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Oké Ifufe Bret

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Oké Ifufe Bret
Category 4 hurricane
Akụkụ nke1999 Atlantic hurricane season Dezie
dị na / na njirimara ahụrụ ányáÒrìmìlì Atlantic Dezie
part of the seriesNorth Atlantic tropical cyclone Dezie
oge obidoro18 Ọgọọst 1999 Dezie
oge ngwụcha25 Ọgọọst 1999 Dezie

Hurricane Bret bụ nke mbụ n'ime ise Category 4 hurricanes nke malitere n'oge 1999 Atlantic hurricane oge na mbụ tropical cyclone kemgbe Hurricane Jerry na 1989 iji mee ala na Texas na ike hurricane. N'ịbụ onye sitere na ebili mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'August 18, Bret ji nwayọọ nwayọọ hazie n'ime mmiri na-adịghị ike na Bay of Campeche. Ka ọ na-erule n'August 20, oké ifufe ahụ malitere ịga n'ebe ugwu ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa n'August 21. Mgbe oge a nke ike gasịrị, Bret ruru ike ya kachasị elu na ifufe nke 145 kilomita kwa elekere (233 km / h) na nrụgide barometric nke 944 mbar (hPa; 27.9 ). Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, oké ifufe ahụ belatara ruo ajọ ifufe nke 3 wee daa na Padre Island, Texas. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, oké ifufe ahụ belatara, na-aghọ ebe okpomọkụ awa 24 mgbe ọ banyere n'ime ala. Ihe fọdụrụ n'oké ifufe ahụ mechara gbasaa n'oge August 26 n'ebe ugwu Mexico.

N'ụsọ oké osimiri Texas, Bret yiri ọtụtụ obodo egwu, na-akpali ndị bi na 180,000 ịpụ. E meghere ọtụtụ ebe mgbaba n'ógbè ahụ dum ma wepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọtụtụ ụbọchị tupu oké ifufe ahụ abịarute, NHC nyere elekere ajọ ifufe, na ịdọ aka ná ntị maka mpaghara ndị dị nso n'ókè Texas na Mexico. E mechiri ọtụtụ okporo ụzọ ndị na-eduga n'obodo agwaetiti ndị na-egbochi iji gbochie ndị bi na ya ịgafe àkwà mmiri n'oge ajọ ifufe ahụ. Na Mexico dị nso, ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,000 hapụrụ mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri tupu oké ifufe ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị guzobekwara ọtụtụ narị ebe mgbaba na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na nnukwu idei mmiri.

Bret rutere n'ala n'ógbè ndị mmadụ ole na ole, na-akpata obere mmebi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike ya. Ka o sina dị, mmadụ asaa nwụrụ n'ihe gbasara oké ifufe ahụ, anọ na Texas na atọ na Mexico. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwụrụnụ bụ n'ihi ihe mberede ụgbọala nke okporo ụzọ na-amị amị kpatara. gbe ọ dara n'ala, ajọ ifufe ahụ mepụtara oke ifufe nke 8.8 ft (2.7 m) na Matagorda Island, Texas. Mmiri ozuzo nke Bret mepụtara ruru 13.18 in (335 ) na Texas ma mee atụmatụ karịa 14 in (360 mm) Mexico. Ọtụtụ ụlọ na mpaghara ndị ahụ metụtara mebiri ma ọ bụ bibie, na-ahapụ ihe dịka mmadụ 150 na-enweghị ebe obibi. N'ozuzu, oké ifufe ahụ kpatara $ 15 nde (1999 USD) na mmebi.

