụzụ ọrụ ugbo Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, monoculture, Green Revolution, kemịkalụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ; na-eji GMOs Agroecology, ọrụ ugbo na-adigide, enweghị GMOs
Ndị ọrụ ugbo Anachronism, adịghị arụ ọrụ ga-apụ n'anya Ndị na-echekwa omenala na germplasm ihe ọkụkụ; ndị na-elekọta ihe onwunwe na-arụpụta ihe; ebe nchekwa ihe ọmụma; ihe nrịbama n'ime na ngọngọ ụlọ nke mmepe akụ na ụba gbadoro ụkwụ na nke gụnyere
Ndị ahịa obodo A ga-akwụ ndị ọrụ ụgwọ obere ka enwere ike Achọrọ ụgwọ ọrụ ndụ
Ihe dị ndụ gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (GMOs) Ebili nke ọdịnihu Ihe ọjọọ maka ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi; teknụzụ na-enweghị isi
Isi mmalite: Rosset (2003) [22]

Nchịkwa nri vs. nchekwa nri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchịkwa nri dị iche na nchekwa nri. A kọwapụtara nchekwa nri dị ka "nweta anụ ahụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba maka nri zuru oke, dị nchebe, ma na-edozi ahụ... n'oge niile iji zute nri na nri [ndị mmadụ] họọrọ maka ndụ dị mma ma dị ndụ" site n" nke D. Moyo na nzukọ kwa afọ nke American Society of International Law na 2007. Nchebe nri na-elekwasị anya n'inye nri maka mmadụ niile site n"ụzọ ọ bụla dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ site na mmepụta mpaghara maọ bụ mbubata ụwa. N'ihi ya, iwu akụ na ụba metụtara nchekwa nri na-emekarị ka ọrụ ugbo nke nwere ike ịmepụta nri dị ọnụ ala.[23]

Usoro nri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Friedmann na-akọwa usoro nri dị ka usoro na'okpuru iwu nke mmepụta na oriri nke nri n'ụwa niile.[24] A na-eji oge mgbanwe na mmepụta nri nke na'ihi mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba mara ọchịchị nri.[24] Enwere ike ịkpọ ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ "usoro nri ụlọ ọrụ" n'ihi oke nke inye na nhazi nri na ngalaba onwe.[25] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ US nwere ikike ịchịkwa mmepụta nri site na ịnye ndị ọrụ ugbo obere, nke na-enye ha ohere isonye na uru na enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke ọrụ ubi, dị ka ihu igwe na ọrịa.[26] Usoro nri bụ nsonaazụ nke ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị otu na-ese okwu maka ịchịkwa otu esi emepụta nri na echiche, dị ka McMichael si kwuo.[24] Ọchịchị nri ụlọ ọrụ malitere na echiche akụ na ụba neoliberal nke na-akpali site na arụmọrụ na nnwere onwe azụmahịa, ma kwuo na mba kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na mgbalị na akụ ha na mmepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ebe ha nwere uru karịa mba ndị ọzọ (ya bụ, ngwaahịa ha kacha mma na imepụta), dịka Philip McMichael kwuru.[24] Usoro nri ụlọ ọrụ adịla naanị maka afọ 100 gara aga, ma e jiri ya tụnyere puku afọ tupu mmepụta ihe na Green Revolution.[24]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ngagharị nke ndị ọrụ ugbo
  • Nkwupụta UN Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo
  • Afọ Iri nke Ọrụ Ugbo Ezinụlọ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
  • Iwu ọrụ ugbo
  • Mweghachi nke agroecological
  • Ịlaghachi n'ala
  • Ọrụ ugbo ezinụlọ
  • Nri obodo
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
  • Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa (WTO)
  • Nkwekọrịta WTO maka Ọrụ Ugbo
  • Nkwekọrịta TRIPS nke WTO
  • National Farmers Union na Canada
  • Abahlali baseMjondolo na South Africa
  • Kọmitii Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh na India
  • Sindicato Labrego Galego-Comisións Labregas na Galicia.
  • EZLN na Mexico
  • Fanmi Lavalas na Haiti
  • Ezigbo Njem Nri
  • Nyéléni
  • Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-enweghị Ebe Obibi na Brazil
  • Òtù Ndị Na-enweghị Ala na South Africa
  • Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-enweghị Ala na Brazil
  • Movement for Justice na el Barrio na United States of America
  • Narmada Bachao Andolan na India
  • Wepụ Ala na United States of America
  • Mgbalị Mmegide Ịchụpụ Ndị Dị na Western Cape na South Africa
  • Njikọ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo Indonesia na Indonesia
  • Agroecology
  • Elizabeth Mpofu
  • Guy Kastler
  • José Bové

