Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị
mmụta sayensị ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na-agụnye agụmakwụkwọ edere, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na dijitalụ dịka ha metụtara ịghọta sayensị, usoro ya, nchọpụta, na echiche. Mmụta sayensị na-emetụta nghọta nke Usoro sayensị, nkeji na usoro nke ịtụle, ahụmahụ na nghọta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na njikọ ụfọdụ na nyocha dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, yana nghọta bụ isi nke isi ngalaba sayensị dị ka physics, chemistry, biology, ecology, geology na mgbakọ.
Nkọwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]OECD PISA Framework (2015) na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka "ikike itinye aka na nsogbu ndị metụtara sayensị, yana echiche nke sayensụ, dị ka nwa amaala na-echebara echiche. " Ya mere, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị njikere itinye aka n'okwu ezi uche dị na ya banyere sayensị na teknụzụ nke chọrọ ikike:
- Kọwaa ihe omume sayensị - mata, nye ma nyochaa nkọwa maka ọtụtụ ihe okike na teknụzụ.
- Nyochaa ma chepụta nyocha sayensị - kọwaa ma nyochaa nyocha sayensụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ isi dozie ajụjụ sayensị.
- Kọwaa data na ihe akaebe na sayensị - nyochaa ma nyochaa data, nkwupụta na arụmụka n'ọtụtụ nnọchiteanya ma nweta nkwubi okwu sayensị kwesịrị ekwesị.
Dị ka United States National Center for Education Statistics si kwuo, "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị bụ ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba". A na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị dị ka onye nwere ikike:
- Ghọta, nwalee, na ezi uche yana ịkọwa eziokwu sayensị na ihe ha pụtara.
- Jụọ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị.
- Kọwaa, kọwaa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
- Gụọ isiokwu na nghọta nke sayensị na Akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ma tinye aka na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere izi ezi nke nkwubi okwu.
- Chọpụta okwu sayensị ndị na-eme ka mkpebi mba na nke mpaghara pụta ìhè ma gosipụta ọnọdụ ndị a maara na sayensị na teknụzụ.
- Nyochaa ogo nke ozi sayensị dabere na isi iyi ya na usoro eji emepụta ya.
- Tinye ma nyochaa arụmụka dabere na ihe akaebe ma tinye nkwubi okwu sitere na arụmụka dị otú ahụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.
A pụkwara ịkọwa agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'asụsụ yiri nkọwa nke agụmakwụkwọ oké osimiri, agụmakwụkwọ nke sayensị ụwa na agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe. Ya mere, onye maara nke ọma na sayensị nwere ike:
- Ghọta sayensị metụtara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
- Kpọtụrụ okwu n'ụzọ doro anya banyere sayensị.
- Mee mkpebi doro anya banyere okwu ndị a.
N'ikpeazụ, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị nwere ike ịgụnye àgwà ụfọdụ n'ịmụta ihe na iji sayensị. Ụmụ amaala nwere ọgụgụ isi sayensị nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe ndị mere eme maka onwe ha.[1]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States na-abụkarị ihe ịma aka dị ka mwepụta nke Satellite Sputnik na 1957 na ọganihu akụ na ụba Japan na 1980s. Paul Hurd mere ka okwu ahụ bụ "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị" bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'afọ 1958, mgbe o boro ebubo na nsogbu dị na agụmakwụkwọ bụ "otu n'ime imechi ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụ na ụba nke ihe sayensị na ịda ogbenye nke ịgụ na ide nke Sayensị na America". [2][3]Maka Hurd, ihe ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa na sayensị na teknụzụ chọrọ agụmakwụkwọ "kwesịrị ekwesị maka izute ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe sayensị. " Ihe dị n'okpuru oku Hurd bụ echiche "na ụfọdụ nkà sayensị bụ nkwadebe dị mkpa maka ndụ nke oge a".[3][2]
Nkọwa mbụ nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị gụnyere nkọwa nke ọdịnaya ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ịghọta, na-agbaso usoro ọdịnala (biology, chemistry, physics). A kọwapụtara Sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka usoro ala gbasaa. N'ime afọ iri mgbe akwụkwọ ndị mbụ ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi nke oké osimiri dezigharịrị echiche nke ịgụ na ide nke sayensị iji tinye echiche ndị ọzọ nke oge a, nke usoro na-elekwasị anya na ụwa okike, na-eduga na mmemme ịgụ na ide sayensị maka oké osimiri, ihu igwe, sayensị ụwa, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Kemgbe afọ 1950, agụmakwụkwọ sayensị emeela ka ihe ọmụma sayensị pụta ìhè dị ka nke dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu site na ahụmịhe onwe onye. [2]A na-ahụ agụmakwụkwọ sayensị dị ka ikike mmadụ na ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke sayensị na ọrụ ya na ọha mmadụ ka a na-ahụ dị ka ihe achọrọ maka ndị otu ọha mmadụ nwere ọrụ, nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mkpebi ka mma ma mee ka ndụ ha baa ọgaranya. [4][5][6]Na United States, enwere ike ịhụ mgbanwe a na nkwenye na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, site na mbipụta nke Science for All Americans na Benchmarks for Science Literacy.
