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Ntinyeghachi nke anụmanụ

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Nnụnụ ududo ojii (Ateles chamek) na-eche ihu na Taricaya Eco Reserve, Peru

[1][2] nke primates bụ ụdị reintroduction nke ụdị ma bụrụ usoro nke a na-ejide ma ọ bụ nke na-anọghị n'efu na mbụ ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe ma ọ bụ gbanwee ma hapụ ya n'ime ọhịa. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mgbalị reintroduction primate [3]-abụkarị iji weghachite ma ọ bụ mee ka ndị bi n'ọhịa sie ike, melite ọdịmma nke ndị a kpọghachiri, na / ma ọ bụ weghachite usoro okike (ya bụ, nkesa mkpụrụ). [2] [2] Ntinyeghachi nke primate na-ejikọta ya na mweghachi nke primates nke bụ ụdị mweghachi nke anụ ọhịa nke na-enye nlekọta na ọgwụgwọ maka primates n'otu n'otu merụrụ ahụ, ụmụ mgbei ma ọ bụ gbahapụrụ na nkwadebe maka iweghachi n'ime ọhịa. Nweghachi [3] iweghachi ọnụ bụ atụmatụ iji lụso mbelata zuru oke nke ụdị dị iche iche nke primate n'ụwa niile ọgụ ma mee ka ụdị primate na ebe obibi ha ghara ịla n'iyi. Ndị prim[3] a na-agbanwe agbanwe na-abụkarị enwe ndị a dọtara n'agha n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ napụta n'aka anụ ụlọ na anụ ọhịa na-akwadoghị.

Ihe na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche nke anụmanụ

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Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị [4]-anabata na anyị na-ebi ndụ site na mkpochapụ nke isii (Holocene extinction) na mbelata nke ụdị na-eme na ọnụego kachasị elu kemgbe mkpochapụ ikpeazụ, karịsịa n'ihi ike mmadụ. [5] ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, a na-ewere ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ụdị anụmanụ niile dị n'ihe ize ndụ ma ihe karịrị pasent 75 nke ndị bi na ya na-ebelata.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Ebe obibi nke primate [5]-eyi egwu site na mmetụta dịgasị iche iche nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe, na mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama nke ala na ihe omume ihu igwe ọdachi na-akpata Ọnwụ ebe obibi, nkwarụ na mmetụta nri. [6] na-ebu amụma na ebe obibi primate ga-enwe okpomọkụ ihu igwe nke dị 10% karịa nke ụwa ma ga-adịwanye mfe maka mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo dị ịrịba ama na ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike. Amụma ndị ọzọ [7]-egosi na n'ime iri afọ ndị na-abịanụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta ụdị primate ma kpọmkwem ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye ma na-apụtaghị ìhè site na mmetụta na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ nke ihe ize ndụ na mkpochapụ (ya bụ, nkwarụ nke ebe obibi, ọnwụ nke ụdị symbiotic, mgbasa nke ọrịa na-efe efe, wdg). [1]

Nkewa nke ebe obibi na mmebi

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[8] ka ọtụtụ ụdị, primates na-emetụta mgbanwe na ebe obibi ha, mmebi, nkwarụ na ọnwụ nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mbelata nke ụdị. [5][7] na-eyi oké ọhịa ndị primates bi egwu site na ọrụ ugbo siri ike, Ịkpa ehi, igbu osisi, igwu gas, iwu okporo ụzọ na igwu ala n'ụwa niile. [5]'ime afọ 20, site na 1990 ruo 2010 e nwere ihe karịrị nde kilomita abụọ nke oke ọhịa furu efu n'ime ebe obibi primate na ọrụ ugbo gbasaa ihe karịrị nde km2 n'ime mpaghara primate niile.

Ọrịa

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Nnụnụ [7] apụl na-enwekarị ọrịa na ụmụ mmadụ, na-akpata nchegbu na-arịwanye elu ka a na-ebelata ókèala dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa. Ntiwapụ ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ [7] ka ezì na ebola kpatara mbibi na primate na obodo mmadụ n'otu aka ahụ, nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ka ịdị nso dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa. [9] nke ebe obibi, ọkachasị maka ọrụ ugbo, na-emekwa ka ihe ize ndụ nke ibufe ọrịa n'etiti anụmanụ a tọhapụrụ, ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ha dịkwuo elu.

Ihe kpatara ụmụ mgbei na / ma ọ bụ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ

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Ịzụ ahịa na azụmahịa

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[5] nwere ụzọ iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị na azụmaahịa primate, maka ọtụtụ ojiji dị ka oriri, anụ ụlọ, zoo na ntụrụndụ, nyocha biomedicinal, ọgwụ ọdịnala na dị ka ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa na akụkọ ọdịnala. [10] a na-ere ede nke primates na-emetụta ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ kwa afọ ma na-enye ezigbo ego maka ndị na-etinye aka na azụmahịa ahụ, na azụmahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ. Azụmaahịa nke primates [10] ma iwu ma nke a haziri ahazi, yana iwu na-akwadoghị na nke ohere, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-emetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara nke ebe a na-ewepụ primates n'ọhịa.

