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Oké Ifufe

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Oké ifufe bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla naemetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ikuku nke ihe dị na mbara igwe. [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Enwere ike iji nnukwu nsogbu mee ihe na ọnọdụ dị mma dị ka ifufe siri ike, tornadoes, akụ́ mmiri igwe, égbè eluigwe na àmụ̀mà (oké mmiri ozuzo, oké mmiri ozuzo), oké mmiri ozu (oké ifufe ice), ifufe siri ọnwụ (oké ifuf (oké ifufa okpomọkụ, oké ifufe), naebugharị ụfọdụ nime ikuku dị ka noké ifufe uzuzu, n'etiti ụdị ihu igwe.

Oké ifufe nwere ike imerụ ndụ na ihe onwunwe site na oke mmiri ozuzo, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ snow naakpata idei mmiri ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịgafe nokporo ụzọ, àmụ̀mà, ọkụ ọhịa, na ikuku kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ. Usoro nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na ogologo oge naenyere aka belata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nebe ha naagafe. Nnukwu snow nwere ike ikwe ka ihe ntụrụndụ pụrụ iche mee nke naagaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụghị ya, dị ka ịgba ọsọ na snowmobiling.

Okwu Bekee sitere na Proto-German *sturmaz nke pụtara "ụda, ọgba aghara".[1]

A naemepụta oké ifufe mgbe etiti nke nrụgide dị ala naetolite na usoro nke nrụgide siri ike gbara ya gburugburu. Njikọ a nke ike ndị naemegide onwe ha nwere ike ịmepụta ifufe ma mee ka e nwee igwe ojii dị ka cumulonimbus. Obere ebe dị ala nke nrụgide dị ala nwere ike ịmepụta site na ikuku naekpo ọkụ naesi nala naekwo ekwo naebili, naakpata obere nsogbu dị ka ntụ na ifufe.

Ụdị

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  E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị na aha maka oké ifufe:

Nchịkọta

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Nkọwa siri ike nke ihu igwe nke oké ifufe nke ụwa bụ ifufe naatụle 10 ma ọ bụ karịa na ọkwa Beaufort, nke pụtara ọsọ ifufe nke 24.5 m / s (89 km / h, 55 mph) ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị; Otú ọ dị, ojiji a ma ama abụghị ihe mgbochi. Oké ifufe nwere ike ịdịru n'ebe ọ bụla site na awa 12 ruo 200, dabere na oge na ala. Na North America, a naahụ oké ifufe ọwụwa anyanwụ na nebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ maka ugboro ugboro na ogologo oge, ọkachasị noge oyi. Nnukwu oké ifufe naagbanwe ọnọdụ nke oké osimiri nke nwere ike imetụta ụbara nri na nkesa: ebili mmiri siri ike, oke mmiri, mmụba nke siltation, mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ mmiri, ịtụgharị na kọlụm mmiri, wdg.

Oké ifufe ndị ọzọ

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Nnukwu Ebe Uhie na Jupiter

Ọ bụghị nanị na oké ifufe naeme nuwa; mbara ala ndị ọzọ nke nwere ikuku zuru oke (gasị ndị dike karịsịa) naenwekwa oke ihu igwe. The Great Red Spot on Jupiter naenye ihe atụ ama ama. Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na ụzụ bụ anticyclone, nke nwere nnukwu ifufe ifufe naagba ọsọ, ọ kariri ụwa ma ọ dịgidere ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 340, ebe onye naenyocha mbara igwe bụ Giovanni Domenico Cassini hụrụ ya. Neptune nwekwara nnukwu ebe gbara ọchịchịrị amachaghị nke ya.

Na Septemba 1994, teliskop Hubble Space – naeji Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 – na-ese onyinyo oke mmiri ozuzo na Saturn sitere na mbuli elu nke ikuku naekpo ọkụ, nke yiri isi égbè eluigwe. Ogologo ọwụwa anyanwụọdịda anyanwụ nke oke ifufe ahụ notu afọ ruru dayameta nke Ụwa. A hụrụ oké ifufe ahụ na mbido Septemba 1990 wee nweta aha Dragọn Storm.

