Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Malaysia

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mba Malaysia. O yikarịrị ka okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu ga-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okpomọkụ a na-eme kwa afọ dịkwuo elu. Mgbanwe nke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịbawanye oke ọkọchị na idei mmiri n'ógbè dị iche iche. Mmiri na-arị elu n'oké osimiri nwere ike imebi mpaghara ụfọdụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-atụ anya na mmetụta ndị a ga-enwe ọtụtụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-eme ka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a ka njọ ma na-emezi ka enweghị nhata sikwuo ike.

Mba Malaysia n'onwe ya na-enye aka n'ihi ojiji dị ukwuu nke coal na gas sitere n'okike. Otú ọ dị, ojiji nke hydropower agbasawo na narị afọ nke iri abuo na otu, a na-enyocha ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike isi iyi dị ka ike anyanwụ na biomass. Gọọmentị na-atụ anya mkpa ọ dị ime mgbanwe na mpaghara ndị dị ka ahụike na nchebe n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ma kwado nkwekọrịta Paris.

Mgbasa ozi

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ puku abuo onye kachasị enye aka na gas na-ekpo ọkụ bụ ngalaba ike, nke nde tọn iri ise na asato (Mt) nke ikuku CO2 ruru 26% nke ngụkọta mba. Nke a sochiri ngalaba njem na 36 Mt, ma ọ bụ 16%.: 7 Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-etinye ngalaba ike dị ka na-emepụta 55% nke CO2 na 2011, na 46% na 2013.^[1]^[2]

Mmanụ ala na-anọgide na-abụ isi mmanụ maka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Mkpa maka ọkụ eletrik toro 64% n'ime afọ iri tupu 2017. N'afọ 2017, e mepụtara ihe karịrị 44% nke ọkụ eletrik site na ọkụ coal, na 38% site na gas sitere n'okike. 17% nke e mepụtara site na ike na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere na mmiri, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbanye ọkụ na-emepụta naanị 0.5% nke ọkụ eletrik. Ojiji a na-eji coal eme ihe anọwo na-abawanye, na-agafe ojiji a na 2010 . Pasentị gas sitere n'okike belatara site na 57% na 1995, mgbe coal mepụtara naanị 9%. A na-ebubata ọtụtụ coal, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke igwupụta ihe n'ime ụlọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbanwe a bụ n'ihi oke gas a na-eji eme ihe na-akpachara anya na-echekwa na ọkwa 2000, na-ahapụ ọchịchọ ọzọ ka coal were dị ka akụkụ nke diversification. Mmepụta gas sitere n'okike nọgidere na-abawanye, mana a tụgharịrị ya na mbupụ. N'otu oge mmanụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, na-emepụta 21% nke ọkụ eletrik na 1995, mana ka ọnụ ahịa mmanụ na-arị elu nke a belatara ruo 2% na 2010 na 0.6% na 2017.^[2]

Hydropower na-elekwasị anya na East Malaysia, ọ bụ ezie na ikike dịkwa na Perak na Pahang. N'agbanyeghị mmụba na-adịbeghị anya na ojiji coal, a naghị atụ anya ikike coal ọhụrụ n'okpuru atụmatụ dị ugbu a, nke na-elekwasị anya na gas sitere n'okike, na n'ókè dị ala nke anyanwụ na mmiri. CO2 na CH4 na-agbada site na 2010 ruo 2017, n'oge mmụba nke mmiri, ebe uto nke N2O na-agbasa.^[2]

Ihe mmetọ ihu igwe na-adịte aka nwere njikọ na oke mmetọ ikuku n'obodo ukwu: 5^[1]

Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa, ọkachasị maka mmanụ nkwụ na mmepụta rọba sitere n'okike, bụkwa isi ihe na-enye aka na ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke mba ahụ. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2016 mere atụmatụ na mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2015 nyere aka na 22.1 nde Mg kwa afọ CO2 na-ewepụta.^[3]

A na-atụ anya na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dị na akụrụngwa ga-akawanye njọ.: 3 Ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike emebiela ihe dị ka ijeri $ 1.3 kwa afọ, karịsịa n'ihi idei mmiri.: 21^[4]^[4]

