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Bongo–Bagirmi languages

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Asụsụ Bongo–Bagirmi ma ọ bụ Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Central Sudan nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ iri anọ. Otu ndị isi gụnyere asụsụ Bagirmi dịka asụsụ Naba na asụsụ Sara. A na-asụ ha n'ofe CAR, Chad, South Sudan na mba ndị dị n'akụkụ.

Asụsụ

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Asụsụ Bongo–Bagirmi ka amụchaghị nke ọma, ọ nweghịkwa nkwekọrịta dị nta gbasara nhazi nke ime ha. Tebụl dị n'okpuru ebe a bụ n'aka Lionel Bender, dị ka a chịkọtara na Blench (2000).

  • Bongoo-Baka
  • Kara (= Tar Gula?)
  • Sinyar (Shemya) ?
  • Bagirmi
  • Sara
  • Doba (Bedjond, Gor, Mango)
  • Kaba
  • Ndagwurugwu
  • Birri (ma eleghị anya ọ dị nso na Kresh)
  • Fongoro (Formone) ?
  • Yulu (Yulu Binga)

Sinyar na Fongoro nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ Bongo–Bagirmi ma ọ bụ ọbụna asụsụ Central Sudanic.

Nhazi

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Boyeldieu (2006) ekewapụta asụsụ Sara-Bongo–Bagirmi dịka ndị a.

Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
  • Bongo
  • Ụzọ, 'Beli, Baka
  • Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ
    • Yulu
    • Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ
      • Igwe, Gula Koto
      • Gula Zura, 'Bu'bu, Gula Mere, Gula Sara
      • Nduga, Ịkwa Ụlata?
      • Sara
        • Mpaghara: Ndoka, Wad, Bagiro, Na, Tiye, Kulfa, Simé, 'Dem
        • Central: Sar, Mbay, Ngambay, 'Bedjond, Kaba P.
        • Ndị ọzọ: Bulala, Beraku, Kenga, 'Barma

Boyeldieu (2006) tụlere ala nna (Urheimats) nke otu asụsụ dịka ndị a.

  • Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: Bahr el Ghazal / ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ South Sudan, n'akụkụ ókè ya na ọwụwa anyanwụ Central African Republic
  • Proto-Western Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: oke ugwu-etiti etiti Central African Republic
  • Proto-Sara: ndịda-etiti Chad, n'akụkụ ókèala ya na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Central African Republic

Asụsụ Bongo-Bagirmi dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị nso na asụsụ Central Sudanic ndị ọzọ, ebe asụsụ Sara dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ agbanweela karịa site na profaịlụ ụdị Central Sudanic n'ihi kọntaktị na Ubangian na asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Nrụgharị

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Osisi

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Aha osisi Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi:

Ụdị dị iche iche Proto-Sara Bongo
Stylochiton sp. *Bada
Nkume na-esi ísì ụtọ *ɓAlɛ; *ɓARlɛ
Dichrostachys cinerea __ibo__ *Anyaụ; *Anyaị
Loudetia annua *bamu; *bVmV
Ebe a na-emepụta oliv na Daniellia *ɓAtɛ; *ɓita; *ɓuta; *ɓito; *ɓVtV
Amaranthus cruentus *budu
Andropogon gayanus *butu
Nymphaea sp. *ɓVlV
Manihot glaziovii *bVngV
Cissus populnea *Anyaụ
Lagenaria siceraria *Ciɓa; *Cuɓa
Cissus integrifolia *Gịnị; *Gịnị, *Gịnị.
Terminalia sp. *CV; *XV
Ọrịa AIDS rhombifolia *ɗAɗɛ
Acacia albida *didi; *diɗi
Combretum glutinosum *ịgba ọsọ; *dVrV
Leptadenia hastata *ɗisa; *ɗusa
Aeschynomene nilotica *dulɛ
Strychnos sp. *duɲu; *diɲi; *duyu; *diyi
Sterculia setigera *ɖaka
Loudetia simplex * nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị
Hyparrhenia bagirmica *gama
Hibiscus sp. *Nke na-eme ihe nkiri
Grewia venusta *Gimbo; *GVmbV
Uren lobata *gumbu
Isoberlinia iwu *kabɔ; *kaba
Cordia Afrịka *kAjɛ
Obi ilu na-emetụta *kArɛ
Calotropis procera *kaRpɔ; *kARpɛ
Ficus glumosa *Kọnọ; *kilɔ
Afzelia Afrịka *kila; *Gila
Gardenia sp. (?) *Kiri; *Giri
Ximenia americana *kiti; *kVtV; *titi; *tVtV
Ficus platyphylla *KOɓO; *KVɓV
Ceiba pentandra *Anyaụ
Parinari curatellifolia *kuma
Jatropha sp. *kuma
Diospyros mespiliformis *kuRmɛ; *kARmɛ; *kuRma
Akị osisi a na-akpọ "Ficus sycomorus" *kutɛ; *kVtV
Detarium microcarpum *ịna; *ịna, *ịna
Lophira lanceolata *kVyV
Combretum collinum Ọdịdị; Ọdịdị
Tephrosia bracteolata *Ọdịdị nke a
Gardenia erubescens *maca; *masa; *maKa
Parkia Afrịka *matɔ; *mbaRtɔ
Annona senegalensis *mbArɛ; *mburɛ; *mbARwɛ; *mbuRwɛ
Grewia sp. (?) *Fukụ
Nymphaea sp. *mEɗE
Amblygonocarpus andongensis *Mikwu; *Mikpu; *miri; *miro; *mOrO
Vitex sp. *mOyI; *mVyV; *mOɲI; * mVɲV
Pseudocedrela kotschyi *muru
Mitragyna inermis *nɖAɲɛ; *nɖVɲV
Imperata cylindrica *nɖoku; *nɖeki
Ziziphus sp. *ngA iwu; *ngAɗɛ
Acacia sp. *ngara; *ngaa
Balanites aegyptiaca *ngura
Hexalobus monopetalus *NVCV
Acacia sieberiana *Anyaụ
Raphionacme sp. *pOyO; *pVyV
Celtis integrifolia *Ụlọ; *SVlV
Rottboellia exaltata *Saya
Anogeissus leiocarpus *Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ; *Ọ bụrụ otú e si akọwa ya
Kigelia aethiopium *Soku
Cissus quadrangularis *taɗa
Cucurbitaceae sp. *taya
Pennisetum pedicellatum *tEmbE
Striga sp. __ibo____ibo____ibo__ *ụfọdụ; *ụfọdụ, *ụfọdụ.
Jardinea sp. *tuwa
Tapinanthus sp. *tVmV
Burkea Africa *Nke a na-akpọ
Anogeissus leiocarpus -
Ficus tuna -
Piliostigma thonningii -
Pseudocedrela kotschyi -
Securinega virosa -
Crateva adansonii -
Asparagus sp. -
Dactyloctenium aegyptium -
Sclerocarya birrea -
Ficus polita -
Ficus sp. -
Balanites aegyptiaca -
Sesbania pachycarpa -
Cochlospermum tinctorium -
Xanthosoma mafaffa -
Luffa sp. -

