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Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa

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Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, bụ ụdị nkwekọrịta na-ejikọta na iwu mba ụwa, na-enye ha ohere iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ bụ "akwụkwọ gọọmentị na-ejikọta ya na iwu na ebumnuche bụ isi nke igbochi ma ọ bụ ijikwa mmetụta mmadụ na ihe onwunwe okike".[1]

A maara nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti mba abụọ dị ka nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ. Ọ bụrụ na e mere nkwekọrịta ahụ n'etiti mba atọ ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-akpọ ya nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi (MEA). Nkwekọrịta ndị dị otú ahụ, nke United Nations mepụtara, na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka iwu ikuku, iwu mmiri dị ọcha, ihe mkpofu na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, iwu nchekwa okike, mmetọ mkpọtụ na nchekwa nuklia.[2]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ojiji

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Ojiji nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche malitere na 1857, mgbe nkwekọrịta Germany na-achịkwa mmiri si Lake Constance gaa Austria na Switzerland.[3] Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa bịara pụta ìhè na ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-agafe ókèala ghọrọ ihe a ghọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na 1960s.[4]

N'agbata afọ 1857 na afọ 2012, e meela nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi 747 dị iche iche.[3] N'ịgbaso Nzukọ Gọọmentị Stockholm na 1972, ịmepụta nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa mụbara.[5] Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu mere ka MEAs bụrụ ihe a ma ama, a na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime MEAs kemgbe 1972 na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị na Mba Ndị Dị N'Otu na gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ (nke a makwaara dị ka Nzukọ Stockholm).[6] Mba 113 niile bịara na nnọkọ ahụ nabatara nkwupụta Stockholm, ọ bụkwa akwụkwọ mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị mkpa na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.[6]

A chọrọ usoro netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya maka usoro MEA na-arụ ọrụ.[3] Ọnọdụ gọọmentị n'ime mba nwere ike igbochi ibe ya banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ) n'ihi echiche ma ọ bụ òtù na-emegide ibe ha, na-eme ka mmejuputa ihe sie ike ma na-emetụta mmekọrịta mpụga.[7]

Iwu ndị gbara MEA gburugburu na-ekpebi site na mba ndị sonyere. Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa bụ òtù ndị dị mkpa na-emekọ ihe ọnụ maka ịhazi na itinye n'ọrụ nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ.

A na-ejiwanye ndokwa gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe na nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ nakwa na nkwekọ itinye ego mba ụwa, dị ka nkwekọrịta mpaghara abụọ.[8]

Ịdị irè

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Usoro nwere ike iwere ụzọ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe iji melite ịdị irè.[9] Otu ihe atụ bụ iji mmachibido iwu: n'okpuru Montreal Protocol, a machibidoro ndị bịanyere aka ịzụta chlorofluorocarbons site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị bịanyekwara aka, iji gbochie uru ọ bụla.[10] A na-ejikwa ego iji merie esemokwu North-South: ndị otu Montreal Protocol mepụtara ego nke $ 240 nde iji kesaa ego nke mgbanwe. O nwekwara oge amara dị iche iche nke afọ iri maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe. A na-ahụkwa ọrụ dị iche iche na Kyoto Protocol ma nwee ike ịgba ume itinye aka n'ụzọ sara mbara, ebe mba ọ bụla nwere ebumnuche dị iche iche dabere na mmepe ha.

Ọ bụ ezie na usoro iwu yiri ka ọ bụ usoro ọchịchị kachasị elu, na-enwe "ndokwa ole na ole maka itinye aka na ọha na eze," a na-eche n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmetụta nke netwọk mba na-eto eto Echiche ọha na eze dị mkpa, dịka nchegbu ga-adị iji mee ka ọrụ na nraranye nke akụ gọọmentị.[10][5][4] Ọ nọgidere na-eto eto kemgbe onye na-etolite Greta Thunberg malitere Friday for Future. Òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị na-arụkwa ọrụ ụfọdụ, site na ịnakọta ozi na ịmepụta ụkpụrụ iji nweta nkwado. Sayensị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na Susskind na-ekwusi ike na mgbe ụfọdụ ọrụ a na-ebelata site na ejighị n'aka, enweghị nkwekọrịta, na ịrị elu nke "sayensị na'asọmpi".[11] Ndị na-azụ ahịa nwekwara ike itinye aka na nsonaazụ dị mma.