Mgbanwe okpomọkụ

Okpomọkụ jiri 0.14-0.25 °C rịa elu kwa afọ iri site na 1970 ruo 2013.: 6 Ka ọ na-erule 2090, a na-atụ anya na ha ga-arị elu n'etiti 0.8 °C na 3.11 °C ọzọ dabere na ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ.: 2 Enwere obere mgbanwe oge maka mmụba okpomọkụ.: 10 Otú ọ dị, a na-eche na ebili mmiri ga-abawanye na ugboro na ike.^[4]^[4]^[4] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, oge ụbọchị atọ na oke okpomọkụ a tụrụ anya ya nwere ohere 2% nke ime. N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị elu, nke a ga-abawanye ruo 93%, na-egosipụta okpomọkụ dị elu n'ozuzu ya.: Okpomọkụ iri na abuo dị otú ahụ ga-eme ka agwaetiti ndị dị n'obodo ukwu dị ka Kuala Lumpur ka njọ, nke nwere ike iru okpomọkụ 4-6 °C (39-43 °F) karịa ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu: 20 Ọnwụ ndị metụtara okpomọkụ kwa afọ n'etiti ndị agadi nwere ike ịga site na ihe na-erughị 1 kwa 100,000 ruo 45 kwa 100,000 na ọnọdụ dị elu: 1: 23 Coral bleaching bụ mmetụta ọzọ a tụrụ anya, nke ga-enwe ma gburugburu ebe obibi ma gburugburu ebe ahụ: 18^[4]^[4]^[1]^[4]^[4]

Mmiri ozuzo na ide mmiri

Ịdabere na mmiri dị n'elu na-eme ka Malaysia nwee nsogbu maka mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo, agbanyeghị ụdị anaghị egosi mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ anya ya, Kelantan na Pahang nwere ike ịhụ mmiri karịa ka ha na-eme ugbu a.: A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo 15 ga-abawanye, na karịa na East Malaysia karịa Peninsular Malaysia.^[4] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi nke mmụba ahụ dịgasị iche n'etiti amụma, na n'etiti ihe ndị nwere ike ime. N'okpuru ihe omume ndị na-ebu amụma dị elu nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-atụ anya na mmụba ahụ ga-adị ihe dị ka 12% karịa 2,732 milimita ugbu a (107.6 in). Idei mmiri, nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mere ka ọ ka njọ, bụ ihe ize ndụ dị ugbu a ma na-arịwanye elu.: 2, 6-7, 11 Enweghị ihe ọ bụla e mere, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku dị elu, idei mmiri nwere ike imetụta nkezi nke mmadụ 234,500 kwa afọ n'etiti 2070 na 2100.: 1 nnukwu mmiri ozu nwere ike itinye ihe ruru 32% mmiri ozuzo ọzọ na 2090.^[4]^[1] N'afọ 2010, ihe dị ka mmadụ 130,000 nọ na mba ahụ nwere ike ịnweta ihe omume idei mmiri nke otu afọ na afọ iri abuo na ise. N'okpuru nnukwu ikuku, nke a ga-abawanye na 200,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030. Ọbụna n'ọnọdụ dị ala, a na-atụ anya na ihe omume 1-n'ime afọ 100 ga-aghọ ihe omume 1-na afọ-25. Mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbasa nke obodo mebiri ike nke idei mmiri: 16^[4]^[4]

Mmiri na-arị elu

Site na 1993 ruo 2015, oke osimiri rịrị elu n'etiti 3.3 milimita (0.13 in) na 5 milimita (0.20 in) kwa afọ, dabere na ọnọdụ.: 16 N'ọdịnihu, a na-atụ anya na oke osimiri ga-arị elu 0.4-0.7m, ebe East Malaysia bụ nke kachasị ike.^[4] Mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a ma ama nke ihe ize ndụ, ebe obibi mangrove dị ugbu a nwere ike ịpụ n'anya site na 2060.: Mmụba iri na asaa dị otú ahụ ga-abawanye mmetụta nke oké ifufe, nke onwe ya nwere ike ịbawanye n'ike.: 14-15 Nke a na-eweta ihe ize ndụ na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri.: 18^[4]^[4]^[4]

Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ndị mmadụ

Ọchịchị na idei mmiri na-eyi ọrụ ugbo egwu. Mkpụrụ osikapa nwere ike belata site na pasent iri isii. Ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta gụnyere rọba, mmanụ nkwụ, na koko.: 2 Ohere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, nke dị ugbu a na 4%, nwere ike ịbawanye na 9%.^[4] O yikarịrị ka o yikarịrị na Sabah: 12-13 N'ozuzu, mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrụ ugbo karịa mgbanwe okpomọkụ: 19^[4]^[4]

isii.Ngwaahịaị na-ahụkarị mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ndị dara ogbenye, gụnyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ aka, ọrụ ugbo, na ịkụ azụ. A na-atụ anya na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka enweghị nhata dị ugbu a sie ike, ma na mmetụta ma na ikike ime mgbanwe.: 22^[4]