Oké ifufe uzuzu nke Mars dịgasị iche iche nibu, mana ọ naenwekarị ike ikpuchi mbara ala dum. Ha naemekarị mgbe Mars nabịaru anyanwụ nso, a gosikwara na ha naeme ka okpomọkụ ụwa dịkwuo elu.[2]

Otu nnukwu oke mmiri ozuzo nke ndị Mars ka a mụrụ nke ọma nso n'ihi oge dabara adaba. Mgbe ụgbọ elu mbụ nke gara nke ọma naagba gburugburu ụwa ọzọ, Mariner 9, bịarutere wee gbagharịa Mars nke ọma na 14 Nọvemba 1971, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara ụwa tụrụ anya ịhụ ikuku jupụtara na uwe elu nke uzuzu zuru ụwa ọnụ, oke mmiri ozuzo kacha hụtụrụla na Mars. Ekpuchighị elu nke mbara ala ahụ kpamkpam. E megharịrị kọmpụta Mariner 9 site n'ụwa ka ọ gbuo oge ịse n'elu maka ọnwa ole na ole ruo mgbe uzuzu dakwasịrị, agbanyeghị, ihe onyonyo ndị dị n'elu kpuchiri ekpuchi nyere aka na nchịkọta nke mbara igwe na mbara ala ụwa.

A maara mbara ala abụọ dịpụrụ adịpụ na ha nwere oké ifufe: HD 209458 b[3] na HD 80606 b. A chọpụtara oké ifufe nke mbụ na June 23, 2010 ma tụọ ya na 6,200 km / h (3,900 mph), ebe nke ikpeazụ na-emepụta ifufe nke 17,700 km / h (11,000 ) gafee n'elu. Njem nke mbara ala ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu ifufe na-agbagharị agbagharị nke na-ebu okpomọkụ n'elu.[4]

Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'etiti mmadụ

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Mgbochi snow na ndịda Minnesota na 1881
Nlaghachi azụ, égbè eluigwe na ala na-akụ n'oge égbè eluigwe.
Oké ifufe na-acha n'ọzara Mojave na ọdịda anyanwụ.
Ìhè na-enwu n'oge oké ifufe nke ọzara n'oge mgbede

Ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpu na-adịkarị na oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana mmetụta na nka na akwụkwọ.[5] Otu ajọ ifufe mere ka ndị Spain merie ndị France maka ịchịkwa Fort Caroline, na n'ikpeazụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke North America, na 1565.[6]

Ifufe siri ike sitere na ụdị oké ifufe ọ bụla nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ bibie ụgbọala, ụlọ, àkwà mmiri, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'èzí, na-agbanwe ihe mkpofu na-enweghị isi ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-efe efe. Na United States, nnukwu ajọ ifufe na-agụnye naanị 21% nke ajọ ifufe niile na-ada n'ebe okpomọkụ, mana ha na-akpata 83% nke mmebi niile.[7] Oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na-emekarị ka ọtụtụ iri ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ ghara inwe ike, na-egbochi nkwurịta okwu dị mkpa ma na-egide mbọ nnapụta.[8] Oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na-emekarị ka àkwà mmiri, okporo ụzọ, na okporo ụzọ, bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya iji buru nri, mmiri dị ọcha, na ọgwụ gaa n'ebe ndị chọrọ ya. Ọzọkwa, mmebi nke oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ kpatara n'ụlọ na ụlọ nwere ike ịkpata mmebi akụ na ụba na mpaghara, na ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ.[9]

Oké ifufe, ma ọ bụ mmụba nke oke osimiri n'ihi oké ifufe ahụ, bụ mmetụta kachasị njọ site na oké ifufe na-ada n'ebe okpomọkụ, na-akpata 90% nke ọnwụ oké ifufe.[9] Mmiri na-arịwanye elu ngwa ngwa n'elu oké osimiri nwere ike ịkwaga kilomita / kilomita n'ime ala, na-eme ka ụlọ jupụta ma na-egbochi ụzọ mgbapụ. Oké ifufe na ifufe nke oké ifufe nwere ike imebi ihe owuwu ndị mmadụ mere, mana ha na-akpalikwa mmiri nke ọnụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ịzụ azụ.

Lightning si n'ígwé ojii gaa n'ala na-emekarị n'ime ihe omume nke égbè eluigwe ma nwee ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ maka ala na ndị mmadụ. Otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ àmụ̀mà nwere ike ibute bụ ọkụ ọhịa ha nwere ike ịgba ọkụ.[10] N'okpuru usoro mmiri ozuzo dị ala (LP), ebe obere mmiri ozuzo nọ, mmiri ozuzo enweghị ike igbochi ọkụ ịmalite mgbe ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ ka àmụ̀mà na-emepụta oke okpomọkụ.[11] Ọkụ ọhịa nwere ike ibibi ahịhịa na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọkụ ọhịa nke na-eme n'akụkụ obodo ukwu nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa, ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ, ma nye ihe ize ndụ maka mgbawa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọkụ ahụ ekpughe na paịpụ gas. Mmebi ihu na ihu nke égbè eluigwe kpatara na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ.[12] N'ógbè ndị nwere oke ọkụ na-enwu gbaa, dị ka Florida, ọkụ na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ kwa afọ, ọkachasị ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí.[13]

