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Ebe a na-eri nri

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ehi na-eri anụ na Texas

Ebe nri ma ọ bụ ebe nri bụ ụdị ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri (AFO) nke a na-eji na-arụ ọrụ ugbo siri ike, ọkachasị ehi ehi, kamakwa ezì, ịnyịnya, atụrụ, turkey, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ ọbọgwụ, tupu e gbuo ya. A na-akpọ nnukwu ebe nri anụ ehi na-arụ ọrụ nri anụ ọhịa (CAFO) na United States [1] na ọrụ anụ ụlọ siri ike (ILOs) [2] ma ọ bụ ọrụ inye nri (CFO) [3] na Canada. Ha nwere ike ibu puku kwuru puku anụmanụ n'ụdị pensụl.

Ebumnuche na iwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke feedlot bụ ịbawanye ụba abụba nke anụ ọ bụla nwetara ngwa ngwa o kwere mee; Ọ bụrụ na a na-edobe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime ogige kama ikwe ka ha na-agafe n'ofe ahịhịa, ha ga-ebuwanye ibu ngwa ngwa na nke ọma site na agbakwunyere uru nke akụ na ụba..

Ọtụtụ feedlots chọrọ ụdị nkwado gọọmentị iji rụọ ọrụ, nke na-agụnye ikikere ọrụ ugbo. Ebe a na-azụ anụ ga-enwekwa atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi iji dozie nnukwu ihe mkpofu nke sitere na ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ. A na-etinye atụmatụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi iji mee ka a mara banyere gburugburu ebe obibi ma kpuchie akụkụ 23 dị iche iche gburugburu ugbo ahụ nke nwere ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nwere ikike n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha iji chịkwaa ọrụ nri anụmanụ niile na United States. A na-enye ikike a na steeti ọ bụla n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.[1] Na Canada, a na-ekerịta usoro nchịkwa nke feedlots n'etiti ọkwa gọọmentị niile. Iwu chọrọ ka mpaghara ụfọdụ nwee atụmatụ nchịkwa nri, nke na-ele ihe niile ugbo ahụ ga-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ha nri, ruo na mineral.[2] A chọrọ ugbo ọhụrụ iji mezue ma nweta ikikere n'okpuru iwu ọrụ anụ ụlọ, nke na-ele anya n'ebe nchekwa nsị kwesịrị ekwesị yana ebe dị anya site na ugbo ma ọ bụ ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.[3] A chọrọ akara RFID dị mkpa n'ime anụmanụ ọ bụla na-agafe ebe a na-eri nri na Canada, a na-akpọ akara CCIA (Canadian Cattle Identification Agency) nke ụlọ ọrụ Canadian Food Inspection Agency CFIA na-achịkwa. [4][5] Na Australia ọrụ a na-arụ site na National Feedlot Accreditation Scheme (NFAS). [6]

Usoro ihe omume na nri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ọrụ ehi na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro n'etiti onwe ha, tupu ha abanye n'ebe a na-azụ ehi, a na-amụ ụmụ ehi n'oge opupu ihe ubi ebe ha na nne ha na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị n'Ebe ịta nri ma ọ bụ n'ala ịta ahịhịa. A na-akpọ ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị a ọrụ ehi ma dị mkpa maka ọrụ nri iji gbaa ọsọ.[7] Ozugbo ụmụ ehi ahụ ruru ịdị arọ dị n'agbata 300 na 700 pound (140 na 320 a na-achịkọta ha ma ree ha ozugbo na feedlots, ma ọ bụ zigara ha na ụlọ ahịa ehi maka feedlots iji kwụọ ha ụgwọ. Ozugbo a kpọfere ha n'ebe a na-azụ anụ, a na-etinye ha n'ụlọ ma na-elekọta ha maka ọnwa isii ruo asatọ sochirinụ ebe a na-enye ha nri zuru oke (TMR) [8] iji malite njem nke uto ha na-aga n'ihu site na nne ha. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, TMR ndị a na-agụnye nri, ọka, mineral, na ihe mgbakwunye iji baara anụmanụ uru ma mee ka nri dịkwuo mma. A makwaara nri ndị a ka ha nwere ụdị nri ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dị ka Nri anụmanụ pụrụ iche nke nwere ọka, ọka (ụfọdụ n'ime ha sitere na ethanol na mmepụta ọka dị elu), Milo, ọka bali, na ọka dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ nri nwere ike ịnwe redghage dị ka ọka ọka, ahịhịa, sorghum, ma ọ bụ hay ndị ọzọ, nri cottone, premixes nke nwere ike ịnwa ma ọ bụghị naanị ọgwụ nje, ngwaahịa fermentation, micro & macro mineral na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa a zụrụ n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mineral, na-abụkarị n'ụdị nkwakọba ihe, maka ịgwakọta na nri azụmahịa. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nri nwere ike ide ọgwụ a ga-agbakwunye n'ime nri ugbo ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ achọrọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụkarị ọrụ na ndị na-ahụ maka nri na-edozi ahụ bụ ndị na-enyere aka n'ịmepụta nri ndị a iji hụ na ụmụ anụmanụ ha na-enweta ọkwa mineral na vitamin a tụrụ aro, kamakwa iji jide n'aka na ụmụ anụ ọhịa anaghị efu nri n'ime nsị ha.[9] N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ America na Canada, a na-eji ọka bali, ọka wit dị ala, Chick peas (garbanzo beans), oats na mgbe ụfọdụ poteto dị ka nri.   [citation needed]