Akụkọ ihu igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Templeeti:Storm path Bret sitere na ebili mmiri nke na-ekpo ọkụ nke si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Africa pụọ n'August 5. Ebili mmiri ahụ na-agbaso n'ozuzu ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-emekọrịta ihe na ọkwa dị ala n'elu n'August 15 n'ebe dị n'ebe ndịda Oké Osimiri Caribbean, ma mepụta mpaghara dị ala. Ọrụ convective malitere gburugburu ala, na August 18 usoro ahụ gafere Yucatán Peninsula. Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, ọgba aghara ahụ pụtara n'ime Bay of Campeche na ọrụ nyocha nke Hurricane Hunter n'ime usoro ahụ kpughere na ọ tozuru oke n'ime ala okpomọkụ n'ihe dị ka 1:00 pm CDT (18:00 UTC), nke atọ nke oge 1999.[1] Na mbido, ikuku na-eguzogide na-egbochi ịda mbà ka ọ ghara ịdị ike ka ọ na-aga nwayọọ nwayọọ na n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma na nzaghachi maka ike na-adịghị ike na usoro ahụ.[1][2] Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 19, ikuku ahụ kwụsịrị, na-enye ohere ka convection miri emi mepụta n'etiti; ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, National Hurricane Center (NHC) melite usoro ahụ ka ọ bụrụ oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, na-akpọ ya Bret.[1][3] Obere oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, Bret ji nwayọọ nwayọọ sie ike ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị ka ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu. Ka ọ na-erule n'ụtụtụ August 20, mmiri ozuzo malitere ịpụta.[4]

Oké ifufe Tropical Bret na-ahazi n'elu Ọwara Campeche

Ka ọ na-erule mgbede nke August 20, a họpụtara Bret dị ka ajọ ifufe na-esote akụkọ nke ifufe 75 miles kwa elekere (121 km / h) n'oge ọrụ Hurricane Hunter. N'ihe dị ka n'otu oge ahụ, Bret guzobere ụzọ ugwu-n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke ugwu dị n'etiti.[5] N'ụbọchị na-esote, Bret malitere ịbawanye ngwa ngwa, ka anya doro anya mepụtara.[1][6] N'ụtụtụ August 22, oké ifufe ahụ ruru ike ya kachasị elu dị ka ajọ ifufe nke 4 na ifufe nke 145 kilomita kwa elekere (233 km / h) na nrụgide barometric nke 944 mbar (hPa; 27.9 ).[1] N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, olulu dị n'elu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke oké ifufe ahụ malitere imebi usoro igwe ojii ya.[7]

Ná ngwụsị nke August 22, Bret tụgharịrị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na nzaghachi maka ugwu dị n'etiti Gulf of Mexico na mgbasa nke etiti n'elu Ndagwurugwu Rio Grande.[1] Ọtụtụ awa tupu ala adaa, ajọ ifufe ahụ belatara ruo n'ike nke 3 na mmegharị ihu ya belatara.[8] N'ihe dị ka elekere 7:00 nke ehihie CDT (00:00 UTC; August 23), Hurricane Bret gafere Padre Island, Texas, na ifufe nke 115 kilomita kwa elekere (185 km / h) na nrụgide barometric nke 951 mbar (hPa; 28.1 ), nke gosipụtara ọdịda ya.[1] Oké ifufe ahụ belatara ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-aga n'ime ala, ihe dị ka awa 12 mgbe ọ dara, Bret belatara n'oké ifufe. Ọ gara n'ihu ghọọ ebe okpomọkụ na mgbede nke August 23. Ihe fọdụrụ na Bret nọgidere ruo n'August 26, mgbe ahụ ha gbasara n'elu ugwu nke ugwu Mexico.[1]

Nkwadebe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Texas

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Traffic along a wet highway. Most of the cars are on the right side of the road; however, at least two cars are on the left side.
Ndị bi na Corpus Christi na August 22 na Interstate 37

N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, mgbe a tụrụ anya na Bret ga-abịarute ụsọ oké osimiri Texas nso, NHC nyere nche nke ajọ ifufe maka mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti ókèala Mexico na Baffin Bay, Texas. Awa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, e mere ka elekere ahụ dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị ka oké ifufe ahụ na-esikwu ike ma na-eyi mpaghara ahụ egwu. E mechara zipụ ịdọ aka ná ntị nke oké ifufe na ịdọ akaebe nke oké ifuf site na Baffin Bay gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo Port Aransas. N'ụbọchị na-esote, a gbatịkwuru ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ajọ ifufe iji tinye ebe site na Port O'Connor ma gbatịkwuo ndụmọdụ ahụ na Freeport. Ka Bret na-eru nso n'ịda n'ala, a kwụsịrị nche nke ajọ ifufe n'etiti Port O'Connor na Freeport. A kwụsịrị ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ajọ ifufe maka Port Aransas na Port O'Connor awa ole na ole mgbe Bret rutere n'ala wee malite ịda mbà. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọnwa Ọgọstụ 23, a kwụsịrị elekere na ịdọ aka ná ntị niile gbasara ajọ ifufe ahụ.[1]