Mmiri ozuzo nwere ikike dị ala nke hydrogen (pH), nke a makwaara dị ka mmiri ozuzo acid, bụkwa ihe ize ndụ na-esikarị na àmụ̀mà. Mmiri a mịrị amị, nke na-enweghị carbon dioxide, nwere pH na-anọpụ iche nke 7. Mmiri nwere pH na-erughị 7 bụ acidic, ndị nwere pH karịrị 7 bụ bases. Mmiri ozuzo "dị ọcha" ma ọ bụ nke a na-emetọghị emetọ nwere pH acid nke ihe dị ka 5.2, n'ihi na carbon dioxide na mmiri dị n'ikuku na-agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta carbonic acid, acid na-adịghị ike (pH 5.6 na mmiri distilled), mana mmiri ozuzo na-emetụbeghị emetọ nwekwara kemịkal ndị ọzọ.[14] Nitric oxide dị n'oge égbè eluigwe, nke sitere na nkewa nke nitrogen molecules, nwere ike ịkpata mmepụta nke mmiri ozuzo acid, ma ọ bụrụ na nitric oxide na mmiri mmiri na mmiri ozuzo, si otú a na-emepụta mmiri ozuzo.[15] Mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa nwere calcite ma ọ bụ kemịkal ndị ọzọ siri ike nwere carbon. Na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike ịgbaze anụ ahụ nke ahịhịa ma mee ka usoro acidization dị n'ime mmiri na n'ime ala, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na nke ala.[16]

Mmebi nke akụ́ mmiri igwe na elu ụlọ na-apụtakarị n'amaghị ama ruo mgbe a hụrụ mmebi ihe owuwu ọzọ, dị ka mgbapụta ma ọ bụ oghere. O siri ike ịmata mmebi nke akụ́ mmiri igwe na elu ụlọ ndị e ji shingled mee na elu ụlọ dị larịị, mana elu ụlọ niile nwere nsogbu nchọpụta mmebi nke ha.[17] Elu ụlọ ígwè na-eguzogide mmebi nke akụ́ mmiri igwe, mana ọ nwere ike ịbawanye mmebi ihe ntecha n'ụdị ezé na mkpuchi mebiri emebi. Ha bụkwa ihe na-enye ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nsogbu, na-eme ka ụgbọala ghara ịdị mma ma na-agbaji ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-agbajikwa windo na windo. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a maara nnukwu nkume akụ́ mmiri igwe ka ọ na-akpata mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ na-egbu egbu. Oké mmiri ozuzo abụwo ihe kpatara ihe omume ndị dị oke ọnụ na ndị na-egbu egbu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ e dekọrọ mere na narị afọ nke 9 na Roopkund, Uttarakhand, India.[18] Nkume akụ́ mmiri igwe kachasị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara obosara na ịdị arọ e dekọrọ na United States dara na July 23, 2010 na Vivian, South Dakota na United States; ọ tụrụ sentimita asatọ (20 cm) n'obosara na sentimita iri na asatọ na isii na abụọ (47.3 ) na gburugburu, na-atụle na pound 1.93 (0.88 kg).[19] Nke a mebiri ihe ndekọ gara aga maka obosara nke nkume akụ́ mmiri igwe 7 sentimita (18 sentimita) n'obosara na 18.75 sentimita (47.6 sentimita) gburugburu nke dara na Aurora, Nebraska na United States na June 22, 2003, yana ihe ndekọ maka ịdị arọ, nke nkume akú mmiri igwe nke 1.67 pound (0.76 ) nke dara na Coffeyville, Kansas na 1970.[19]

Ihe ize ndụ dịgasị iche iche, site na akụ́ mmiri igwe ruo àmụ̀mà nwere ike imetụta ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ndị dị n'èzí, dị ka antenna, efere satellite, na ụlọ elu. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'èzí amalitela ịwụnye ụlọ ọrụ ndị a n'okpuru ala, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi site na oké ifufe.[20]

