Ndagwurugwu ndị eze

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Ndagwurugwu ndị eze
Ndagwurugwu, necropolis, archaeological site
Akụkụ nkeTheban Necropolis Dezie
omenalaIjipùtù Ọkpụ Dezie
mba/obodoEgypt Dezie
dị na ngalaba nhazi mpagharaLuxor Dezie
nhazi ọnọdụ25°44′25″N 32°36′8″E Dezie
heritage designationpart of UNESCO World Heritage Site Dezie
Map

Ndagwurugwu nke ndị eze (Arabic), nke a makwaara dị ka Ndagwurịta okwu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị eze (وادي أبواب الم glo Wādī Abwāb al-Mulūk), bụ mpaghara dị n'Ijipt ebe, ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 500 site na Ọchịchị nke Iri na asatọ ruo Ọchịchịchị nke Abụọ, e gwupụtara ili ndị Fero na dị ike n'oge ochie.[1][2][3][4]

Ọ bụ wadi nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl, n'ihu Thebes (Luxor nke oge a) na n'ime obi nke Theban Necropolis.[5] E nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa: Ndagwurugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ili ndị eze dị; na Ndagwurịta okwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ ahụ, nke a makwaara dị ka Ndagwurị nke Nnụnụ.[6][7]

Site na nchọpụta nke ụlọ ọhụrụ na nchọpụta 2008 nke ọnụ ụzọ ili abụọ ọzọ, a maara na Ndagwurugwu nke Ndị Eze nwere ili na ụlọ 65, site na olulu dị mfe nke bụ KV54 ruo n'ili dị mgbagwoju anya nke bụ K V5, nke naanị ya nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ 120 maka ụmụ Ramesses nke Abụọ.[8][9] Ọ bụ ebe bụ́ isi e liri ndị isi eze nke Alaeze Ọhụrụ nakwa ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama nwere ihe ùgwù. A na-eji ihe nkiri ọdịnala si n'akụkọ ifo ndị Ijipt chọọ ili ndị eze mma ma na-ekpughe ihe ndị ga-eme n'ememe olili ozu na nkwenkwe ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ili niile dị ka a meghere ma zuo ohi n'oge ochie, mana ha ka na-enye echiche nke oke na ike nke ndị Fero Ijipt.

Ebe a na-elekwasị anya maka ndị Egyptologists na nchọpụta ihe ochie kemgbe njedebe nke narị afọ nke 18, na ili ya na olili ya na-aga n'ihu na-akpali nyocha na mmasị. Ndagwurugwu nke ndị eze dọtara mmasị dị ukwuu mgbe nchọpụta nke ili Tutankhamun na 1922 gasịrị, [1] ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ebe ndị a ma ama n'ụwa. N'afọ 1979, ọ ghọrọ UNESCO World Heritage Site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Theban Necropolis.[10] Nchọgharị, igwu ala, na nchekwa na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara ahụ, emepeela ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya..

Ọdịdị ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Stratigraphy nke ndagwurugwu ahụ

Ndagwurugwu nke ndị eze dị ihe karịrị 1,000 ụkwụ nke limestone na nkume ndị ọzọ, nke na-emepụta ugwu dị na ndagwurugwu na Deir el-Bahari dị nso, nke nwere akwa marl dị nro.[11] A na-etinye nkume sedimentary n'etiti 35 na 56 nde afọ gara aga n'oge Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na-agbasa mgbe ụfọdụ ruo n'ebe ndịda Aswan.[11] N'oge Pleistocene, mmiri ozuzo na-ezo na ndagwurugwu ahụ.[12] Ugbu a, a na-enwe ntakịrị mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'akụkụ a nke Ijipt, ma a na-enwe idei mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ. Iju mmiri ndị a na-atụba ọtụtụ irighiri ihe n'ime ili ndị mepere emepe.[13]