Ịchụ nta

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[5] ịchụ nta azụmahịa ma ịchụ nta anụ ọhịa na-enye aka na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ primate na nsogbu na-arịwanye elu nke ndị merụrụ ahụ na ụmụ mgbei. Azụmaahịa anụ ọhịa [7]-enye nri maka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ n'ime ebe obibi primate ma na-ebugharị ya n'ụwa niile dị ka akụkụ nke ahịa mba ụwa iwu na-akwadoghị.

Nweghachi na iweghachi

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Ntuziaka IUCN maka Ntinyeghachi Primate

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[2]'afọ 2002, otu Reintroduction Specialist Group nke International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) mepụtara ntuziaka ha maka Nonhuman Primate Reintroductions (GNPR), nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe nlereanya kachasị mma maka mgbake na mgbalị ọ bụla.

Ihe ndị a na-echebara echiche maka ọdịmma

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[5], imezigharị na iweghachi anụ ndị a dọtara n'agha ma ọ bụ ndị a mụrụ n'ọhịa na-enye ọnọdụ maka ndị na-adịghị ike nwere ọdịmma n'ihu uche. [3]'ime nyocha banyere reintroductions nke primate tupu afọ 2014, a chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime mgbalị reintroduction na-agbaso naanị ihe dị ka 53% nke GNPR, otu n'ime nnukwu ọdịda bụ enweghị ihe dị ịrịba ama nke nlekota a tụrụ aro mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya. Ka ntuziaka na-eguzobe omume kachasị mma iji bulie ụzọ ma nyochaa ọdịmma mmadụ, ntụgharị ọ bụla site na ntuziaka nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ọdịmma.

Ihe nchedo

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Ntinyeghachi nke primate nwere ike ịdị irè karịsịa maka mbọ nchekwa mgbe ejiri [5] rụọ ọrụ n'ógbè ebe e kpochapụrụ primates na mbụ. [11][12] na-elekarị primates anya dị ka Ndị na-agbasa mkpụrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, dị oke mkpa maka mmelite nke osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ. [13] ọmụmaatụ, nnyocha na-egosi na n'ógbè Taï dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Côte-d'Ivoire, enwe na-ahụ maka ịgbasa mkpụrụ nke ụdị osisi 52, naanị 12 n'ime ha bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị enwe. [5] mgbakwunye, reintroductions nke primates nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo ngwá ọrụ ọha na eze na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kụziere ma mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke primates na gburugburu ebe obibi ha.

Otu [2]'ime ebumnuche nke GNPR bụ iji gbakwunye anụ ọhịa nke primates iji mụbaa Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche ma jiri nlezianya jikwaa ya mee ihe ka ọ ghara ịkpata ihe na-ekwekọghị n'okike. Nke [3] dị mkpa karịsịa n'ọnọdụ ebe anụ ọhịa dị na ebe a tọhapụrụ ya nwere obere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke kewara ekewa ebe enwere obere ngwakọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Genetic aberration [3] otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ kachasị ukwuu nke reintroduction na ụdị ụfọdụ n'ihi na na-enweghị Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwesịrị ekwesị enwere ike ịgwakọta ụdị dị iche iche. GNPR [2]-atụ aro na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ga-eme n'oge nnọpụiche nke imezigharị, tupu e guzobe otu ntọhapụ.

[2] reintroduction, ndị mmadụ ga-agafe usoro nke iche iche na nyocha ọrịa n'okpuru nlekọta nke dọkịta anụmanụ. Ogologo oge nkewapụ onwe [2] nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, mana IUCN na-atụ aro oge nkewapụrụ onwe ya nke ụbọchị 90 nke a ga-edebe anụmanụ ahụ n'otu ebe nkewa iji mee nyocha mbụ, nye ha ohere ime mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ ha na nyocha maka ọrịa ọ bụla nwere ike. Usoro [2] dị oke mkpa ọ bụghị naanị maka nchekwa nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, kamakwa maka ahụike na nchekwa nke otu mmekọrịta ha ga-etinye n'ime na maka anụ ọhịa na mpaghara nke ebe a tọhapụrụ.