Nnukwu snow nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa na ọrụ ọha na eze, na-ebelata ọrụ mmadụ ọbụna na mpaghara ndị maara ihu igwe dị otú ahụ. Enwere ike igbochi ụgbọelu na ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ mechie kpamkpam. Ndị bi n'ebe snow na-enwekarị emepụtala ụzọ dị iche iche iji gaafe snow, dị ka skis, snow shoes, na sleds nke ịnyịnya, nkịta, ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-adọkpụ na mgbe e mesịrị, snowmobiles. Ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọkụ eletrik, eriri ekwentị, na gas nwekwara ike ịda. Na mgbakwunye, snow nwere ike ime ka okporo ụzọ sie ike ịga njem na ụgbọala ndị na-anwa iji ha nwere ike ịrapara n'ụzọ dị mfe.[21]

Mmetụta ndị a jikọtara ọnụ nwere ike iduga na "ụbọchị snow" nke a na-akagbu nzukọ dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ụka. N'ebe ndị na-enwekarị obere snow ma ọ bụ enweghị snow, ụbọchị snow nwere ike ime mgbe enwere naanị obere mkpokọta ma ọ bụ ọbụna egwu nke snow, ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ndị ahụ adịghị njikere ijikwa snow ọ bụla. N'ebe ụfọdụ, dị ka steeti ụfọdụ na United States, a na-enye ụlọ akwụkwọ ụbọchị snow kwa afọ (ma ọ bụ "ụbọchị ọdachi"). Ozugbo e gafere oke ahụ, a ghaghị ime ka ụbọchị snow dị.[22][23][24] Na steeti ndị ọzọ, a ghaghị ime ka ụbọchị snow niile dị.[25] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgbatị ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ fọdụrụnụ n'ehihie, belata ezumike oge opupu ihe ubi, ma ọ bụ gbuo oge mmalite ezumike oge okpomọkụ.

A na-ewepụ snow gbakọtara iji mee ka njem dịkwuo mfe ma dị nchebe, yana belata mmetụta ogologo oge nke nnukwu snow. Usoro a na-eji shọvel na snowplows, a na-enyekwa aka site na ịwụsa nnu ma ọ bụ kemịkal ndị ọzọ sitere na chloride, nke na-ebelata okpomọkụ snow.[26] N'ebe ụfọdụ nwere ọtụtụ snow, dị ka Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, ndị mmadụ na-ewe snow ma na-echekwa ya gbara ya gburugburu n'ụlọ ice. Nke a na-enye ohere iji snow mee ihe n'oge ọkọchị maka friji na ikuku oyi, nke chọrọ obere ọkụ eletrik karịa usoro ịjụ oyi ọdịnala.[27]

Ọrụ ugbo

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Anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ike imebi ihe nke ukwuu, ọkachasị ụgbọala, ụgbọelu, ọkụ, ụlọ nwere elu, anụ ụlọ, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.[28] Ọka wit, ọka, soybeans, na ụtaba bụ ihe ọkụkụ kachasị emetụta mmebi nke akụ́ mmiri igwe.[29] Hail bụ otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ kachasị ọnụ na Canada.[30] Snowfall nwere ike ịba uru maka ọrụ ugbo site na ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ, na-echekwa okpomọkụ nke ụwa ma na-echebe ihe ọkụkụ pụọ na ihu igwe oyi. Ụfọdụ ebe ọrụ ugbo na-adabere na mkpokọta snow n'oge oyi nke ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbazee n'oge opupu ihe ubi, na-enye mmiri maka uto ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gbazee n'ime mmiri ma na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị nro, dị ka oroma, ice na-apụta ga-echebe mkpụrụ osisi ahụ pụọ na okpomọkụ dị ala.[31] Ọ bụ ezie na oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na-emebi ndụ na ihe onwunwe onwe onye, ha nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa na usoro mmiri ozuzo nke ebe ha na-emetụta ma na-eweta mmiri ozuzo dị mkpa na mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ. Oké ifufe na-efe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ebe ugwu Pacific na-enyekarị mmiri na Southwestern United States na akụkụ Mexico.[32] Japan na-enweta ihe karịrị ọkara mmiri ozuzo ya site na ajọ ifufe.[33] Hurricane Camille gbochiri ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma kwụsị ụkọ mmiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbukwara mmadụ 259 ma kpatara $ 9.14 ijeri (2005 USD) na mmebi.[34]

Ụgbọelu

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Mmetụta nke ikuku na-eme na njem ụgbọelu. Nanị idozi maka ihu ihu mbụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị egwu.