Mbelata

Nwoghari ume nke ozuru uwa onu koro nko na afo 2014 na maleysia nwere ike iru pasenti ire ise na nmeputa eletiriki site na nwoghari ya na afo 2030.^[6]

Gomenti kwuru maka mgbalisike iru net zero emissions na afo 2050 na Twelfth Maleysia plan.oso eze achi, Ismail Sabri yaakob kwukwara na Maleysia agaghi aru oru nchekere oku.ime ugboala eletiriki ka odi ukwuu,ma kowaputa aku oma make mmepe nke coastalhn2021, e^[7]

Mgbalị ire nde hekta 2 nke ọhịa na Sabah dị ka ego carbon kwụsịrị na 2022 n'etiti mmegide mpaghara na-esote enweghị ndụmọdụ na ajụjụ banyere ebe uru ga-aga.^[8]

Mgbanwe

A gụnyere usoro nnagide ihu igwe na Atụmatụ nke Iri na nke Iri na Otu nke Malaysia.: 3 Gọọmentị na-ekwu na ọ etinyela ego na ọrụ ahụike na-atụ anya mmụba 144% a tụrụ anya ya na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịba, yana mmụba a tụrụ anya na dengue, afọ ọsịsa, na ọrịa mmiri na-ebute: 23^[4]^[4]

Nzọụkwụ mgbanwe dị ka imeziwanye dicks ga-ebelata mmetụta nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime narị afọ a: 3^[1]

Iwu

Malaysia kwadoro United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change na 1994, na Kyoto Protocol na 2002. E wepụtara Iwu Mba na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na 2009, tinyere Iwu National Renewable Energy.: 7 N'oge a, Malaysia kwere nkwa mbelata 40% na ike carbon site na 2020 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2005, 1 na Iwu Renewable Energy ka a nabatara na 2011 n'akụkụ Iwu Sustainable Energy Development Authority: 7^[1]^[1]^[1]

Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, iwu ike na-elekwasị anya na ụdị dị iche iche maka nchekwa ike. Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na narị afọ nke 21, na-aghọ akụkụ nke iwu gọọmentị na 2016-2020 Eleventh Malaysia Plan, n'akụkụ 2016-2025 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan.^[2]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia. World Health Organization (2015). Retrieved on 17 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO2015" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies 14 (8). DOI:10.3390/en14082200. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2021Norasyiqin" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Hamdan (June 2016). "Quantifying rate of deforestation and CO₂emission in Peninsular Malaysia using Palsar imageries" (in en). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (1): 012028. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012028. ISSN 1755-1307.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 World Bank Group (2021). Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021). Retrieved on 14 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WBADB2021" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Malaysia's 'once in 100 years' flood exposes reality of climate change, better disaster planning needed: Experts (en). CNA. Retrieved on 2022-06-12.
↑ REmap 2030. International Renewable Energy Agency (June 2014). Retrieved on 9 October 2021.
↑ 12th Malaysia Plan: What you need to know about the 2050 carbon neutral goal and other green measures (en). CNA. Retrieved on 2021-11-19.
↑ Cannon. "Malaysian officials dampen prospects for giant, secret carbon deal in Sabah", Mongabay, 10 February 2022. Retrieved on 24 February 2022.

[WHO2015-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia. World Health Organization (2015). Retrieved on 17 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO2015" defined multiple times with different content

[2021Norasyiqin-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies 14 (8). DOI:10.3390/en14082200. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2021Norasyiqin" defined multiple times with different content

[3] Hamdan (June 2016). "Quantifying rate of deforestation and CO₂emission in Peninsular Malaysia using Palsar imageries" (in en). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 37 (1): 012028. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012028. ISSN 1755-1307.

[WBADB2021-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 ^4.18 ^4.19 ^4.20 ^4.21 ^4.22 World Bank Group (2021). Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021). Retrieved on 14 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WBADB2021" defined multiple times with different content

[5] Malaysia's 'once in 100 years' flood exposes reality of climate change, better disaster planning needed: Experts (en). CNA. Retrieved on 2022-06-12.

[6] REmap 2030. International Renewable Energy Agency (June 2014). Retrieved on 9 October 2021.

[7] 12th Malaysia Plan: What you need to know about the 2050 carbon neutral goal and other green measures (en). CNA. Retrieved on 2021-11-19.

[8] Cannon. "Malaysian officials dampen prospects for giant, secret carbon deal in Sabah", Mongabay, 10 February 2022. Retrieved on 24 February 2022.

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