Àgwà nke nkume dị na Ndagwurugwu na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ, malite na nke ọma na nkume dị arọ, nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Okpokoro shale nke oge ụfọdụ kpatakwara ihe isi ike na-ewu (na n'oge a, nchekwa), ebe nkume a na-agbasa n'ihu mmiri, na-amanye iche nkume gbara ya gburugburu. A na-eche na a na-agbanwe ili ụfọdụ n’ụdị na otú ha hà na-adabere n’ụdị nkume ndị ahụ na-ewu ụlọ ahụ zutere.[12] Ndị na-ewu ụlọ jiri ihe ndị dị n'ala mee ihe mgbe ha na-ewu ili. A na-egwupụta ili ụfọdụ site na oghere limestone dị ugbu a, ndị ọzọ n'azụ ndagwurugwu scree, ụfọdụ dịkwa n'akụkụ nkume ndị e kere site na ọwa mmiri oge ochie.[12]

Enwere ike ịhụ nsogbu nke owuwu ili na ili nke Ramesses III na nna ya Setnakhte. Setnakhte malitere igwu KV11 mana n'amaghị ama waba n'ili Amenmesse, ya mere a gbahapụrụ ihe owuwu wee weghara ili Twosret, KV14. Mgbe ọ na-achọ ili, Ramesses III gbatịpụrụ ili ahụ gwupụtara nke ọma nke nna ya malitere.[14] Ili nke Ramesses nke Abụọ laghachiri n'ụdị mbụ, nke nwere axis gbagọrọ agbagọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ogo nke nkume a na-egwu (na-esote Esna shale).[15]

N'agbata 1998 na 2002, Amarna Royal Tombs Project nyochara ala ndagwurugwu ahụ site na iji radar na-abanye n'ime ala wee chọpụta na, n'okpuru elu nke oge a, ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ndagwurugwu ahụ na-agbada n'okpuru ebe a na-agba ọsọ n'usoro nke mberede, "shelves" eke, haziri nke dị n'okpuru ebe a. nke ọzọ, na-agbadata ọtụtụ mita n'ebe a na-ehi ụra dị n'ala ndagwurugwu.[16]Àtụ:Panorama

Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mpaghara ugwu Theban na-enwekarị égbè eluigwe na-eme ihe ike na-akpata oke idei mmiri na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na e nwere opekata mpe akwa mmiri idei mmiri asaa na-agbada n'etiti mpaghara ndagwurugwu ahụ.[17] O yiri ka idei mmiri rikpuru ebe etiti a na njedebe nke Ọchịchị nke Iri na Asatọ, na ọtụtụ ili e liri n'okpuru mita nke ihe mkpofu. A na-egwu ili KV55, KV62, na KV63 n'ime ezigbo nkume dị n'ime mmiri karịa iberibe ihe, na-egosi na ọkwa nke ndagwurugwu ahụ dị mita ise n'okpuru ọkwa ya ugbu a.[18] Mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị, ndị eze mechara kwatuo ala ndagwurugwu ahụ, na-eme ka idei mmiri ahụ tinye ibu ha na ndagwurugwum ahụ, e chefuru ili ndị e liri ma chọta ha na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.[19] Nke a bụ mpaghara nke bụ isiokwu nke nyocha radar nke Amarna Royal Tombs Project, nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ anomalies, otu n'ime ha gosipụtara na ọ bụ KV63.[20]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

"Ili nke Ndị Eze nke Thebes", Richard Pococke, 1743
Al-Qurn na-achịkwa ndagwurugwu ahụ.

Ugwu ndị dị na Theban jupụtara n'elu ugwu al-Qurn, nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie maara dị ka ta dehent, ma ọ bụ "The Peak".[21] O nwere ọdịdị pyramid, o yikarịrị ka nke a gosipụtara pyramids nke Alaeze Ochie, ihe karịrị otu puku afọ tupu olili ozu ndị eze mbụ a tụrụ ebe a.[22][23] Ọnọdụ ya dịpụrụ adịpụ mekwara ka e belata ohere, ndị uwe ojii ili pụrụ iche (Medjay) nwekwara ike ichebe ili ahụ.[24]

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe mgbagwoju anya pyramid nke Giza Plateau abịawo na-anọchi anya Ijipt oge ochie, a na-egbutu ihe ka ukwuu n'ili n'ime nkume. Ọtụtụ pyramid na mastaba nwere akụkụ ndị e gbuturu n'ala, na e nwere nnukwu ili ndị a kpụrụ akpụ n'Ijipt bụ ndị malitere n'Alaeze Ochie.[25]