N'ime nri a na-ahụkarị, nri ehi bụ ihe dịka 62% roughage, 31% ọka, 5% mgbakwunye (minerals na vitamin), na 2% premix. Nri dị elu na-ebelata pH na rumen ụmụ anụmanụ. N'ihi nrụgide nke ọnọdụ ndị a, na n'ihi ọrịa ụfọdụ, ọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa inye ụmụ anụmanụ ọgwụ nje mgbe ụfọdụ.[10]

Nri nri na-akwalite uto nke uru ahụ na nkesa nke abụba ụfọdụ (nke a maara dị ka marbling na anụ e gburu egbu). Marbling bụ ihe na-amasị ndị na-azụ ahịa, ebe ọ na-enye aka na ụtọ na ịdị nro. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a nwere ike inweta pound 400-600 ọzọ (180 kilogram) n'oge ihe dị ka ụbọchị 200 ya n'ime ebe a na-azụ anụ, [11] dabere na ịdị arọ ya n'ọnụ ụzọ, yana otu anụmanụ ahụ si enweta uru ahụ. [12]  Ozugbo ehi buru ibu ruo n'ibu ha gwụchara, a na-ebugharị ehi ndị a na-enye nri gaa n'Ebe a na-egbu anụ.

Ahụike na ọdịmma anụmanụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe a na-azụ anụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na ahụike nke anụ ụlọ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọrịa nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụmụ anụmanụ, na ịchịkwa ọrịa nwere ike isi ike na ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ bi n'otu. Ọtụtụ feedlots ga-enwe usoro mbata nke a na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ọhụrụ na-abanye n'ogige ahụ ọgwụ mgbochi iji chebe ha pụọ na ọrịa nwere ike ibilite na izu ole na ole mbụ na feedlots. A na-ekwukarị ma mepụta usoro mbata ndị a na dọkịta anụmanụ nke ugbo ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ahụike nke ehi.[13] Otu ọrụ siri ike ma dị mkpa na ebe a na-azụ ehi bụ ịchọpụta ehi ọ bụla na-arịa ọrịa, ma gwọọ ha iji mee ka ha laghachi azụ. Ịmara mgbe anụmanụ na-arịa ọrịa na-esiri ike mgbe ụfọdụ ebe ehi bụ anụ oriri ma ga-anwa izochi adịghị ike ha pụọ n'ihe egwu. Anụmanụ na-arịa ọrịa ga-adịkarị ka ọ dị gịrịgịrị, nwere ike ịnwe imi na-agba agba na / ma ọ bụ imi kpọrọ nkụ, ọ ga-enwekwa ntị na-ada, ijide mgbaàmà ndị a n'oge nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe na-eme ka anụmanụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. Ihe kacha mma na-egosi ahụike bụ okpomọkụ nke ehi, mana nke a anaghị ekwe omume mgbe niile mgbe ị na-ele ọtụtụ anụmanụ kwa ụbọchị.[14]

Nri nke ụmụ anụmanụ na ihe dị iche iche dị n'ime nri ahụ bụ arụmụka. A na-enye ehi n'ebe a na-azụ anụ ụlọ nri ọka karịa nri okike. A na-eme nke a iji mee ka ha buru ibu ngwa ngwa, mana ọ na-eduga na abscesses na ahụ erughị ala.[15] Nri na-eri mkpụrụ nwekwara ike ibute uto nke nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ dịka Clostridium perfringens na E. coli.[16] Mkpụrụ ọka dị ukwuu n'ime nri nwere ike ime ka ehi nwee nsogbu dịka ọzịza, afọ ọsịsa na nsogbu mgbari nri, nke bụ ihe mere nlekota anya nke ụmụ anụmanụ, yana ịrụ ọrụ na ndị na-eri nri na-edozi ahụ dị ezigbo mkpa maka ndị ọrụ ugbo.[17]