Hail bụ otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ kachasị njọ nke égbè eluigwe na ụgbọelu.[35] Mgbe nkume akụ́ iri igwe gafere 0.5 sentimita (13 mm) n'obosara, ụgbọelu nwere ike imebi nke ukwuu n'ime sekọnd.[36] Nkume akụ́ mmiri igwe na-agbakọta n'ala nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ nye ụgbọelu na-ada. Ifufe siri ike sitere na égbè eluigwe na-akpata mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na ọsọ ifufe atọ dị n'elu ala. Na mbido, ọpụpụ a na-akpata ifufe ihu nke na-eme ka ọsọ ikuku dịkwuo elu, nke na-emekarị ka onye na-anya ụgbọelu belata ike injin ma ọ bụrụ na ha amaghị banyere ikuku. Ka ụgbọelu ahụ na-agafe n'ógbè nke downdraft, ifufe ihu na-ebelata, na-ebepụ ọsọ ụgbọelu ahụ ma na-abawanye ọnụego ya. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe ụgbọelu ahụ gafere n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke downdraft, ifufe ihu na-aghọ ifufe azụ, na-ebelata elu nke nku na-emepụta, ma na-ahapụ ụgbọelu ahụ na ike dị ala, na-agbadata ọsọ. Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ihe mberede ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọelu ahụ dị ala nke ukwuu iji mee ka ọ gbakee tupu ọ kụọ n'ala. N'ihi ihe mberede ndị mere n'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, na 1988 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration nyere iwu na ụgbọelu azụmahịa niile nwere usoro nchọpụta ikuku n'ime ya site na 1993. N'agbata afọ 1964 na afọ 1985, ikuku na-akpata ma ọ bụ na-enye aka na 26 nnukwu ihe mberede ụgbọ elu na US nke dugara na ọnwụ 620 na mmerụ ahụ 200. Kemgbe afọ 1995, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu ihe mberede ụgbọelu ndị nkịtị nke ikuku na-akpata adaala ruo ihe dịka otu n'ime afọ iri ọ bụla, n'ihi nchọpụta a na-enye iwu n'ụgbọ ahụ yana mgbakwunye nke Doppler weather radar units n'ala. (NEXRAD)[37]

Ntụrụndụ

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Ọtụtụ egwuregwu n'oge oyi, dị ka ịgba ọsọ, snowboarding, snowmobiling, na snowshoeing dabere na snow.[38][39][40] Ebe snow dị ụkọ mana okpomọkụ dị ala, enwere ike iji snow cannons mepụta ego zuru oke maka egwuregwu ndị dị otú ahụ.[41] Ụmụaka na ndị okenye nwere ike igwu egwu n'ụgbọ ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ na-agba ịnyịnya. Ọ bụ ezie na nzọụkwụ mmadụ ka bụ ụzọ ndụ a na-ahụ anya n'ime ala snow kpuchiri, a na-ewere snow dị ka ihe ize ndụ zuru oke maka ịga ije ebe ọ bụ na snow na-ekpuchi ihe ịrịba ama ma mee ka ala ahụ n'onwe ya yie otu.[42]

Oké ifufe ndị a ma ama na nka na ọdịbendị

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The Great Wave off Kanagawa, ihe Hokusai bipụtara na 1831

N'akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ

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Dị ka Bible si kwuo, oké ifufe nke Chineke zitere jupụtara n'ụwa. Noa na ezinụlọ ya na ụmụ anụmanụ batara n'Igbe ahụ, "n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, isi iyi niile nke nnukwu mmiri gbawara, windo nke eluigwe meghere, mmiri ozuzo dakwara n'ụwa ụbọchị iri anọ na abalị iri anọ". Idei mmiri ahụ kpuchiri ọbụna ugwu ndị kachasị elu ruo n'omimi nke ihe karịrị mita iri abụọ, ihe niile e kere eke nwụkwara; ọ bụ naanị Noa na ndị ya na ha nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ ka fọdụrụ ndụ. N'ime Agba Ọhụrụ, e dekọrọ na Jizọs Kraịst mere ka oké ifufe dị jụụ n'Oké Osimiri Galili.

Akụkọ ifo nke idei mmiri Gilgamesh bụ akụkọ iju mmiri na Epic nke Gilgamesh .

N'akụkọ ifo ndị Gris Aeolus, onye na-elekọta oké ifufe, oké ifufe na oké ifufe.