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Global Small-Scale Farmers' Movement Developing New Trade Regimes", Food First News & Views, Volume 28, Number 97 Spring/Summer 2005, p.2.
  2. ↑ Borras Jr., Saturnino M. "La Vía Campesina and its Global Campaign for Agrarian Reform.." Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 2/3 (April 2008): 258-289.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Martínez-Torres (2010). "La Vía Campesina: the birth and evolution of a transnational social movement". The Journal of Peasant Studies 37: 149–175. DOI:10.1080/03066150903498804. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shawki (2014). "New Rights Advocacy and the Human Rights of Peasants: La Via Campesina and the Evolution of New Human Rights Norms". Journal of Human Rights Practice 6 (2). DOI:10.1093/jhuman/huu009. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Organisation. Published 9 Feb. 2011. Retrieved from <https://web.archive.org/web/20170710021151/https://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44>
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Desmarais (2003). "The Via Campesina: Peasant Women on the Frontiers of Food Sovereignty". Canadian Woman Studies 23 (1): 140–145. ISSN 0713-3235. 
  7. ↑ Hawkes (2013). "Worlds apart: The WTO's Agreement on Agriculture and the right to food in developing countries". International Political Science Review 34 (1): 21–38. DOI:10.1177/0192512112445238. 
  8. ↑ FAO. "La société civile et les biotechnologies", interview of Guy Kastler, La Via Campesina, intervenant de la société civile à l'occasion du Symposium international sur le rôle des biotechnologies agricoles. Retrieved on 5 May 2020.
  9. ↑ UPOV (5 August 2016). European Coordination Via Campesina (Mr. Guy Kastler), on UPOV. Retrieved on 5 May 2020.
  10. ↑ "UNITED NATIONS: Third Committee approves the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas", Via Campesina, 20 November 2018. Retrieved on 5 May 2020.
  11. ↑ A. Wise. "UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants' Rights Declaration", Resilience, 24 January 2019. Retrieved on 5 May 2020.
  12. ↑ About La Via Campesina (2016-10-28).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Desmarais (2008). "The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina". Journal of Rural Studies 24 (2): 138–149. DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002. 
  14. ↑ Welch, C., 2001. Peasants and globalization in Latin America: a survey of recent literature. Paper presented at the XXIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, 6–8 September, Washington, DC.
  15. ↑ ""Globalising the struggle also means globalising solidarity and hope" - La Via Campesina, while accepting the XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity", Via Campesina English, 2017-12-07. Retrieved on 2018-06-04. (in en-GB)
  16. ↑ LVC (2017-05-23). Lush Spring Prize Influence Award Winner: La Via Campesina. uk.lush.com. Lush Spring Prize. Retrieved on 22 May 2018.
  17. ↑ La Via Campesina receives award for "tireless struggle in favor of Agroecology". La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement (13 October 2015). Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
  18. ↑ Global Exchange Human Rights Awards. Past Honorees. Retrieved from <Past Honorees | 12th Annual Human Rights Award. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved on 2015-04-13.>
  19. ↑ Menser (2008). "Transnational Participatory Democracy in Action: The Case of La Via Campesina". Journal of Social Philosophy 39 (1): 20–41. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2007.00409.x. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 La Via Campesina: International Peasant's Movement. Our Conferences. Published 11 Apr. 2014. Retrieved from <https://web.archive.org/web/20170710014954/https://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/our-conferences-mainmenu-28>
  21. ↑ La Via Campesina celebrates its political transition to Europe. Retrieved from <https://viacampesina.org/en/via-campesina-celebrates-its-political-transition-to-europe/
  22. ↑ Rosset (2003). "Food sovereignty: Global rally cry of farmer movements". Food First Backgrounder 9 (4): 1–4. 
  23. ↑ Glenna (2012). "The Efficacy of a Program Promoting Rice Self-Sufficiency in Ghana during a Period of Neoliberalism". Rural Sociology 77 (4): 520–546. DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00088.x. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 McMichael (2009). "A food regime genealogy". The Journal of Peasant Studies 36 (1): 139–169. DOI:10.1080/03066150902820354. 
  25. ↑ Heis (2015). "The Alternative Agriculture Network Isan and Its Struggle for Food Sovereignty - a Food Regime Perspective of Agricultural Relations of Production in Northeast Thailand". Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies 8 (1): 67–85. 
  26. ↑ Patel (2006). "International Agrarian Restructuring and the Practical Ethics of Peasant Movement Solidarity". Journal of Asian and African Studies 41 (1–2): 71–93. DOI:10.1177/0021909606061748. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Nchịkwa Nri, Manifesto maka Ọdịnihu nke Ụwa Anyị La Via Campesina, "Afọ iri abụọ na ise nke Mgbalị Nkwekọrịta Maka Nwe Nchebe Nlekọta Nọọ", La via Camposina Website, 2021
  • Desmarais (2002). "Vía Campesina: Consolidating an International Peasant Movement". Journal of Peasant Studies 29 (2): 91–124. DOI:10.1080/714003943. 
  • Martínez-Torres, María Elena, na Peter M. Rosset, "La Vía Campesina: ọmụmụ na evolushọn nke mmegharị mmekọrịta mba na mba", Journal of Peasant Studies, 2010

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Via_Campesina&oldid=126110