Ìgwè ndị mmadụ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ

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[2] gaghị eweghachi primates dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, mana n'ìgwè ndị kwesịrị ekwesị na-eṅomi ìgwè ndị na-eme ihe ike dịka o kwere mee. Ọdịdị nke otu kwesịrị ime mgbe nnọpụiche gasịrị [3] mweghachi nke a na-ewere dị ka usoro nke resocialization. Nke [14] bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa karịsịa na usoro mmezigharị n'ihi na primates bụ ndị na-amụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ihi ya, ha na-enyefe ihe ọmụma na nkà gbasara ịchọta na nhazi nri, ịchọpụta na izere ndị na-eri ibe ha, ịchọta ebe ihi ụra na ndị ha.

Nkà ịlanarị

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Ọ dị oke mkpa na tupu reintroduction, ndị mmadụ nwere ohere ịmụta nkà dị mkpa maka ịdị ndụ n'ọhịa. Ọzụzụ ndụ [2]-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị, mana a na-atụ aro ka etinye otu ahụ na ogige dị n'ọhịa ma nwee mmekọrịta dị nta na ndị na-elekọta mmadụ dị ka o kwere mee. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị [15] na-ahụkarị na ọzụzụ ndụ nwere ike ịgụnye ịmụta ịmata nri ndị a na'eri eri, izere ebe na-adịghị mma na ihe ndị na-adịghị na ya na ichebe onwe onye pụọ na ndị na-eri ibe ha. Ụfọdụ ọzụzụ mmezigharị [15]-ewere ọnọdụ n'ogige ndị a dọtara n'agha, ebe mmemme ndị ọzọ ga-ahazi njem mgbe niile n'ime ebe a tọhapụrụ ha na primates tupu a kpọghachi ha.

Akụkụ nke reintroduction

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Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe a tọhapụrụ

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[2] nwere ihe dịgasị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi nke GNPR na-adụ ọdụ ka a tụlee tupu reintroduction nke na-elekwasị anya na ogo ebe obibi nke ebe a tọhapụrụ. [16] ntọhapụ ahụ kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ nke ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike [2] ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-esiri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi iji kwado otu ntọhapụ ahụ ogologo oge. [16] ndị metụt[2] gburugburu ebe obibi nke a ga-eburu n'uche mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ebe a ga-ewepụta gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị n'ụba, mmepụta, njupụta na ụdị dị iche iche nke nri dị mkpa maka ụdị ahụ, egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ikike zuru ezu iji kwado otu ntọhapụ na ụmụ nwere ike ịbịa.

Ihe Ndị Mmadụ Na-akpata

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[2] bụrụ na iweghachi ga-aga nke ọma, a ghaghị imekọ ihe ọnụ na imekọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị obodo. [9]'ịbụ ndị e mere site na mgbalị ndị gara aga maka iweghachi ya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na itinye ndị obodo na nyocha na njikwa nke ọrụ iweghachi ya dị mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma ogologo oge nke mmemme ahụ. [16] na-atụkwa aro na ndị isi nke ọrụ reintroduction na-enye ụdị agụmakwụkwọ nchedo maka ndị bi nso na ebe a tọhapụrụ ha banyere ọrụ dị mkpa primates na-arụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na egwu ha na-eche ihu.

Ihe ndị metụtara iwu na ego

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Enwere ike ịme iweghachi ndị isi [2] site na ikike doro anya na nke edere ede site n'aka ndị ọchịchị niile nwere ikike n'okwu ndị dị mkpa na n'ụzọ doro anya. Usoro dum nke imezigharị [2] iweghachi ya dị oke ọnụ, ndị isi nke ọrụ iweghachi ya ga-ahụkwa na enwere ego zuru ezu maka usoro ahụ dum, gụnyere nlekota ogologo oge.

Nnyocha mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya

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Nnyoch mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya bụ usoro nke a ga-eji nyochaa ma hụ ya mgbe ha banyere na gburugburu ọhụrụ ha. Nke [2] bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro reintroduction, ebe ọ na-enyere aka ikpebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọrụ ahụ ma chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ọ bụla merụrụ ahụ, nwụọ ma ọ bụ ghara ime mgbanwe ma nwee ike ịgụnye nlekota nke ihe ndị ọzọ dịka mmetụta na gburugburu ha, ọmụmụ na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Enwere ike ịme nlekota nke reintroduction site [17] ụzọ dịgasị iche iche dịka n'ala, nsonaazụ olu redio VHF, na nsonaazụolu olu GPS.

Ihe ize ndụ na ihe ịma aka

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E nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịpụta na reintroduction nke nwere ike ime ka ọ ka njọ site na ọnọdụ nke usoro mmezigharị na ntọhapụ. Mbufe [18] ọrịa n'etiti ndị a tọhapụrụ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ihi ya, site na ndị a tọhapụ gaa na ndị bi n'ọhịa nwere ike imebi ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ntọhapụ ahụ enwetaghị nyocha zuru ezu tupu ntọhapụ. Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke iweghachi [18] ikike ịkpata mmụba asọmpi na ndị bi n'ọhịa maka ihe onwunwe, ndị mmekọ na oghere.