The Sea Venture mebiri na nso Bermuda na 1609, nke dugara n'ịchịkwa Bermuda ma nye mmụọ nsọ maka egwuregwu Shakespeare The Tempest (1611).[43][44] N'ụzọ doro anya, Sir Thomas Gates, onye ga-abụ gọvanọ Virginia n'ọdịnihu, si Jamestown, Virginia na-aga England. N'ụbọchị Saint James, mgbe ọ nọ n'etiti Cuba na Bahamas, ajọ ifufe kpara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị abụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime obere ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mikpuru na ala nke Florida Straits, asaa n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ndị fọdụrụnụ rutere Virginia n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị mgbe oké ifufe ahụ gasịrị. Ụgbọ mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke a maara dị ka Sea Adventure, furu efu ma chee na ọ furu efu. Obere ọgaranya dakwasịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ndị ọrụ ya mgbe ha rutere Bermuda. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mebiri n'elu coral reef gbara ya gburugburu, mana mmadụ niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ lanarịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Ndị Britain na-achị ala ahụ kwuru na agwaetiti ahụ ma biri na Bermuda ngwa ngwa. Na Mee 1610, ha gawara Jamestown, n'oge a ha rutere ebe ha na-aga.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụaka The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, nke L. Frank Baum dere ma W. W. Denslow sere ihe osise ya, na-akọ akụkọ banyere njem nke nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Dorothy Gale na Ala Oz, mgbe ajọ ifufe si n'ụlọ ya dị na Kansas wepụ ya. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ George M. Hill Company bipụtara akụkọ ahụ na Chicago na Mee 17, 1900 ma kemgbe ahụ, e bipụtaghachiri ya ọtụtụ ugboro, ọtụtụ mgbe n'okpuru aha The Wizard of Oz, ma gbanwee ya maka iji ya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ. Ekele maka ihe nkiri MGM nke 1939, ọ bụ otu n'ime akụkọ ndị a ma ama na ọdịbendị America ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ ya, na ihe ịga nke ọma nke egwu Broadway a ma ama nke 1902 nke Baum wepụtara site na akụkọ mbụ ya, mere ka Baum dee akwụkwọ Oz iri na atọ ọzọ.

Onye nduzi Hollywood bụ King Vidor (February 8, 1894 - November 1, 1982) lanarịrị ajọ ifufe Galveston nke 1900 dị ka nwata nwoke. Dabere na ahụmịhe ahụ, o bipụtara akụkọ ifo banyere oké ifufe ahụ, nke akpọrọ "Southern Storm", maka mbipụta May 1935 nke magazin <i id="mwAgs">Esquire</i>. Erik Larson wepụtara otu akụkụ site na isiokwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2005, Isaac's Storm:[45]

Echetara m ugbu a na o yiri ka anyị nọ n'ime efere na-ele anya n'elu oke osimiri. Ka anyị guzo n'okporo ájá, mụ na nne m, achọrọ m iwere aka nne m ma chụpụ ya ngwa ngwa. Enwere m mmetụta dị ka a ga-asị na oké osimiri ga-agbaji n'akụkụ efere ahụ ma na-abịa na-asa anyị.

E bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị ọzọ banyere ajọ ifufe Galveston nke 1900 na fim. Larson depụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ha na Isaac's Storm, nke gosipụtara oké ifufe ahụ, yana akụkọ banyere okike nke Weather Bureau (nke a maara dị ka National Weather Service) na asọmpi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọrụ ihu igwe na Cuba, na ọtụtụ nnukwu oké ifufe ndị ọzọ, dị ka ndị bibiri Indianola, Texas na 1875 na 1886.[45]

Oké ifufe nke 1987 bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na njedebe nke Possession: A Romance, akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha ere ahịa na Booker Prize nke A. S. Byatt. Oké Ifufe nke 1987 mere n'abalị nke October 15-16, 1987, mgbe usoro ihu igwe siri ike na-adịghị ahụkebe mere ka ifufe kụọ ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda England na ugwu France. Ọ bụ oké ifufe kachasị njọ dakwasịrị England kemgbe Oké Ifufe nke 1703 (afọ 284 tupu mgbe ahụ) ma kpatara ọnwụ nke ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 22 na England na France (18 na England, ọ dịkarịrị anọ na France).[46][47]

A na-egosipụta ajọ ifufe Katrina (2005) n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo.

N'ihe osise mara mma

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Rembrandt's 1633 The Storm on the Sea of Galilee.