Azụ

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Aha azụ Per-Sara-Bongo-Bagirami:[1]

Ụdị dị iche iche Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
Ctenopoma spp. *ɓakap; *ɓaku; *ɓVkV
Distichodus sp. *ịgba mgba
Alestes macrolepidotus *boru; *beri; *ɓoru; *ɓeri
Siluridae sp. (?) *buli; *bOlI; *bolu
Siluridae sp. *bVngV
Mormyridae spp. *CAɓɛ; *CAbɛ
Distichodus spp. *Ceri
Alestes spp. * ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-eme
Citharinus spp. *dOrO
Bagrus bajad bajad *duɓa
Synodontis spp., Auchenoglanis spp. na alii *gaRga
Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias spp. *ịchịkwa
Bagridae sp. *GElE
Labeo spp., Barbus spp. *guɗu; *gOɗO; *Suɗu; *SOɗO;*Sudu; *SOdO; *ɓudu; *ɓOdO
Characidae sp., Citharinidae sp. (?) *janga; *Canga
Tetraodon fahaka strigosus *k+ɖ + kio
Lates niloticus *kaRɓɔ
Malapterurus electricus *Kiɓi; *tiɓi; *Kibi
Protopterus annectens *Kuri; *Kuru; *KuRyi; *KuMyu
Mormyridae sp. *MARlɛ
Ophicephalus obscurus *mOgO; *migo
Clarias spp., Heterobranchus bidorsalis *nduli; *ndolu; *ndVlV
Heterotis niloticus Nke a bụ ihe a na-akpọ
Tilapia spp. *ngura
Nọọsụ Alestes *ŋmaŋma; *ŋmɔŋmɔ; *ŋmaɲa; *ŋmak Lag
Mormyridae spp. *A na-eme ka ọ dị mma
Tilapia spp., Hemichromis spp. *pORpO; *paRpa; *SORpO, *SaRpa
Citharinus citharus *pupupu
Polypterus spp. *Anyaụ; *Anyaị
Schilbe spp., Eutropius niloticus niloticum *SErE; *SArɛ; *CErE;*CArɛ
Siluridae spp. *Sili; *SVlV; *sili; *sVlV
Hepsetus odoe, Hydrocyon spp. *Ee; *Ya
Characidae sp., Citharinidae sp. (?) *Suo; *Suo, *Suo: *Suo. *Suo"; *Suo na-Suo; -Suo na na-Soo; *Siao na-Swapo.
Polypterus spp. *Suo; *Suo
Gymnarchus niloticus *tumu; *temi; *ɲumu; *ɲemi
Heterobranchus spp. -
Lates niloticus -
Bagridae spp., Clariidae spp. -
Citharinus spp. -
Malapterurus electricus -

Hụkwa

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Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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Ihe ndị dị na Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi na-abụkarị n'asụsụ French.

