Asụsụ Dagaare
| obere ụdị nke | Oti–Volta  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Burkina Faso, Ghana |
| ụdị asụsụ | subject–verb–object |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 4 Educational |
Dagaare bụ asụsụ nke ndị Dagaaba nke Ghana, Burkina Faso, na Ivory Coast. A kọwawo ya dị ka asụsụ na-aga n'ihu nke gụnyere Waale na Birifor. Asụsụ Dagaare dịgasị iche na olumba sitere na asụsụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere: Dagbane, Waale, Mabia, Gurene, Mampruli, Kusaal, Buli, Niger-Congo, na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-akpata ihe dị ka nde mmadụ atọ na-asụ Dagaare. N'ime mpaghara niile nke ndị na-asụ Dagaare, olumba na-abịa site na Northern, Central, Western, na Southern na-ezo aka n'asụsụ dị iche iche. Burkina Faso na-ezo aka Dagaare dị ka Dagara na Birifor nye ụmụ amaala na Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. Burkina Faso na-ezo aka na Dagaare dị ka Dagara na Birifor maka ụmụ amaala na Republik nke Côte d'Ivoire. A ka na-akpọ asụsụ obodo niile dị ka Dagaare. N'ime olumba dị iche iche, ọkọlọtọ maka Dagaare sitere na olumba mpaghara Central. Southern Dagaare (ma ọ bụ Waale) sikwa n'asụsụ Dagaare ma mara na a na-asụkarị na Wa na Kaleo.
Ethnologue kewara Dagaare n'asụsụ atọ:
- Asụsụ Southern/Central Dagaare, nke a na-asụkarị na Ghana
- Asụsụ Northern Dagara, nke a na-asụkarị na Burkina Faso
- Dagaari Dioula, nke a na-asụkarị na Burkina Faso, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu site na asụsụ Dioula enweghị njikọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Otografị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Nnukwu mkpụrụedemede | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | Gb | H | Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Anne" | M | Ɩ | J | K | Kp | L | Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ | M | N | Nyụ | Ŋ | Ŋm | O | Ọ bụ | P | R | S | T | U | Mkpịsị aka | V | W | Ebe ọ bụ na | Y | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na- | Z | |
| Obere Akara | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | ɓ | c | d | na | Ọ bụ | f | g | gb | h | Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ Shia | i | Lee ka ọ dị | j | k | kp | l | Akwụkwọ bụ́ | m | n | ny | ŋ | ŋm | o | Ọ bụ n'afọ | p | r | s | t | u | Akụkọ banyere ya | v | w | Ọdịdị | na | Nwa bebi | z | |
A na-egosi ụdaolu site na iji akara ngosi:
- ụda olu dị ala maka ụda olu dị elu: à è ɛ̀ ì Quebec ò ɔ̀ ù ʋ̀;
- ụda olu dị elu maka ụda olu dị ala: á é ɛ́ í Quebec ó ó ɔ́ ú Notí́́́ ;
- na enweghị ụda olu maka ụda dị n'etiti.
A na-egosipụta imi imi site na iji tilde. Udaume gbadoro ụkwụ n'imi dị elu ma ọ bụ ụda dị ala ka tilde nọ n'okpuru ụda olu.
| Nnukwu mkpụrụedemede | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | H | M | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ọ bụ | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z | |||||||||||||
| Obere Akara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | d | na | Ọ bụ | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | Ọ bụ n'afọ | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | na | z | |||||||||||||
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbochiume na ụdaume na asụsụ Dagaare:
Mkpụrụedemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| N'ihu | Central | Nlaghachi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u | |
| Ihe dị nso | ɪ | ʊ | |
| N'etiti etiti | e | o | |
| Mepee n'etiti | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Emeghe | a |
Mgbochiume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Ọnụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Ọnụ na-ekpuchi egbugbere ọnụ<br id="mwAUw"><br><br><br> | Ọkụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/Affricate |
enweghị olu | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | k͡p | ʔ |
| kwuru okwu | b | d | d͡ʑ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | enweghị olu | f | s | h | |||
| kwuru okwu | v | z | |||||
| implosive | ʼh | ||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | ala dị larịị | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋ͡m | |
| implosive | ʼm | ||||||
| Akụkụ | ala dị larịị | l | |||||
| implosive | ʼl | ||||||
| Ihe atụ | j | w | |||||
Allophones nke /d, ɡ/ gụnyere [r, ɣ~ɡ̆].[2][4][5]