Ọdịmma anụmanụ bụ nnukwu esemokwu gbasara ugbo taa ka ndị na-azụ ahịa egosila nchegbu ha maka ọdịmma anụmanụ ndị a. Ebe a na-eri nri n'ime ụlọ nwere ihe dị n'elu nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ụkwụ gụnyere nkwonkwo fụrụ akpụ. N'ebe a na-eri nri n'èzí, ihe gbasara ọdịmma gụnyere apịtị na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo; nrụgide okpomọkụ na feedlots na-adịghị ndo; mmiri ezughi oke ịṅụ; oke oyi, yana nsogbu na njikwa ehi (dịka ihe ọkụ eletrik). [18]

Mmiri nke ọtụtụ ehi na-ekerịta nwere ike ịbawanye mgbasa nke ọrịa gụnyere Ọrịa iku ume ehi.[18]

Ijikọghachi ihe mkpofu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ụzọ ole na ole a na-ejikarị emegharị ihe mkpofu n'ime ebe a na-eri nri, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ ịgbasa ya azụ n'ubi a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-azụ anụ ụlọ. N'ozuzu, ebe a na-eri nri na-enye anụ ụlọ ha ihe ndina dị ka ahịhịa, ahịhịa, ịkpụ osisi, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'ubi (igbo soybean, ọka ọka), bụ nke a na-agwakọta ya na nri ka anụ ụlọ na-eji akwa akwa. Ozugbo ihe ndina ahụ kwụsịrị iji ya eme ihe, a na-agbasa nsị anụ ahụ ozugbo n'ubi ma ọ bụ na-ekpokọta ngwaahịa ka ọ daa ma malite ịkwa nri. Ụdị imegharị ihe na-adịghị adịkarị na ụlọ ọrụ feedlot bụ nri mmiri mmiri nke bụ ebe a na-achọta ihe ndina dị ntakịrị na nri, ya mere ọ na-anọ mmiri mmiri wee gbasaa n'ubi n'ụdị mmiri mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ebe a na-eri ehi na-eji paịlị na-apụ apụ n'oge oyi nke ejiri ihe ndina fọdụrụ n'osisi mee ihe n'ọrụ ha.[1] A na-edobe ihe oriri n'ime osisi mkpofu na nsị anụ ụlọ ma enwere ike ịmegharị ya n'ime usoro ugbo ma ejiri ya. Osisi biogas na-enwekwa ike iji nri anụ ụlọ na-emepụta mmanụ ọkụ, na usoro mgbaze anaerobic ndị a mara na ha na-ejide methane n'ụdị a na-eji eme ihe, ebe ha na-etinye uche na nitrogen, ihe bara uru a na-achọta na nri nke ha na-eji na-agbasa n'ubi ha.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebu ụzọ webatara ịta nri ehi n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu n'afọ ndị 60, mgbe ọchịchọ maka anụ ehi dị elu nke ukwuu pụtara.[1] Ndị ọrụ ugbo malitere ịmara nke ọma n'ịmecha anụ ehi, ma gosikwara mmasị n'akụkụ dị iche iche metụtara nri nri dị ka ahụike ala, nlekọta ihe ọkụkụ, na otu esi ejikwa ụgwọ ọrụ. Site na mmalite 60s ruo 90's ịzụ anụ ehi n'ụdị feedlot gosipụtara nnukwu uto, na ọbụna taa a na-akwalite ụlọ ọrụ feedlot mgbe niile site na ihe ọmụma na sayensị ọhụrụ yana teknụzụ. Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọrụ feeder dị iche na ọrụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya na ebe nri adịghị adị.[2] Ha pụtara na 1950s na 1960s n'ihi mkpụrụ osisi ngwakọ na usoro ịgba mmiri; Mkpụrụ ọka buru ibu sochirinụ dugara n'iwe ihe ubi n'ụba. O kwere omume na mberede ịzụ nnukwu anụ ụlọ n'otu ebe, ya mere, iji belata ụgwọ njem, ugbo ọka na ebe nri nri jikọtara ọnụ. A naghịzi ezipụ ehi site n'akụkụ niile nke steeti ndịda gaa ebe dị ka California, ebe nnukwu ụlọ ogbugbu dị. N'afọ ndị 1980, ndị na-akpa anụ gbasoro ụzọ nri nri ma dịkwa nso ha ugbu a.

Ahịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ e ji ere ehi nye ndị na-etinye anụ. Spot, ma ọ bụ ego, ahịa bụ usoro ọdịnala na nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ọnụahịa na-emetụta ihe a na-enye ugbu a na ihe a chọrọ ma na-ekpebi ya site na ịdị arọ ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla. Ihe yiri nke a bụ nkwekọrịta n'ihu, nke a na-ekpebi ọnụahịa n'otu ụzọ ahụ mana ọ bụghị mgbanwe ahịa na-emetụta ya. Nkwekọrịta ndị na-aga n'ihu na-ekpebi ọnụahịa ire ere n'etiti ndị otu abụọ na-ekwurịta okwu maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, usoro a bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ihe ọmụma banyere mmepụta mmepụta na njikere nke akụkụ abụọ iji tinye onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ n'ahịa ọdịnihu. Ụzọ ọzọ, ọnụahịa usoro, na-aghọ usoro kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi na ọ na-anọchite anya uru anụ nke onye na-etinye ya. Nke a chọrọ ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ndị na-etinye ihe na ebe a na-eri nri, ọ bụkwa n'okpuru nkatọ site na ebe a ga-eri nri n'ihi na ego a kwụrụ na ebe a a na-azụ anụ na-ekpebi site na nyocha nke ndị na-eme ihe na anụ natara. N'ikpeazụ, ọnụahịa nke dị ndụ ma ọ bụ nke dị arọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọnụahịa grid na ọnụahịa anụ ehi. Usoro ahịa kachasị arụmụka sitere na njikọta kwụ ọtọ nke feedlots nwere ndị na-ere ahịa, nke ka na-anọchite anya ihe na-erughị 10% nke usoro niile, mana ọ na-etolite kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.[19]

Ihe ndị ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nhọrọ maka ebe a na-eri nri bụ ikwe ka ehi na-ata ahịhịa n'oge ndụ ha niile, mana nke a anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma nwee ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka. Maka Canada na Northern USA, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịta nri kwa afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike nke oyi. Ụzọ ịta nri a na-achịkwa nke ọma na-achọ ka ọnụ ahịa anụ ehi dị elu karịa, ehi na-ewekwa ogologo oge iji rute ibu ahịa..[20]   [<span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Website provides meat delivery services, conflict of interest? (May 2024)">unreliable source?</span>]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ugbo Azụ siri ike
  • Triangle ọlaedo nke ịkpa anụ
  • Anụ ụlọ
  • Ịchịkwa ịta ahịhịa
  • Ụlọ Nsọ Grandin

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 2008 Final CAFO Rule, USEPA, Office of Water, 2009. EPA - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations - Final Rule. Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved on 2009-07-01.
  2. ↑ Part 7 - Nutrient Management Plans. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014.
  3. ↑ Licensing of Livestock Operation (15 March 2004).
  4. ↑ How Radio Frequency Identification Technology is used. Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (30 September 2020).
  5. ↑ Livestock Identification and Traceability Program (TRACE) newsletters (27 May 2019). Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved on 22 July 2024.
  6. ↑ (2014) in Cottle, David: Beef Cattle Production and Trade. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643109889. 
  7. ↑ Cow-calf Production » the Canadian Cattlemen's Association.
  8. ↑ Feeding total mixed rations. extension.umn.edu.
  9. ↑ R. A. Zinn University of California, Davis A Guide to Feed Mixing
  10. ↑ Friend, Catherine. The Compassionate Carnivore: Or, How to Keep Animals Happy, save Old MacDonald's Farm, Reduce Your Hoofprint, and Still Eat Meat. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2008.
  11. ↑ Steer Feeding Guidelines Based on Hip Height Measurements.
  12. ↑ Harris Feeding Company (6 March 2005). Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved on 15 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Feedlot Health Management. Canadian Cattle Association.
  14. ↑ Identifying Sick or Injured Cattle. www.thecattlesite.com.
  15. ↑ MacDonald (15 February 2020). Hazlett:CAFOs: Farm Animals and Industrialized Livestock Production (en). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acref/9780190496616.001.0001. Retrieved on 9 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Diet and Disease in Cattle: High-Grain Feed May Promote Illness and Harmful Bacteria. American Association For The Advancement Of Science (May 11, 2001).
  17. ↑ Rasby (May 2010). Bloat Prevention and Treatment in Cattle. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved on 2024-07-22.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Grandin (1 December 2016). "Evaluation of the welfare of cattle housed in outdoor feedlot pens". Veterinary and Animal Science 1-2: 23–28. DOI:10.1016/j.vas.2016.11.001. PMID 32734021. 
  19. ↑ Ward, Clement. 2005. “Captive Supply Price Relationships and Impacts.” Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Extension Service. Bull. No. F-598.
  20. ↑ What's the Beef? The Pros and Cons of Grass Fed vs. Grain Fed. truLOCAL (September 22, 2023).
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