Mgbe e merisịrị ndị Hyksos na njikọta nke Ijipt n'okpuru Ahmose I, ndị ọchịchị Theban malitere iwu ili dị iche iche nke gosipụtara ike ọhụrụ ha.[26] Ili nke Ahmose I na nwa ya nwoke Amenhotep I (ebe a na-amaghị kpọmkwem) nwere ike ịbụ na ili nke iri na asaa nke Dra' Abu el-Naga.[27] Ili ndị eze mbụ dị na Ndagwurugwu nke Ndị Eze bụ nke Amenhotep nke Mbụ (ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụkwa ụka banyere njirimara a), na Thutmose nke Mbụ, onye onye ndụmọdụ ya, Ineni, kwuru n'ili ya na ọ dụrụ eze ọdụ ka o tinye ili ya na ndagwurugwu ahụ tọgbọrọ n'efu (amaghị ama nke ili a n'ezie, mana ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ KV20 ma ọ bụ K V38).[28][21]   A na-eji Ndagwurugwu ahụ eme ozu ndị mbụ site na ihe dịka 1539 BC ruo 1075 BC. O nwere opekata mpe ili 63, malite na Thutmose I (ma ọ bụ ikekwe tupu mgbe ahụ, n'oge ọchịchị Amenhotep I) na-ejedebe na Ramesses X ma ọ bụ XI, ọ bụ ezie na ili ndị na-abụghị ndị eze gara n'ihu n'ili ndị a nwụnahụrụ.[29]

N'agbanyeghị aha ya, Ndagwurugwu Ndị Eze nwekwara ili ndị ama ama yana ndị nwunye na ụmụ nke ma ndị isi na ndị pharaoh. Ya mere, ọ bụ nanị ihe dị ka iri abụọ n'ime ili ahụ nwere n'ezie ozu ndị eze. Ihe fọdụrụ nke ndị a ma ama na ezinụlọ eze, tinyere olulu ndị a na-edoghị anya na ebe a na-agba ozu, mejupụtara ndị fọdụrụ.[30] N'ihe dị ka n'oge Ramesses I (ihe dị ka 1301 BC) a malitere iwu na ndagwurugwu nke Queens.[31]

Obodo Eze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Aha gọọmentị maka saịtị ahụ n'oge ochie bụ The Great and Majestic Necropolis of the Millions of the Pharaoh, Life, Strength, Health in The West of Thebes (lee n'okpuru maka mkpụrụedemede hieroglyphic), ma ọ bụ Ta-sekhet-ma'at (The Great Field).[32]

Na mbido Ọchịchị nke Iri na Asatọ, ọ bụ naanị ndị eze ka e liri n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ na nnukwu ili. Mgbe e liri onye na-abụghị eze, ọ dị n'ime obere ụlọ e ji nkume rụọ, n'akụkụ ili nna ha ukwu. E wuru ili Amenhotep nke Atọ na Western Valley, mgbe nwa ya nwoke Akhenaten kwagara ili ya na Amarna, a na-eche na WV25 a na-arụchabeghị nwere ike ịbụ maka ya.[33] Site na nloghachi na okpukpe orthodox na njedebe nke Ọchịchị nke Iri na asatọ, Tutankhamun, Ay, na Horemheb laghachiri n'ebe a na-eli ozu eze.[34]

Ọchịchị nke iri na itoolu na nke iri abụọ hụrụ mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ olili ozu (ma ebe a ma na Ndagwurugwu nke Queens), na Ramesses nke Abụọ na mgbe e mesịrị Ramesses nke Atọ nke ọ bụla na-ewu nnukwu ili e ji lie ụmụ ha (KV5 na KV3 n'otu n'otu).[35][36] E nwere ụfọdụ ndị eze a na-elighị n'ime ndagwurugwu ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ahụbeghị ili ha: Thutmose nke Abụọ nwere ike ịbụ na e liri ya na Dra' Abu el-Naga' (ọ bụ ezie na ozu ya dị na ebe a na-edebe ili Deir el-Bahari), a chọtabeghị ili Smenkhkare, Ramesses nke asatọ yiri ka e liri ya n'ebe ọzọ.[37]