Mgbochiume Dagaare n'ogo n'ozuzu nwere consonants iri abụọ na ise na glides abụọ, aka ọkara consonants ebe ụfọdụ ogbo nwere ike ịdị iche. Dị ka /h/, /l/, na /m/ akụkụ ya na-esote glottal-implosives sitere na Dagaare na Northern dialect (Burkina Faso).[2]
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụda[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dagaare bụ asụsụ ụda olu nwere usoro ụda olu abụọ nwere ụda dị elu. Ụda Dagaare nwere ọrụ abụọ bụ isi, ya bụ ọrụ lexical na ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ. Ọrụ okwu ya na-emetụta ọdịiche dị na okwu okwu, nke mere na ọdịiche dị n'olu ma ọ bụghị n'ụdị morphosyntactic na-akpali okwu dị iche iche. Ọrụ ụtọasụsụ ya bụ maka ikpe nke akara ụda dị iche iche na mpaghara na-ebute usoro ọmụmụ dị iche iche nke okwu ahụ.[6]
Ọrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Àtụ:Interlinear Àtụ:Interlinear
Ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Àtụ:InterlinearÀtụ:Interlinear
Usoro klas aha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Noun Class[4] | Singular Form | Noun Stem | Plural Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I | [-Vocal] | [-bɔ'] | |
| (+human cl.) | pɔ'ɤɔ' ('woman') | pɔ'g- | pɔ'ɤíbɔ' ('women') |
| Class II | [-Vocal] | [-rí] | |
| IIa | [-é] | [-rí] | |
| bìé ('child') | bì- | bíírí ('children') | |
| IIb | [-ó] | [-rí] | |
| dùó ('pig') | dò- | dòrí ('pigs') | |
| IIc | [-í] | [-rí] | |
| síɤí ('hut') | síg- | síɤrí ('huts') | |
| Class III | [-í] | [-Vocal] | |
| IIIa | [-í] | [-é] | |
| gyìlí ('xylophone') | gyìl- | gyìlé ('xylophones') | |
| IIIb | [-í] | [-ɔ'] | |
| pɔ'lí ('path') | pɔ'- | pɔ'lɔ' ('paths') | |
| IIIc | [-í] | [-á] | |
| váálí ('rubbish') | váál- | váálá ('rubbish') | |
| Class IV | [-rʊʊ] | [-rì] | |
| pírʊʊ ('sheep') | pí- | píírì ('sheep') | |
| Class V | [-∅] | [-rí] | |
| túú ('forest') | tùù- | túúrí ('forest') | |
| Class VI | [-rì] | [-Vocal] | |
| VIa | [-rì] | [-è] | |
| bírì ('seed') | bí- | bíè ('seeds') | |
| VIb | [-rí] | [-ó] | |
| tóórí ('ear') | tóó- | tòbó ('ears') | |
| VIc | [-rí] | [-á] | |
| yàgrí ('cheek') | yàg- | yàɤá ('cheeks') | |
| Class VII | Nasal+Vocal | Nasal+Vocal | |
| VIIa | [-ní] | [-mà] | |
| gání ('book') | gán- | gámà ('books') | |
| VIIb | [-mʊ] | [-má] | |
| táamʊ ('bow') | tàn- | támá ('bows') | |
| VIIc | [-ŋé] | [-ní] | |
| bìŋé ('pen') | bìŋ- | bìnní ('pens') | |
| VIId | [-ŋó] | [-ní] | |
| bòŋó ('donkey') | bòŋ- | bònní ('donkeys') | |
| VIIe | [-∅] | [-nɛɛ] | |
| -count plurals | dɑ̃ɑ̃' ('pito') | dɑ̃ɑ̃'- | dɑ̃ɑ̃'nɛɛ ('pito') |
| Class VIII | [-áá] | [-í] | |
| gbíŋgbíláá ('drying spot') | gbígbíl- | gbíŋgbíllí ('drying spots') | |
| Class IX | [-ù] | (no plural) | |
| (derived n.) | Dúóù ('climbing') | dó- | |
| Class X | (no singular) | [-úŋ] | |
| bùùl- | búúlúŋ ('porridge') |
Aha nnọchiaha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Aha nnọchiaha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na Dagaare, nnọchiaha onwe onye anaghị egosi ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị. Maka nnọchiaha isiokwu, enwere ọdịiche n'etiti nnọchiaha onwe onye siri ike na nke na-adịghị ike. Ọzọkwa, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị mmadụ na nke na-abụghị nke mmadụ maka nnọchiaha mmadụ nke atọ.
| Isiokwu (Aha) | Ihe (Acc) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ọdịdị Na-adịghị Ike Ike | Ọdịdị Kasị Ike | ||
| (mmadụ) | |||
| 1st SG | n | Ma maa | ma |
| SG nke Abụọ | fo | foo | fo |
| 3rd SG | o | onɔ | o |
| 1st PL | ị | ihe dị n'ime | ị |
| PL nke Abụọ | O kwe na ya | Nwoke ya | O kwe na ya |
| 3rd PL | ba | bana | ba |
| (ọ bụghị mmadụ) | |||
| 3rd PL | a | Ana | a |
- ↑ Somé (2004). "Dagara Orthography". Journal of Dagaare Studies 4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 (2021) A dictionary and grammatical sketch of Dagaare (pdf), Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5154710. ISBN 978-3-98554-002-0.
- ↑ Bureau of Ghana Languages, 1991.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bodomo (1997). The Structure of Dagaare. Stanford University.
- ↑ Akinbo, Samuel, Alexander Angsongna, Avery Ozburn, Murray Schellenberg & Pulleyblank, Douglas (2018). "Velar Tap in Dàgáárè". Annual Conference on African Linguistics (ACAL 49). University of Michigan.
- ↑ Bodomo (2020). Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa. Glienicke: Galda Verlag.