The National Science Education Standards (1996) kọwara ịgụ na ide nke sayensị dị ka "ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke echiche sayensị na usoro achọrọ maka ime mkpebi onwe onye, itinye aka na ihe omume obodo na ọdịbendị, na mmepụta akụ na ụba". [7]Na mgbakwunye, ọ kwusiri ike na ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụghị naanị ihe gbasara icheta ọdịnaya sayensị. Ọ gụnyere mmepe nke ikike ma ọ bụ nkà dị mkpa. "Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị pụtara na mmadụ nwere ike ịjụ, chọta, ma ọ bụ chọpụta azịza nye ajụjụ ndị sitere na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe banyere ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ pụtara na mmadụ nwekwara ikike ịkọwa, ịkọwa, ma buo amụma ihe ndị sitere n'okike. "[8]
Ụfọdụ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa "ethos" dị n'okpuru nke na-eme ka o kwe omume isonye na arụmụka sayensị na obodo. Ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa bụ na nchọpụta na echiche nke nchọpụta sayensị bụ akụkụ nke usoro a na-ekerịta; na echiche dị mkpa, ọ bụghị ọnọdụ nke onye na-ekwupụta ha; na ihe dị mkpa bụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị nsonaazụ achọrọ; na nkwupụta ndị karịrị nchọpụta kwesịrị ịnwale.[9]
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oku maka "ịgụ na ide nke sayensị" achọpụtala na ozi na-ezighi ezi dị ka ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-atụ aro na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị obodo, agụmakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi sayensị dijitalụ, na agụmakọta sayensị bụ ihe dị mkpa nke agụmakwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ ga-enweta ihe ọmụma sayensị ma tinye aka na mkpebi onwe onye na nke otu na ọha mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[10]
Ntụnyere nke echiche nke ụmụ amaala na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị site na Pew Research Center na-egosi na ha nwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche na ọtụtụ okwu sayensị, injinia na teknụzụ. Ma ụmụ amaala ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ K-12 STEM na US nke ọma.[11]
Sayensị, ọha mmadụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịdabere na ibe anyị na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị bụ isi nke mmụta sayensị na usoro ụwa. Dị ka nkwekọrịta mba niile n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nkụzi si kọwaa, ịgụ na ide a nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa. Nke mbụ, a na-akọwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, n'asụsụ nke na-ekwughachi nkọwa dị n'elu nke mmụta sayensị. Nke abụọ, edepụtara ọtụtụ echiche, nke a haziri n'ime nnukwu echiche isii ruo itoolu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa. A malitere usoro nkọwa a maka ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri, mgbe ahụ maka Great Lakes, estuaries, ikuku, na ihu igwe.Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị ụwa bụ otu n'ime ụdị ịgụ na ide akọwapụtara maka usoro ụwa; àgwà nke onye gụrụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'ụwa na-anọchite anya àgwà maka nkọwa niile nke usoro ụwa.