Otu anyị si ele ịdị irè nke usoro iwu dabere na ihe anyị na-atụ anya ya. Site na obere ike nchịkwa ma ọ bụ ike n'ezie, usoro iwu na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịbawanye nchegbu gọọmentị, na-eme ka gburugburu nkwekọrịta dịkwuo mma, ma na-emeziwanye ikike site na ịnyefe akụ. Ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọbụbụeze dị mma, usoro gburugburu ebe obibi agaghị emetụta mgbanwe n'ihu enweghị mmasị ọha na eze, na-ekwe nkwa ime ihe mba, ma ọ bụ na-eme n'otu ntabi anya. Ọganihu nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa nwere ike ịbụ, dị ka Wiener na-atụ aro, dị ka mbe, nwayọ ma kwụsie ike.[12]

Ihe mgbochi na nkatọ

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Usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'ụwa, ọdịiche na esemokwu na-eweta ihe mgbochi maka ịmepụta usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke mbụ, ịnọgide na-achị onwe ya pụtara na ọ dịghị mba a ga-amanye isonye, naanị ịgba ya ume ime otú ahụ. N'ihi ya, dị ka French si kwuo, "Iwu mba ụwa nwere ike nke omume ọma, mana ezé ole na ole".[10] Nke abụọ, esemokwu North-South nwere ike igbochi imekọ ihe ọnụ ma kpatara esemokwu. Mba ndị dị na South ụwa, ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị ogbenye, na-ahụkarị mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndị bara ọgaranya, dị ka ndị chọrọ iburu ibu ọrụ maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ma mee mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'ụzọ ndụ ha, nke ọ dịghị nke North na-ele anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Ndịda na-ekwu na ndị ugwu enweela ohere ịzụlite ma metọọla ọtụtụ ihe n'oge mmepe ụlọ ọrụ ha.

N'ikpeazụ, mba nwere ike ghara inwe mkpali ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha n'ihi esemokwu na ọdịmma ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ọ bụrụ na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ga-akpata nsogbu akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ na mba, ọ nwere ike izere usoro ahụ mgbe mba ndị ọzọ na-agbaso ha, na-emepụta nsogbu onye na-agba ịnyịnya n'efu. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịkatọ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi maka ejighị n'aka sayensị, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala enweghị nchịkọta nke ozi sayensị.[5] N'ihe banyere nsogbu ndị dị ka mmetọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, nguzogide na-abụkarị ngwaahịa nke ịgọnahụ injinia.

N'ihi ihe mgbochi ndị a, usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na-aghọ ihe doro anya maka ọtụtụ nkatọ, dị ka ịdị nwayọ iji mepụta mmetụta achọrọ (n'ihi usoro nkwekọrịta-protocol-ratification-implementation), na-elekọta ihe kachasị ala, na enweghị nlekota na mmanye. A pụkwara ịkatọ ha maka iwere usoro mmụba ebe ụkpụrụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-atụ aro na nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ịbụ isi.

Mmekọrịta nke nzukọ gọọmentị

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Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu

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Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-etinye aka na MEAs n'ụwa niile n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche, kemịkal na ihe mkpofu, na ihu igwe na ikuku. Otu ihe atụ ga-abụ Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, nke e jikọtara ọnụ iji dozie mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke Chlorofluorocarbons na ikuku. United Nations Information Portal (InforMEA) na-ejikọta MEAs site na ịnakọta mkpebi na mkpebi COP, akụkọ, ihe omume, ndị otu MEA, ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mba, akụkọ mba na atụmatụ mmejuputa site na ndị odeakwụkwọ MEA ma hazie ozi a gburugburu usoro nkwekọrịta, maka abamuru nke ndị otu na ndị obodo gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu.[13]

Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa

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Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa etinyela aka na mkparịta ụka MEA n'ihi mmetụta azụmahịa nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Nzukọ ahụ nwere iwu azụmahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-akwalite nchedo na nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche ya bụ ibelata ihe mgbochi azụmahịa na ịhazi usoro metụtara azụmahịa na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi.[14] Ebe ọ bụ na MEAs na-echebe ma na-echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ha nwere ike inye aka belata ihe mgbochi na azụmahịa.[15] Ụkpụrụ WTO dabeere na enweghị ịkpa ókè, azụmahịa n'efu site na ibelata ihe mgbochi azụmahịa na asọmpi ziri ezi, a jụwokwa MEAs maka ịghara ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nzukọ ahụ. WTO na-arụ ọrụ na mmejuputa karịrị 350 MEAs n'ụwa niile. [citation needed] Ọtụtụ n'ime nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ metụtara mba ise dị mkpa [?] nke na-etinye aka na mmelite gburugburu ebe obibi na azụmahịa n'efu.[16] Ndị otu WTO ga-akwanyere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke ihe mgbochi azụmaahịa ùgwù.[16] Agbanyeghị, esemokwu bilitere n'ihi mgbochi azụmahịa.[16]

Ndị isi na-ekere òkè na MEA

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Australia

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A maara Australia maka ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, nke gụnyere osimiri, ọzara na ugwu, na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ nnukwu nchegbu.[17] Mba ahụ nọ n'okpuru oghere ozone kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, [ihe odide dị mkpa] na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ịdị nso Australia na Antarctica na-akpata nchegbu banyere ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe nke oke osimiri nke na-emetụta ihu igwe.