Ka ọ na-erule n'August 22, ndị isi obodo dị na Corpus Christi, Texas, kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede ebe a na-ewere Bret dị ka nnukwu egwu nye mpaghara ahụ. A gbara ọtụtụ iri puku ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ume ka ha si n'akụkụ osimiri pụọ ma chọọ ebe mgbaba n'ebe mgbaba ma ọ bụ na ndị ikwu ha nọ n'ime ime obodo.[9] A na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ 180,000 nọ na steeti ahụ hapụrụ ebe obibi ha tupu oké ifufe ahụ.[10] Corpus Christi International Airport mechiri n'etiti ehihie n'August 22. Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, e mechiri Texas State Highway 361 na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Port Aransas.[11] Okporo ụzọ n'ógbè ahụ niile jupụtara n'ihi nnukwu mwepụ na ogologo ụzọ maka gas na ihe mberede mepụtara. E mechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ, mahadum abụọ na kọleji n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ma mechie ọtụtụ ụbọchị.[9]

E meghere ebe obibi iri na otu na mpaghara San Antonio, n'ozuzu ha nwere ike ịnabata mmadụ 3,525. A kpọpụrụ ihe dị ka ndị mkpọrọ 325 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Nueces County ka a na-ewere ụlọ ha nọ na ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma n'oge ajọ ifufe. A kpọpụrụ ihe dị ka 1,000 ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ na USS Inchon tupu oké ifufe ahụ. Na mbụ, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ga-agbapụ n'oké osimiri; Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nrụzi ezughi oke gbochiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ịpụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. A kọrọ na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ihe zuru ezu iji lekọta ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ruo ihe dị ka ụbọchị 45. Ka ọ na-erule elekere iri na abụọ nke ehihie, a chụpụrụ Mustang Island na Padre Island kpamkpam ma mechie okporo ụzọ na-eduga na n'ime agwaetiti iji gbochie onye ọ bụla ịbanye na ha tupu e were ebe ahụ dị nchebe ịbanye. Ndị isi obodo na Corpus Christi nyere iwu siri ike megide ọnụahịa.[9]

Mexico

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Mexico, ndị ọrụ mechiri ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 18 na Gulf of Mexico maka obere na obere ụgbọ mmiri na-akwadebe maka oké ifufe ahụ.[12] N'ebe ugwu Mexico, e meghere ihe karịrị ebe mgbaba 500 ka a gwara ọtụtụ puku ndị bi na ya ka ha si n'ebe ndị dị ala pụọ. E debere ndị agha Mexico, Red Cross, na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ ka ha mee ihe iji dozie oku mberede n'oge oké ifufe ahụ.[13] N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, a mara ọkwa ọnọdụ mberede na Tamaulipas.[14] N'ụbọchị na-esote, e zigara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ 120 na Monterrey, Nuevo León, iji meghachi omume ngwa ngwa na ọnọdụ mberede. Gọọmentị Mexico mesiri ike nchekwa nke ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, nke a tụrụ anya na ọ ga-ebute oke ifufe ahụ.[15] Ihe dị ka ndị ọkụ azụ 7,000 hapụrụ mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị nso n'ókè Texas. Na Matamoros, e meghere ebe mgbaba 31 ọzọ.[16] E mechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ebe ugwu Mexico ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị.[17]

Mmetụta

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A map of rainfall in Mexico and the southern United States. The heaviest rainfall is along the Texas–Mexico border near the Gulf of Mexico.
Ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo sitere na Hurricane Bret na Mexico na Texas