Dị ka Earth Science Literacy Initiative si kwuo, onye maara sayensị nke ụwa:
- na-aghọta echiche ndị bụ isi nke ọtụtụ usoro ụwa
- maara otu esi achọta ma nyochaa ozi sayensị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi banyere Ụwa
- na-ekwurịta okwu banyere sayensị ụwa n'ụzọ bara uru
- nwere ike ime mkpebi doro anya na nke ziri ezi gbasara ụwa na ihe onwunwe ya
Ụdị ịgụ na ide niile dị na usoro ụwa nwere nkọwa dị ka nke dị n'elu. A na-akọwa ịgụ na ide nke oké osimiri dị ka "ịghọta mmetụta anyị na oké osimiri na mmetụta oké osimiri na anyị".N'otu aka ahụ, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe gụnyere ụkpụrụ nduzi maka ime mkpebi; "mmadụ nwere ike ime ihe iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya". Ụdị agụmakwụkwọ nke usoro ụwa ọ bụla na-akọwa echiche ụmụ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịghọta mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbalị agụmakwụkwọ dị ugbu a na usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke ụwa na-elekwasị anya na echiche sayensị karịa na akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide, mana omume gburugburu ebe obibi ka dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ekwupụtara.
Isiokwu sayensị n'ihe metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-apụta n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbasara ịgụ na ide sayensị. Echiche ndị na-apụta na sayensị ndụ gụnyere ihe na-ezo aka na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, "obi nke ụwa". Robin Wright, onye edemede maka Cell Biology Education, na-akwa arịrị "mgbagwoju anya [ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ] ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere sayensị ga-etinye ụzọ ndụ anyị na nchekwa mba anyị n'ihe ize ndụ?" Nkwurịta okwu banyere ịgụ na ide na physics gụnyere Nchekwa ike, nkwụsị nke ozone na okpomọkụ ụwa.Nkwupụta ebumnuche nke Chemistry Literacy Project gụnyere ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi.A na-akọwa agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ n'ime oghere nhazi atọ; na axis ihe ọmụma, a na-ekwu na teknụzụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, nakwa na ọ "na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ na ọdịbendị nke ọha mmadụ".Energy Literacy na-etu ọnụ ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, gụnyere otu metụtara ịgụ na ide na ihu igwe.
Àgwà dị ka akụkụ nke mmụta sayensị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Àgwà banyere sayensị nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị. N'Echiche agụmakwụkwọ, nghọta nke ọdịnaya dị na ngalaba nghọta, ebe àgwà dị na ngalaba mmetụta uche. Ya mere, àgwà ọjọọ, dị ka egwu sayensị, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-emetụta mmetụta na ihe mgbochi maka nghọta na ebumnuche mmụta n'ọdịnihu. Na United States, a maara àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe sayensị nọ ka ọ na-ebelata malite na klas nke anọ ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebe tlase site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nke sekọndndrị. [12]Mmalite a nke mmetụta ọjọọ banyere sayensị sitere na nkwenye dị ukwuu a na-etinye na akara. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amalite iche na ha na-enweta obere ihe nke na-eme ka ha ghara inwe mkpali na klas na ntinye aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ada. E dekọrọ nke ọma na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere nnukwu mkpali maka mmụta ga-enwe àgwà dị mma n'ebe isiokwu ahụ nọ. [13]Nnyocha nke àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji banyere mmụta physics na-atụ aro na enwere ike kewaa àgwà ndị a n'ụdị njikọ ụwa, njikọ onwe onye, njikọ echiche, mgbalị ụmụ akwụkwọ na idozi nsogbu.
Akụkụ mkpebi nke ịgụ na ide sayensị na-atụ aro àgwà ndị ọzọ banyere ọnọdụ ụwa, ibu ọrụ mmadụ maka ọdịmma ya na mmetụta mmadụ nke inye ya ikike ime mgbanwe. Àgwà ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa nke mmụta sayensị, dịka akọwapụtara n'ihe gbasara mmụta oké osimiri.
N'ime klas K-12, ụkpụrụ mmụta anaghị elekwasị anya na mpaghara mmetụta uche n'ihi ihe isi ike n'ịmepụta usoro nkuzi na n'ịtụle àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ. E gosipụtara ọtụtụ usoro nkuzi nke oge a na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ na sayensị gụnyere iji Ntuziaka na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ akwụkwọ usoro mmụta ọhụrụ na iji usoro nkuzi dịgasị iche iche. [12][13][14]E gosikwara na mmụta dabeere na ọrụ iji melite àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere isiokwu ma melite nkà nhazi sayensị ha.[13]
Ndị nkuzi nwere ike iji Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ Likert ma ọ bụ ihe ọ̀bà dị iche iche chọpụta ma nyochaa mgbanwe n'àgwà ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe mmụta sayensị na sayensị dị.