Ndị na-ese ihe n'oké osimiri J. M. W. Turner na Ivan Aivazovsky mepụtara ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta kachasị adịgide adịgide nke oké osimiri dị elu na nke na-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-etinye n'uche a ma ama. Ihe ngosi Turner nke ike okike dị ike mepụtara ọdịdị mmiri ọdịnala n'oge ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.

N'oge ọ na-aga Holland, ọ chọpụtara nnukwu ebili mmiri na-agagharị n'akụkụ osimiri nke England na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ebili mmiri dị nkọ, nke na-agbagwoju anya nke oké ifufe Dutch. Ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ọdịdị mmiri dị egwu nke Turner bụ The Slave Ship nke 1840. Aivazovsky hapụrụ ọtụtụ puku ihe osise na-agbagwoju anya nke ọ na-ewepụwanye ndị mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme iji lekwasị anya na ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka ìhè, oké osimiri, na mbara igwe. Nnukwu Wave nke itoolu ya (1850) bụ ode maka obi ike mmadụ n'ihu ihe ndị dị na ya.

Na ihe nkiri

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Ihe nkiri na-adịghị ekwu okwu nke 1926 The Johnstown Flood gosipụtara Great Flood nke 1889 na Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Idei mmiri ahụ, nke ọdịda dị egwu nke South Fork Dam kpatara mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, kpaliri nnukwu mgbalị enyemaka mbụ nke American Red Cross, nke Clara Barton duziri. E gosipụtara Iju Mmiri nke Johnstown n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ (ma akụkọ ifo ma na-abụghị akụkọ ifo), yana.

Ihe nkiri ọdachi dị egwu nke Warner Bros.' 2000 The Perfect Storm, nke Wolfgang Petersen duziri, bụ mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ Sebastian Junger nke 1997 na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke otu aha ahụ. Akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara ndị ọrụ Andrea Gail, nke e jidere na Perfect Storm nke afọ 1991. Oké ifufe zuru oke nke afọ 1991, nke a makwaara dị ka Halloween Nor'easter nke afọ 1991, bụ nor'easter naamịkọrọ Hurricane Grace ma mechaa ghọọ obere ajọ ifufe n'oge ndụ ya.[48]

Negwú

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E gosikwara oké ifufe nọtụtụ ọrụ egwu. Ihe atụ nke egwu oké ifufe gụnyere Vivaldi's Four Seasons violin concerto RV 315 (Summer) (mgbatị nke atọ: Presto), Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony (mgbakọta nke anọ), ihe nkiri na Act II nke Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville, ihe omume nke atọ nke Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto, na nke ise (Cloudburst) nke Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite.