Mexico

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Tupu ọ ghọọ ebe okpomọkụ, ọgba aghara ahụ mepụtara iri ozuzo -agbasa n'ofe Yucatán Peninsula, na mpaghara karịa 7 in (180 mm).[1][18] Ka usoro ahụ kwụsịrị na Bay of Campeche, mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwetara obere mmiri ozuzo site na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke usoro ahụ.[1][18] Ọ bụ ezie na Bret rutere n'akụkụ ókèala Texas-Mexico, obere usoro ahụ mere ka mmetụta dị nta na Mexico. Na Nuevo León, iri ozuzo a na-eme atụmatụ na 14 in (360 mm) dara n'ime awa 24 ọnụọgụ yiri nke ahụ nwere ike ịda na Tamaulipas dị nso.[1] Na Tamaulipas, Nuevo León na Coahuila, idei mmiri nke kpochapụrụ okporo ụzọ kewapụrụ obodo iri.[19] Mmadụ iri, ndị otu ezinụlọ niile, merụrụ ahụ n'oge mmetụ ihu na ihu.[20] Na Nogales, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mere ka mmiri gbakọta n'okporo ámá, na-eduga na mkpọchi okporo ụzọ; oké ifufe dakwara eriri eletrik.[21] N'oge mwepụ tupu Bret, a zọpụtara otu onye ruo ọnwụ. Mgbe ala dara, otu nwoke nwụrụ site na eriri eletrik dara ma nwụọ onye ọzọ n'ime mmiri.[22][23] Ọ dịkarịa ala ezinụlọ 150 hapụrụ enweghị ebe obibi mgbe idei mmiri na Cadereyta nke rikpuru ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ahụ.[24]

Texas

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A sign on its side, blown down by high winds, for Exit 10 that reads "Carbon Plant Rd ½ mile". A building and another large, green exit sign can be seen in the background.
Ihe ịrịba ama e gburu n'okporo ụzọ Interstate 37 na Corpus Christi

gbe ọ rutere n'ala, Bret mepụtara oké ifufe ruo 8.8 ft (2.7 m) na Matagorda Island, Texas. Gburugburu Galveston, e dekọrọ obere mbuze osimiri n'ihi nnukwu mbuze nke ajọ ifufe ahụ kpatara.[25] E mepụtara ụzọ mbata ọhụrụ iri na abụọ na Padre Island, otu n'ime ha buru ibu nke na a ga-ezighi ezi dị ka Mansfield Pass.[26] iri ozuzo dị arọ, nke ruru 13.18 in (335 mm) na etiti Kenedy County, dị obere mpaghara.[18] Mmetụta barometric kachasị ala e dekọrọ n'elu ala bụ na Brooks County Airport na 976 mbar (hPa; 28.8 ).[27] Osimiri Aransas ruru n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na Rio Grande mepụtara obere idei mmiri na nso Gulf of Mexico. N'ụsọ osimiri dị nso na Corpus Christi, ihe karịrị 40 cubic feet (1.1 m3) nke ájá furu efu.[26] Oké ifufe ahụ bibiri ihe dị ka 24.7 (10.0 hectare) nke ala a na-akọ ugbo.[28]

Ụlọ elu eletrik mebiri emebi na Kenedy County mere ka ọtụtụ puku mmadụ kwụsị ọkụ.[11] N'oge oké ifufe ahụ, e mere atụmatụ na mmadụ 64,000 enweghị ọkụ na ndịda Texas.[29] Akụkụ nke US Route 281 jupụtara na idei mmiri, na-ahapụ $ 50,000 (1999 USD) na mmebi.[30] E mere atụmatụ na mmebi na Corpus Christi dị na $ 100,000 (1999 USD). Na Duval County, idei mmiri mebiri ụlọ 200 ma mee ka nnukwu ala ugbo jupụta. Mmebi na mpaghara ahụ ruru ihe dịka $ 2 nde (1999 USD).[31] Ifufe ise ndị ọzọ nke F0 kụrụ na steeti ahụ.[32] Mmebi nke ụlọ na azụmaahịa na Corpus Christi e mere atụmatụ ruo $ 500,000 (1999 USD); mmebi nke ugbo ruru $ 1 nde na $ 500,000 ọzọ (1999 USD) ka a kọrọ na ọ furu efu.[26] Okporo ụzọ ndị na-egbuke egbuke sitere na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo Bret mere ka ụgbọala na traktọ kụọ, gbuo mmadụ anọ.[33] Mmebi ruru $ 15 nde (1999 USD) n'ebe ndịda Texas niile.[34]