Ịkwalite na ịtụle
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-akwado ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-amụta site n'oge nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ịgụ na ide nke sayensị abụwo ihe dị mkpa nke usoro ụkpụrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Edere akwụkwọ mmụta sayensị niile na ebumnuche doro anya nke imetụta ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka usoro mmụta, nkuzi, nyocha, na n'ikpeazụ, mmụta mba niile. [15]Ọzọkwa, ịgụ na ide nke sayensị na-enye ihe ndabere dị mkpa maka ime mkpebi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Sayensị bụ usoro mmadụ na-eme n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa dị ka akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ sayensị anyị. Iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mee mkpebi nwere ihe akaebe, onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịchọ imeziwanye agụmakwụkwọ sayensị ha.[16]
Nnyocha dị mkpa atụwo aro ụzọ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. [17][18][19]Ihe omume iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ jupụtara, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmemme nke ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ kwadoro, yana iko ajụjụ na ngosi sayensị. Ndepụta ụfọdụ nke mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere Global Challenge Award, National Ocean Sciences Bowl na Action Bioscience.
Ụfọdụ òtù agbalịwo iji tụnyere agụmakwụkwọ sayensị nke ndị okenye na mba dị iche iche. Òtù na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mmepe chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na United States abụghị ihe dị iche na nkezi OECD. Akụkọ Sayensị na-akọ "Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọhụrụ nke US, dabere na ajụjụ ndị e nyere na 2008, bụ pasent asaa n'azụ Sweden, naanị mba Europe karịrị ndị America. Ọnụ ọgụgụ US dịtụ elu karịa nke Denmark, Finland, Norway na Netherlands. Ọ bụkwa okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụego 2005 na United Kingdom (na ọnụego zuru ezu maka European Union). "
Ndị nkuzi mahadum na-anwa ịmepụta ngwá ọrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha iji tụọ agụ na ide nke sayensị, ojiji nke ndepụta echiche na-abawanye na ngalaba nke physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology na sayensị ụwa.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Sayensị, teknụzụ, ọha na eze na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi
- Mgbasa ozi sayensị
- Ịgụ na ide nke ahụike
- Mmata ọha na eze banyere sayensị
- Echiche Banyere Sayensị, na-agba ume usoro dabeere na ihe akaebe maka mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ
- Ubi STEM
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Noam Chomsky on what it means to be educated
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Feinstein (January 2011). "Salvaging science literacy" (in en). Science Education 95 (1): 168–185. DOI:10.1002/sce.20414.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hurd (1958). "Science literacy: Its meaning for American schools". Educational Leadership 16 (1): 13-16, 52.
- ↑ Schuck (6 April 2022). "Science Education as a Human Right: A Systematic Review of the Literature". European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 10 (3): 338–351. DOI:10.30935/scimath/11967.
- ↑ (1985) The public understanding of science. London: The Royal Society. ISBN 0854032576.
- ↑ (July 1986) "Public Understanding of Science: The Royal Society Reports" (in en). Science, Technology, & Human Values 11 (3): 53–60. DOI:10.1177/016224398601100306. ISSN 0162-2439.
- ↑ National Research Council (1996). National Science Education Standards (in en). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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- ↑ Changing and Measuring Attitudes in the Science Classroom | NARST. narst.org. Retrieved on 2021-04-15.
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- ↑ Cetinkaya (2022-03-04). "Facilitating Middle School Students' Reasoning About Vaccines" (in en). Science & Education 32 (2): 361–380. DOI:10.1007/s11191-021-00318-8. ISSN 1573-1901. PMID 35261482.
- ↑ Ortiz-Revilla (2021-08-03). "A Theoretical Framework for Integrated STEM Education" (in en). Science & Education 31 (2): 383–404. DOI:10.1007/s11191-021-00242-x. ISSN 0926-7220.
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