Ihe ngosi

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Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Storm. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 5 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Philips (2001-07-16). Planet Gobbling Dust Storms. NASA Science News. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
  3. ↑ Rincon. "'Superstorm' rages on exoplanet", BBC News London, 23 June 2010.
  4. ↑ Boyle (2014-06-16). 10 Types Of Alien Weather That Put Earth To Shame. Listverse. Retrieved on 2014-06-16.
  5. ↑ Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996. Retrieved on 2008-01-01.
  6. ↑ Sun-Sentinel. Hurricane timeline: 1495 to 1800. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  7. ↑ Chris Landsea (1998). How does the damage that hurricanes cause increase as a function of wind speed?. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved on 2007-02-24.
  8. ↑ Staff Writer. "Hurricane Katrina Situation Report #11", Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) United States Department of Energy, 2005-08-30. Retrieved on 2007-02-24.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 James M. Shultz, Jill Russell and Zelde Espinel (2005). "Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development". Epidemiologic Reviews 27: 21–35. DOI:10.1093/epirev/mxi011. PMID 15958424. James M. Shultz, Jill Russell and Zelde Espinel (2005). "Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development". Epidemiologic Reviews. Oxford Journal. 27: 21–35. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi011. PMID 15958424.
  10. ↑ Scott, A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 164 (1–4): 281–329. DOI:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9. 
  11. ↑ Vladimir A. Rakov (1999). Lightning Makes Glass. University of Florida, Gainesville. Retrieved on November 7, 2007.
  12. ↑ Bruce Getz (2009-01-09). Lightning and Its Hazards. Hughston Sports Medicine Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-01-24. Retrieved on 2009-09-09.
  13. ↑ Charles H. Paxton, J. Colson and N. Carlisle (2008). P2.13 Florida lightning deaths and injuries 2004–2007. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-09-05.
  14. ↑ G. E. Likens, W. C. Keene, J. M. Miller and J. N. Galloway (1987). "Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia". Journal of Geophysical Research 92 (13): 299–314. DOI:10.1029/JA092iA01p00299. 
  15. ↑ Joel S. Levine (1984). "Tropospheric sources of NOx: Lightning and biology". Atmospheric Environment 18 (9): 1797–1804. DOI:10.1016/0004-6981(84)90355-X. PMID 11540827. 
  16. ↑ Office of Air and Radiation Clean Air Markets Division (2008-12-01). Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Waters and own Aquatic Animals. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2009-09-05.
  17. ↑ Hail Damage to Roofs. Adjusting Today. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved on 2009-12-11.
  18. ↑ David Orr (2004-11-07). Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas. Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 2005-12-03. Retrieved on 2009-08-28.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hailstone record press release. National Weather Service (2010-07-30).
  20. ↑ Newman (2009). Computer Security: Protecting Digital Resources. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 100. ISBN 978-0-7637-5994-0. 
  21. ↑ Laura Cheshire (1997). Have Snow Shovel, Will Travel. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved on 2009-07-08.
  22. ↑ Dave Larsen. "School districts are using up calamity days", Dayton Daily News, Cox Enterprises, 2009-01-27. Retrieved on 2009-02-05. “Ohio school districts can use five calamity days before they must start adding extra days to the school calendar.”
  23. ↑ Donna Willis. "Districts Consider Calamity Options", WCMH-TV, Media General, 2009-01-30. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  24. ↑ Joleen Ferris. "Decision for city schools to stay open prompts calls from irate parents", WKTV, Smith Media, 2009-01-28. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  25. ↑ Christine Wolff. "Snow may stretch out school year", The Cincinnati Enquirer, Gannett Company, 1999-03-09. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  26. ↑ David A. Kuemmel (1994). Managing roadway snow and ice control operations. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 978-0-309-05666-3. 
  27. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (Winter 1996). "Using Snow For Cool, Innovative Solutions". Insight. Retrieved on 2009-07-08. 
  28. ↑ Nolan J. Doesken (April 1994). "Hail, Hail, Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado". Colorado Climate 17 (7). Retrieved on 2009-07-18. 
  29. ↑ John E. Oliver (2005). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. 
  30. ↑ Damon P. Coppola (2007). Introduction to international disaster management. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-7982-4. 
  31. ↑ M. Baldwin (2002-09-08). How Cold Can Water Get?. Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved on 2009-04-16.
  32. ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook accessed May 2, 2006
  33. ↑ Whipple, Addison (1982). Storm. Alexandria, VA: Time Life Books, 54. ISBN 0-8094-4312-0. 
  34. ↑ Christopherson, Robert W. (1992). Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 222–224. ISBN 0-02-322443-6. 
  35. ↑ P.R. Field (November 2010). Hail Threat Standardisation. European Aviation Safety Agency. RP EASA.2008/5. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07.
  36. ↑ Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Hazards. Retrieved on 2009-08-29.
  37. ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Air Force Base (June 1992). Making the Skies Safer From Windshear. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
  38. ↑ Christopher Clarey (1998-02-01). NAGANO '98; Building a Better Snowman Through Science. New York Times. Retrieved on 2009-07-08.
  39. ↑ Sam Baldwin (January 2006). Skiers vs Snowboaders: The Dying Feud. SnowSphere.com. Retrieved on 2009-07-08.
  40. ↑ Snowmobiling Facts. International Snowmobile Manufacturers Associations (2006). Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.
  41. ↑ Jeffrey Selingo (2001-02-08). Machines Let Resorts Please Skiers When Nature Won't. New York Times. Retrieved on 2009-07-08.
  42. ↑ Washington Trails Association (2007-12-05). Winter Hiking and Avalanche Danger. Archived from the original on 2009-06-14. Retrieved on 2009-07-10.
  43. ↑ Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker. The Wreck of the Sea-Venture.
  44. ↑ David M. Roth. Seventeenth Century Virginia Hurricanes. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Larson, Erik (1999). Isaac's Storm. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0-609-60233-0. Larson, Erik (1999). Isaac's Storm. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0-609-60233-0.
  46. ↑ "Lessons learned from Great Storm", BBC News, 14 October 2007. Retrieved on 4 May 2010.
  47. ↑ Met Office: The Great Storm of 1987. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008.
  48. ↑ NOAA Meteorologist Bob Case, the Man Who Named the Perfect Storm. National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration News (2000-06-16). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved on 2011-07-01.

Njikọ mpụga

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  •  
  • Media related to Storms at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of storm at Wiktionary
  • Quotations related to Storm at Wikiquote
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