Ihe si na ya pụta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A gas pump laying on its side. The sign for the gas station is visible in the background.
Pumpụ gas nke ajọ ifufe Bret na-ebugharị na Texas

N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ụlọ ọrụ Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) zigara ndị ọrụ 717, ọkachasị site na ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdachi, na mpaghara ndị metụtara na United States.[35] N'ụbọchị na-esote, e zigara ndị agha National Guard 564 na steeti ahụ.[29] N'ime ụbọchị ndị sochiri oké ifufe ahụ, ọtụtụ anwụnta na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ na-eyi àkwá n'ebe mmiri kwụ ọtọ, na-akpata mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha. Ndị ọchịchị gbasapụrụ ọgwụ ahụhụ iji belata ohere nke ntiwapụ ọrịa.[36] Ka ọ na-erule n'August 25, e mechiri ebe mgbaba niile e meghere tupu Bret ka a na-ekwe ka ndị bi na ya laghachi n'ụlọ.[37] N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, Onye isi ala Bill Clinton gbakwunyere mpaghara Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells na Webb na mpaghara nkwupụta ọdachi. Nke a mere ka ndị bi na mpaghara ndị ahụ nweta ego gọọmentị etiti.[38]

Nrụzigharị nke ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, okporo ụzọ, na paịpụ mmiri nwetara ego mmụba na Septemba 3 iji mee ka mmemme ahụ dị ngwa.[39] N'ụbọchị na-esote, e meghere ụlọ ọrụ iri na abụọ na mpaghara ndị ahụ metụtara maka ndị bi na ya itinye akwụkwọ maka ego gọọmentị etiti.[40] Na Septemba 9, e meghere ụlọ ọrụ mgbake abụọ ọzọ maka ndị bi na ndịda Texas.[41] Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, e kesara $ 831,593.28 (1999 USD) na enyemaka ụlọ ọdachi nye ndị bi na ya.[42] Na Septemba 15, ihe dị ka mmadụ 10,200 tinyere akwụkwọ maka mgbazinye ego ọdachi, nke ruru $ 3.1 nde (1999 USD). Ngụkọta nke mmadụ 167 nwetakwara nsogbu site na FEMA.[43] Na Corpus Christi, ifufe na mmiri ozuzo kpuchiri obodo ahụ na ihe mkpofu na brush, na-efu $ 200,000 (1999 USD) maka nhicha.[44]

Hụkwa

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  • Oké ifufe ndị ọzọ nwere otu aha
  • Ndepụta nke oké ifufe Texas
  • Ndepụta nke Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
  • Hurricane Harvey (2017) - Hurricane ọzọ nke 4 nke kpatara mbibi a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ na idei mmiri zuru ebe niile na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Texas.
  • Oké ifufe Tropical Beta (2020) - Oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ nke haziri na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Gulf of Mexico wee daa na Texas.
  • Hurricane Nicholas (2021) - Obere ajọ ifufe nke 1 nke were ụzọ yiri nke ahụ tupu ọ daa na Texas.