Canada

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Nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche nke Canada gụnyere ikuku, ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi, kemịkal na ihe mkpofu, mgbanwe ihu igwe, imekọ ihe ọnụ gburugburu ebe obibi، mmiri na oké osimiri, na ihu igwe.[18] Canada emeela ihe n'ihi ihe dị iche iche dị na mba ahụ, ihu igwe na ebe ndị mmadụ bi, nke niile nwere ike itinye aka na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikpe ndị dị mkpa gụnyere Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwadoro mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe dị ala ma boo ụlọ ọrụ Canada, Teck Resources, ebubo maka imerụ Osimiri Columbia na United States. Teck Resources smelter na Trail, British Columbia dị n'elu mmiri nke ókèala United States.

United States

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United States etinyela aka na Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, na mkparịta ụka ụwa niile gbasara mercury.[19] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke MEAs nke US na-etinye aka dị ala karịa nke Canada, n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ya ka ukwuu na nnukwu akara carbon na akụ na ụba.

Hụkwa

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  • Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Iwu mba ụwa
  • Ndepụta nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Kanie (2007) Governance with Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements: A healthy or ill-equipped fragmentation? in Global Environmental Governance: Perspectives on the Current Debate, edited by Walter Hoffmann and Lydia Swart: 67–86. New York: Center for UN Reform Education
  2. ↑ Birnie (1977). "The Development of International Environmental Law". British Journal of International Studies 3 (2): 169–190. DOI:10.1017/S0260210500116973. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kim, R. E. (2013). The emergent network structure of the multilateral environmental agreement system. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 980–991. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha. 2013.07.006.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Haas, Keohane and Levy (1993) Institutions for the Earth: Sources of effective international environmental protection Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Zürn (1998) The Rise of International Environmental Politics: A Review of Current Research World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 617–649
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Environment Canada. (2007). Negotiator's handbook: multilateral environment agreement. Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu.
  7. ↑ Eckersley, P. (2016). "Cities and climate change: how historical legacies shape policymaking in English and German municipalities." Politics: 1–16.
  8. ↑ Condon (January 2015). "The Integration of Environmental Law into International Investment Treaties and Trade Agreements: Negotiation Process and the Legalization of Commitments". Virginia Environmental Law Journal 33 (1). 
  9. ↑ Tolba (1998) Global Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating agreements for the world 1973–1992 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 French (1994) Strengthening International Environmental Governance The Journal of Environment Development 3: 59
  11. ↑ Susskind (1994) Environmental diplomacy: negotiating more effective global Oagreements Oxford University Press
  12. ↑ Wiener (1999) On the political economy of global environmental regulation Georgetown Law Journal, Volume 87, pp. 749 – 794
  13. ↑ InforMEA – United Nations Information Portal on Multilateral Environmental Agreements. www.informea.org.
  14. ↑ World Trade Organization – Home page. www.wto.org.
  15. ↑ Stuart, L. (2014). Trade and Environment: Mutually Supportive Interpretation of WTO Agreements in Light of Multilateral Environmental Agreements. New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 12(2), 379–412.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Millimet, D. L., & Roy, J. (2015). Multilateral environmental agreements and the WTO. Economics Letters,134, 20–23. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.05.035
  17. ↑ Department of the Environment and Energy. Department of the Environment and Energy.
  18. ↑ Canada. Participation in international environmental agreements – Canada.ca. www.ec.gc.ca.
  19. ↑ Multilateral Environmental Agreements – United States Trade Representative. ustr.gov.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe anyị maara (ma nwee ike ịma) banyere nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa. Global Environmental Politics, 20: 103-121.
  • Alam, Shawkat na ndị ọzọ Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa na ndịda ụwa. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkà na Ọrụ nke Iwu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Nile. Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Harvard
  • Borsky, Stefan na A. Raschky, Paul. "Mmekọrịta Gọọmentị na-agbaso nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa". Na Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Mpịakọta 2, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 2. June 2015.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime, 1870-1990". International Organization 51 (4): 623-651.
  • M. McEvoya, David na McGintyb, Matthew "Nkwurịta maka ụtụ isi na nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa". Na Journal of Environmental Economics and Management Mpịakọta 90, 217-231. 2018
  • Tulkens, Henry na Guesnerie, R. The Design of Climate Policy. MIT Press, 2008.
  • Victor, David G. na ndị ọzọ Mmejuputa na ịdị irè nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa: Echiche na Omume. MIT Press, 1998.

Njikọ mpụga

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