  • ADAMI P., 1981, (ya na Dj. DJARANGAR, J. FÉDRY, Ng. NASSITY na P. PALAYER), Lexique bediondo-français, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
  • ANDERSEN T., 1981, A Grammar of Modo, A Preliminary Sketch, Mahadum nke Aalborg (Denmark).
  • BLACHE J., 1964, Azụ nke ọdọ mmiri Chad na nke ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Mayo Kebbi, Paris, ORSTOM.
  • BOYELDIEU P., 1987, Asụsụ Fer ('kara') na Yulu nke North Central African, Descriptive and Dictionary, Paris, Geuthner.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka e dere ya.
  • CAPRILE J.P., s.d. [1969 ?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • CAPRILE J.P., 1972, Études et documents sara-bongo-baguirmiens, Paris, Mahadum René Descartes (Paris V), 2 mpịakọta.
  • DANAY K., MAKODE M. et al., 1986, Dictionnaire sara-kaba-na - French, Kyabe (Tchad), Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
  • DJEMADJIOUDJIEL N.L.Mb. na J. FÉDRY, 1979, Okwu ngàmbáy-French, French-ngàmbáy, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
  • GADEN H., 1909, Essai de grammaire de la langue baguirmienne, sochiri ederede na okwu Baguirmien-French na French-Baguirmien, Paris, E. Leroux.
  • KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1985, Essai de phonologie de la langue kara de Birao, Mahadum Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines).
  • KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1992, Le verbe en fer (kara), Étude morphologique et syntaxique du verbe dans une langue centrafricaine, Mahadum Paris X-Nanterre (Department of Linguistics).
  • KEEGAN J., 1996 (2nd ed.), (ya na M. NANGBAYE na B. MANADJI TOLKOM), Dictionary of Mbay, Munich-Newcastle, Lincom Europa.
  • KILPATRICK E., 1985, Bongo Phonology, Akwụkwọ Oge ụfọdụ na Ọmụmụ Asụsụ Sudanese, 4, 1-62.
  • MALBRANT R., 1952 (2nd mbipụta.), Faune du Centre Africain français (Mammifères et Oiseaux), Paris, Lechevalier (Encyclopédie Biologique XV).
  • NDOKO B.R., 1991, Esquisse phonologique du lútò, Mahadum Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines).
  • NOUGAYROL P., 1999, Les parlers gula (Centrafrique, Sudan, Chad), Grammaire et lexique, Paris, CNRS Éditions.
  • PALAYER P., 1970, (ya na M. FOURNIER na E. MOUNDO), Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad), Lyon-Fort-Archambault, Afrique et Langage-Collège Charles Lwanga (Études linguistiques 2).
  • PALAYER P., 1989, La langue sar (sud du Tchad), Tours, Mahadum nke Tours, 2 mpịakọta.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • PALAYER P., 2004, (ya na A. GOUDJA KODNGARGUE na Ch. VANDAME), Dictionnaire關, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 6).
  • PALAYER P., 2006, (ya na M. SOLEKAYE), Dictionnaire démé (Tchad). N'ihu ya, ihe odide ụtọ asụsụ, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 10).
  • PARKER K., 1985, Baka Phonology, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 4, 63-85.
  • PERSSON A.M. na J.R. PERSSON, 1991, Modo-English Dictionary with Grammar, Nairobi, SIL.
  • SAMPSON D.L., 1997, Mmelite na Baka Phonology na Orthography, dị ka nke 1996, Akwụkwọ Oge ụfọdụ na Ọmụmụ asụsụ Sudanese, 7, 114-120.
  • SANTANDREA St., 1963, A Concise Grammar Outline of the Bongo language, Rome, Sodality of St. Peter Claver.
  • SAXON Douglas E., 1980, The History of the Shari River Basin ca. 500 BC-1000 AD, Los Angeles, Mahadum California.
  • SCHWEINFURTH G., 1873, Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika, Mgbakwunye na Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1872), Berlin, Wiegandt na Hempel.
  • SCHWEINFURTH G., 1875, Au cœur de l'Afrique, 1868-1871, Voyages et découvertes dans les régions unexplorées de l'Ascenne Centrale Africa, Paris, Hachette, Mpịakọta 1.
  • STEVENSON R.C., 1969, Bagirmi Grammar, Mahadum nke Khartoum (Linguistic Monograph Series 3).
  • VANDAME Ch., 1968, Grammaire, Lyon, Afrique et Langage (Études linguistiques 2).
Ederede edebeghị
  • BOYELDIEU P., Okwu 'barma (baguirmien).
  • BOYELDIEU P., Okwu Okwu Kaba nke Paoua.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • FÉDRY J., Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Inventory Linguistique : kulfa.
  • FÉDRY J., Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Inventory Linguistique : 'dem.
  • FÉDRY J., Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Inventory Linguistique : tiye.
  • NOUGAYROL P., Okwu Bongo.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • NOUGAYROL P., Ihe odide banyere wada.

Ntuaka

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  1. ↑ Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2006. Présentation des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes. Paris: CNRS-LLACAN (online version).

Mpụga njiko

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Templeeti:Central Sudanic languages

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