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Miles B. Lawrence (February 26, 2001). Hurricane Bret Preliminary Report. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  2. ↑ James Franklin (August 18, 1999). Tropical Depression Three Discussion Two. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  3. ↑ Jack Beven (August 19, 1999). Tropical Depression Three Discussion Four. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  4. ↑ Jarvinen (August 20, 1999). Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Seven. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  5. ↑ James Franklin (August 20, 1999). Hurricane Bret Discussion Ten. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  6. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (August 21, 1999). Hurricane Bret Discussion Thirteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  7. ↑ Richard Pasch (August 22, 1999). Hurricane Bret Discussion Fifteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  8. ↑ John L. Guiney (August 22, 1999). Hurricane Bret Discussion Eighteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Staff Writer. "Hurricane Bret Update", The Corpus Christi Caller-Times, August 19, 1999. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  10. ↑ Yang Zhang (August 2004). Risk Area Accuracy and Evacuation from Hurricane Bret. Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original on April 14, 2007. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Staff Writer (August 23, 1999). Bret drenches South Texas. The Corpus Christi Caller-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Tropical Storm Could Turn Into Hurricane", Akron Beacon Journal, August 21, 1999, p. A3.
  13. ↑ "Amenaza ' Bret ' a Tamaulipas", El Norte, August 22, 1999, p. 16. (in es)
  14. ↑ "Huracán alcanza rachas de 260 kilómetros por hora; esperan que impacte hoy en Corpus Christi", El Norte, August 23, 1999. (in es)
  15. ↑ "Festejan en alerta por Bret", El Norte, August 23, 1999, p. 11. (in es)
  16. ↑ "Cambia rumbo; no confían", El Norte, August 23, 1999, p. 21. (in es)
  17. ↑ "Inician desalojos en Nuevo Laredo", El Norte, August 23, 1999, p. 22. (in es)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 David M. Roth (2009). Hurricane Bret — August 16–29, 1999. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Vive Matamoros alerta permanente", El Norte, August 24, 1999, p. 16. (in es)
  20. ↑ "Evitan huracán, pero chocan", El Norte, August 24, 1999, p. 17. (in es)
  21. ↑ "Lluvias 'ahogan' vialidad", El Norte, August 25, 1999, p. 2. (in es)
  22. ↑ "Mata a 3 coletazo de ' Bret '", El Norte, August 25, 1999, p. 1. (in es)
  23. ↑ "Evacuan a 7 familias en Apodaca", El Norte, August 26, 1999, p. 16. (in es)
  24. ↑ "Pierden todo en una hora", El Norte, August 27, 1999, p. 18. (in es)
  25. ↑ National Weather Service in Houston-Galveston, Texas (August 24, 1999). Preliminary Storm Reports. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 National Weather Service in Corpus Christi, Texas (August 24, 1999). Preliminary Storm Reports. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  27. ↑ National Weather Service in Brownsville, Texas (August 24, 1999). Preliminary Storm Reports. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Deja ' Bret ' inundaciones en la frontera con México", El Norte, August 24, 1999, p. 18. (in es)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency (August 24, 1999). Hurricane Bret Disaster Update. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on March 14, 2004. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  30. ↑ Stuart Hinson (1999). Texas Event Report: Flash Flood. National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  31. ↑ Stuart Hinson (1999). Texas Event Report: Flash Flood. National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  32. ↑ Stuart Hinson (1999). Texas Event Report: F0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  33. ↑ Gary Padgett (January 17, 2007). Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for August 1999. Australia Severe Weather. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  34. ↑ National Weather Service in Houston-Galveston, Texas (June 20, 2008). Hurricane Bret (August 1999). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  35. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (August 23, 1999). Hurricane Bret Update. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ Staff Writer (August 25, 1999). Bret brings mosquitoes, other Pests. Corpus Christi Courier-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.
  37. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (August 25, 1999). Hurricane Bret Disaster Update. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  38. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (August 26, 1999). Four Texas Counties Added For Federal Disaster Aid. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  39. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (September 3, 1999). More Federal Funds Coming To Hurricane-Damaged Counties. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (September 4, 1999). Disaster Recovery Centers To Open In 12 South Texas Counties Following Hurricane Bret. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  41. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (September 9, 1999). Additional Disaster Recovery Centers To Open In Corpus Christi And Alice. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  42. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (September 9, 1999). First Disaster Checks On The Way To Hurricane Bret Applicants. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  43. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency (September 15, 1999). Texas Disaster Relief Continues, Housing Assistance Tops $3 Million. Government of the United States. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
  44. ↑ Staff Writer (August 25, 1999). City set for long cleanup. The Corpus Christi Caller-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved on June 11, 2009.

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