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Kleiman (1989). "Reintroduction of Captive Mammals for Conservation". BioScience 39 (3): 152–161. DOI:10.2307/1311025. ISSN 0006-3568. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 Baker. "Guidelines for Nonhuman Primate Re-introductions", 2002. Retrieved on March 22, 2023.Baker, Lynne, R. (2002). "Guidelines for Nonhuman Primate Re-introductions" (PDF). Retrieved March 22, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Baker-2002" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Guy (2014-01-01). "Welfare based primate rehabilitation as a potential conservation strategy: does it measure up?" (in en). Primates 55 (1): 139–147. DOI:10.1007/s10329-013-0386-y. ISSN 1610-7365. Guy, Amanda J.; Curnoe, Darren; Banks, Peter B. (2014-01-01). "Welfare based primate rehabilitation as a potential conservation strategy: does it measure up?". Primates. 55 (1): 139–147. doi:10.1007/s10329-013-0386-y. ISSN 1610-7365. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Guy-2014" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Cowie (April 2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?" (in en). Biological Reviews 97 (2): 640–663. DOI:10.1111/brv.12816. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 35014169. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Estrada (2017-01-06). "Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter" (in en). Science Advances 3 (1): e1600946. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1600946. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 28116351.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Estrada-2017" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Graham (2016-04-01). "A Global-Scale Evaluation of Primate Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Change" (in en). International Journal of Primatology 37 (2): 158–174. DOI:10.1007/s10764-016-9890-4. ISSN 1573-8604. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Primate Conservation: Is the Cup Half Empty or Half Full? | Learn Science at Scitable (en). www.nature.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-22. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "www.nature.com" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Arroyo-Rodríguez (October 2014). "Why is a landscape perspective important in studies of primates?". American Journal of Primatology 76 (10): 901–909. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22282. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 24715680. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Junker (2017). Primate conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions. University of Cambridge. Retrieved on April 17, 2023. Junker, Jessica; Kühl, Hjalmar; Orth, Lisa; Smith, Rebecca Kate; Petrovan, Silviu; Sutherland, William J. (2017). Primate conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions. University of Cambridge. Retrieved April 17, 2023. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Junker-2017" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Norconk (January 2020). "Reducing the primate pet trade: Actions for primatologists" (in en). American Journal of Primatology 82 (1): e23079. DOI:10.1002/ajp.23079. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31876316. 
  11. ↑ Landim (2022-05-01). "Primate reintroduction promotes the recruitment of large-seeded plants via secondary dispersal" (in en). Biological Conservation 269: 109549. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109549. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  12. ↑ Chapman (1998). "Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency". American Journal of Primatology 45 (1): 127–141. DOI:<127::AID-AJP9>3.0.CO;2-Y 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:1<127::AID-AJP9>3.0.CO;2-Y. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 9573446. 
  13. ↑ Koné (September 2008). "Primate Seed Dispersal and its Potential Role in Maintaining Useful Tree Species in the Taï Region, Côte-d'Ivoire: Implications for the Conservation of Forest Fragments" (in en). Tropical Conservation Science 1 (3): 293–305. DOI:10.1177/194008290800100309. ISSN 1940-0829. 
  14. ↑ Custance (2002-06-01). "Social Learning and Primate Reintroduction" (in en). International Journal of Primatology 23 (3): 479–499. DOI:10.1023/A:1014961415219. ISSN 1573-8604. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schwartz (2016-04-01). "Group Prerelease Training Yields Positive Rehabilitation Outcomes Among Juvenile Mantled Howlers (Alouatta palliata)" (in en). International Journal of Primatology 37 (2): 260–280. DOI:10.1007/s10764-016-9900-6. ISSN 1573-8604. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cheyne (2006-04-13). "Wildlife reintroduction: considerations of habitat quality at the release site". BMC Ecology 6 (1): 5. DOI:10.1186/1472-6785-6-5. ISSN 1472-6785. PMID 16611369. Cheyne, Susan M. (2006-04-13). "Wildlife reintroduction: considerations of habitat quality at the release site". BMC Ecology. 6 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-6-5. ISSN 1472-6785. PMC 1458321. PMID 16611369. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cheyne-2006" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Dore (May 2020). "Review of GPS collar deployments and performance on nonhuman primates". Primates; Journal of Primatology 61 (3): 373–387. DOI:10.1007/s10329-020-00793-7. ISSN 1610-7365. PMID 31965380. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Burk (2012). How the rehabilitation of animals in captivity affects survival rates upon release : focus on a reintroduction project with Amazonas vinacea. open.library.ubc.ca. Retrieved on 2023-04-01.
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