N'oge Pyramid, a na-ejikọta ili pyramid nke eze na ụlọ nsọ ili ozu dị nso na pyramid. Ebe ọ bụ na e zoro ili ndị eze na Ndagwurugwu nke Ndị Eze, ụlọ nsọ ndị eze dị anya site na ebe olili ha, nso n'ebe a na-akọ ugbo na-eche Thebes ihu.[21] Ụlọ arụsị ozu ndị a ghọrọ ebe ndị a na-eleta n'oge ememe dị iche iche a na-eme na Necropolis Theban. Ihe kacha pụta ìhè bụ ememme mara mma nke ndagwurugwu ahụ, ebe ụlọ mmanya dị nsọ nke Amun-Re, nwunye ya, Mut, na nwa nwoke, Khonsu, hapụrụ ụlọ nsọ dị na Karnak iji gaa na ụlọ nsọ olili nke ndị eze nwụrụ anwụ na West Bank na ha. Ụlọ nsọ dị na Theban Necropolis.[38]

Ndị ọrụ obodo Deir el-Medina rụrụ ma chọọ ili ndị ahụ mma, nke dị n’obere olulu dị n’agbata ndagwurugwu a na Ndagwurugwu Queens, chere Thebes ihu. Ndị ọrụ ahụ si n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche gaa n'ili ndị ahụ n'ugwu Theban. A maara ndụ ndị ọrụ a kwa ụbọchị nke ọma n'ihi na edere ha n'ili na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.[39] Otu n'ime ihe ndị e dere ede bụ ma eleghị anya ọgbaghara mbụ ndị ọrụ dere ede, nke akọwapụtara na Turin Strike Papyrus.[40][41][42]

Nnyocha nke ndagwurugwu ahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

1820: Ndagwurugwu Ndị Eze Belzoni
1830: Usoro nọmba nke John Gardner Wilkinson maka ili, nke a ka na-eji taa
Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ili eze, nke e sere na 1821

Ndagwurugwu ahụ abụwo isi ihe nchọpụta Egyptological nke oge a na-elekwasị anya na narị afọ abụọ gara aga. Tupu oge a, ọ bụ ebe njem nleta n'oge ochie (karịsịa n'oge ndị Rom).[29] Mpaghara ahụ na-egosi mgbanwe nke ọmụmụ nke Egypt oge ochie, malite dị ka ịchụ nta oge ochie, na-ejedebe dị ka ihe gwupụtara sayensị nke Theban Necropolis dum. N'agbanyeghị nyocha na nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru ebe a, ọ bụ naanị iri na otu n'ime ili ka edekọtara kpamkpam.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ili ndị ahụ nwere ihe osise nke ndị njem nlegharị anya oge ochie dere. Jules Baillet achọtala ihe karịrị 2,100 ihe odide Grik na Latin, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta na Finishian, Saịprọs, Lycian, Coptic, na asụsụ ndị ọzọ.[29] A na-ahụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide oge ochie na KV9, nke nwere ihe na-erughị otu puku n'ime ha. Ihe odide mbụ e dere n'ụzọ ziri ezi bụ 278 BC.[43]

N'afọ 1799, ndị otu njem Napoleon gara Ijipt (karịsịa Vivant Denon) sere map na atụmatụ nke ili ndị a maara, na nke mbụ ya kwuru na Western Valley (ebe Prosper Jollois na Édouard de Villiers du Terrage hụrụ ili Amenhotep III, WV22).[44] The Description de l'Égypte nwere mpịakọta abụọ (n'ime ngụkọta nke 24) na mpaghara dị gburugburu Thebes.[45]

Nnyocha ndị Europe gara n'ihu na mpaghara gburugburu Thebes n'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Na mmalite narị afọ, Giovanni Belzoni gara ebe ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ maka Henry Salt, onye chọpụtara ọtụtụ ili, gụnyere nke Ay na West Valley (WV23) na 1816 na Seti I (KV17) n'afọ sochirinụ. Ná ngwụsị nke nleta ya, Belzoni kwupụtara na a chọtala ili nile na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama nke a chọtara. Na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge ahụ bụ Bernardino Drovetti, onye Consul-General nke France na nnukwu onye mgba Belzoni na nnu.[46] John Gardner Wilkinson, onye biri n'Ijipt site na 1821 ruo 1832, depụtaghachiri ọtụtụ ihe odide na ihe osise dị n'ili ndị meghere n'oge ahụ. Nkọwapụta nke hieroglyphs, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka na-ezughị ezu n'oge Wilkinson nọrọ na ndagwurugwu ahụ, nyeere ya aka ịhazi usoro iheomume nke ndị ọchịchị Alaeze Ọhụrụ dabere na ihe odide dị n'ili. O guzobekwara usoro nọmba ili nke a na-eji eme ihe, na mgbakwunye, kemgbe ahụ.[47]

Ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ ahụ hụrụ mgbalị ndị ọzọ a gbakọrọ aka iji chekwaa, kama ịnakọta ihe ochie. Ndị Egyptian Antiquities Service nke Auguste Mariette malitere inyocha ndagwurugwu ahụ, nke mbụ ya na Eugène Lefébure na 1883, mgbe ahụ Jules Baillet na Georges Bénédite na mbido 1888, na n'ikpeazụ Victor Loret na 1898 ruo 1899.[48] Loret gbakwunyere ili iri na isii ọzọ na ndepụta ahụ, ma nyochaa ọtụtụ ili ndị a chọtaralarị.[49] N'oge a, Georges Daressy nyochara KV9.[50]

Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ili Horemheb, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a chọtara ya na 1908

Mmepe nke ili[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọtụtụ ụbọchị n'izu, nkezi nke ndị njem nleta 4,000 ruo 5,000 na-eleta ndagwurugwu ahụ. A naghị eleta West Valley nke ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ naanị otu ili meghere maka ọha na eze.[51]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Royal Wadi na ili - Ebe olili ozu nke Akhenaten na ezinụlọ eze ya.
  • Naqsh-e Rostam - "Ndagwurugwu nke Ndị Eze" nke ndị Peshia.
  • Ming na Qing Imperial Tombs - Ili ndị eze nke Ming na Qing Dynasties.
  • Ndagwurugwu Dị Nsọ (Peru)
  • Ebe olili ozu nke Genghis Khan - Ebe olili Genghis khan na ezinụlọ eze ya a na-achọpụtaghị.
  • Ndagwurugwu nke Ndị Eze (Tibet)

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. Trismegistos. www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved on 2017-11-19.
  2. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p.6
  3. Maspero (1913), p.182
  4. Theban Mapping Project. Theban Mapping Project. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  5. Siliotti (1997), p.13
  6. Richard H. Wilkinson (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings. Oxford U.. ISBN 978-0-19-049399-8. “[A side valley of the West Valley was called the Vallée du gardien Khaouy] The main part of the West Valley continues to the left and is called Àtụ:Transl, Les Portes des Singes, or “The Valley of the Monkeys,” a scene in KV 23.” 
  7. Thomas R. Gensheimer (2017). World Heritage and National Registers. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-47100-8. “This area is known locally as the Àtụ:Transl, or Valley of the Monkeys, because of a scene of twelve baboons carved on a wall in KV 23.” 
  8. Zahi Hawass. Spotlight Interview: 2008. The Plateau: Official Website for Dr. Zahi Hawass. Retrieved on 2008-08-15.
  9. Valley of the Kings. Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2008-07-19. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
  10. Ancient Thebes and its necropolis. UNESCO Work Heritage Sites. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p.20
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Geography and Geology of the Valley. Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2002-10-13. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  13. Sampsell (2003), p.78
  14. Weigall (1910), p.194
  15. KV 7 (Rameses II). Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2016-01-28. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
  16. Ancient Egypt Resource. NicholasReeves.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
  17. Cross (2008) p.303
  18. Cross (2008) p.307
  19. Cross (2008) p.310
  20. Hirokatsu Watanabe, Masanori Ito and Nicholas Reeves (2000). ARTP Radar Survey of the Valley of the Kings. Nicholas Reeves.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 Historical development of the Valley of the Kings in the New Kingdom. Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  22. Dodson (1991), pp.5-7
  23. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p.17
  24. Bierbrier (1993) p.39
  25. Historical Development of Royal Cemeteries outside Thebes and inside Thebes (Early Dynastic-Second Intermediate Period). Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
  26. Baines and Malik (2000), p.99
  27. Strudwick and Strudwick (1999) p.94
  28. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p.89
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 History of the Valley of the Kings (Third Intermediate Period-Byzantine Period). Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-23. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
  30. Siliotti (1996), p.29
  31. Siliotti (1996), p.70
  32. Siliotti (1997), pp. 12–13
  33. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p.116
  34. Development of Tombs, Part I. Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
  35. KV 5 History. Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
  36. KV 3 (Son of Rameses III). Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
  37. Cachette of the Royal Mummies, TT320. Russian Academy of Sciences – Network of the Centre for Egyptological Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
  38. Strudwick and Strudwick (1999) p.78
  39. Introduction to the Deir el-Medina Database. The Deir el-Medina Database. Leiden University. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  40. Strudwick and Strudwick (1999) p.187
  41. Pascal Vernus. "Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Retrieved on 2008-08-08. 
  42. Collezione online. collezioni.museoegizio.it.{{deadlink|date=April 2023
  43. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), p. 51
  44. Siliotti (1997), p.16
  45. Description de l'Égypte – text of the 2nd edition (fr). Bibliotheque nationale de France. Gallicia. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  46. Bernardino Drovetti. Travellers In Egypt. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  47. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996), pp. 61, 66
  48. Project Amenmesse Homepage. Amenmesse Project. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  49. Reeves and Wilkinson (1996) p.69
  50. KV 9 (Rameses V and Rameses VI). Theban Mapping Project. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.
  51. Valley of the Kings. Egypt and the Nile. Retrieved on 2008-08-07.

Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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  • Ambros, Eva (2001). Egypt: an up-to-date travel guide with 145 color photos and 21 maps. Hunter Publishing. ISBN 3-88618-140-5. 
  • Baines, John (2000). Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on file. ISBN 0-8160-4036-2. 
  • Baillet, Jules (1920–1926). Inscriptions grecques et latines des tombeaux des rois ou Syringes à Thèbes. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, Mémoires publiés par les membres. 
  • M. L. Bierbrier (1993). The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs. Cairo: American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-210-6. 
  • Cross (1993). "The Hydrology of the Valley of the Kings". JEA 94: 303–310. 
  • Davis, Theodore M. (2001). The Tomb of Siphtah with The Tomb of Queen Tiyi. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-3073-3. 
  • Davis (2001). The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou. London: Duckworth Publishing. ISBN 0-7156-3072-5. 
  • Dodson, Aidan (1991). Egyptian Rock-cut Tombs. Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-7478-0128-2. 
  • El Mahdy, Christine (2001). Tutankhamen: The Life and Death of the Boy-King. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28064-5. 
  • Maspero, Gaston (1913). Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, Sixth English Edition. H. Grevel and Co. ISBN 1-4219-4169-4. 
  • Reeves, Nicholas (1990). Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. Keegan Paul. ISBN 0-7103-0368-8. 
  • Reeves, Nicholas (1996). The Complete Valley of the Kings. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05080-5.  – Details of all the major tombs, their discovery, art and architecture
  • Romer, John (1981). Valley of the Kings. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-0993-0.  – Covers the history of the exploration of the Valley in chronological order
  • Rossi (2001). "Dimensions and Slope in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty Royal Tombs". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87: 73–80. DOI:10.2307/3822372. ISSN 0307-5133. 
  • Sampsell, Bonnie M. (2003). A Traveler's Guide to the Geology of Egypt. Cairo: American University Press. ISBN 977-424-785-X. 
  • Siliotti, Alberto (1997). Guide to the Valley of the Kings. Barnes and Noble. ISBN 88-8095-496-2.  – A good introduction to the valley and surroundings
  • Strudwick, Nigel (1999). Thebes in Egypt. Cornell University. ISBN 0-8014-8616-5. 
  • Weeks, Kent R. (2001). Valley of the Kings. Friedman/Fairfax. ISBN 88-8095-712-0.  – Spectacular photography of the best tombs
  • Weeks, Kent R. (2000). KV 5: A Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the Tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings. Cairo: American University Press. ISBN 977-424-574-1. 
  • Weigall, Arthur (1910). A Guide to the Antiquities of Upper Egypt. London: Mentheun & Co. ISBN 1-4253-3806-2. 
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. (1994). Valley of the Sun Kings: New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs. Tucson: University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition. ISBN 0-9649958-0-8.  – chapters by archaeologists working in the valley from an international conference on the Valley of the Kings
  • Wilkinson (1993). "The paths of Re: Symbolism in the royal tombs of Wadi Biban El Moluk". KMT 4 (3). 
  • Winstone (2006). Howard Carter and the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. Barzan, Manchester.. ISBN 1-905521-04-9. OCLC 828501310. 

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