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Onye Nnyocha Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ebe Eluigwe

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Onye Nnyocha Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ebe Eluigwe

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE //'kOʊbi/ / KOH-bee), nke a na akpọkwa Explorer 66, bụ satellite NASA raara nye Cosmology, nke rụrụ ọrụ site na 1989 ruo 1993. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịchọpụta radiation nke microwave (CMB ma ọ bụ CMBR) nke eluigwe na ala ma nye nha nke ga enyere aka ịkpụzi nghọta anyị banyere mbara igwe.

Ntụle COBE nyere ihe akaebe abụọ dị mkpa na-akwado echiche Big Bang nke eluigwe na ụwa: na CMB nwere ụdị ụdị ahụ ojii zuru oke, yana na ọ nwere anisotropies na-ada ada. Abụọ n'ime ndị nchọpụta isi COBE, George F. Smoot na John C. Mather, nwetara Nrite Nobel na Physics na 2006 maka ọrụ ha na ọrụ ahụ. Dị ka kọmitii Nobel Prize si kwuo, "a pụkwara iwere ọrụ COBE dị ka mmalite maka cosmology dị ka sayensị ziri ezi".

COBE bụ satellite nke abụọ nke microwave, na-esote RELIKT-1, ma soro ụgbọ mbara igwe abụọ ọzọ dị elu: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) rụrụ ọrụ site na 2001 ruo 2010 na Ụgbọ mbara igwe Planck site na 2009 ruo 2013.

Ọrụ

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Ebumnuche Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) bụ iji mee nyocha ziri ezi nke radiation diffuse n'etiti 1 micrometer na 1 in) n'elu mbara igwe dum. [1] tụrụ ọnụọgụ ndị a: (1) spectrum radiation 3 K n'elu 10 micrometers ruo 1 in) (2) anisotropy nke radiation a site na 3 ruo 10 in); na, (3) spectrum na nkesa angular nke radiation infrared background radiation na wavelengths site na 1 ruo 300 micrometers.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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N'afọ 1974, NASA wepụtara ọkwa nke ohere maka ọrụ mbara igwe nke ga eji obere ma ọ bụ nke dị n'etiti ụgbọ mbara igwe Explorer. N'ime atụmatụ 121 natara, atọ na ekwu maka ịmụ banyere radiation nke cosmological. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ndị a furu efu na Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), ike ha mere ka NASA nyochaa echiche ahụ. N'afọ 1976, NASA guzobere kọmitii nke ndị otu site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị otu atọ na atụ aro 1974 iji jikọta echiche ha maka satellite dị otú ahụ. Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, kọmitii a tụrụ aro ka e jiri ụgbọ elu Delta 5920-8 ma ọ bụ Space Shuttle bido satellite na agba gburugburu a na akpọ COBE. Ọ ga enwe ngwá ọrụ ndị a: [2]

Modulu nnwale

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Modulu nnwale agha nwere ngwá ọrụ na dewar jupụtara na ">650 US nke 1.6 K mmiri helium, na onyinyo anyanwụ. Mkpụrụ ego ahụ nwere njikwa àgwà, nkwukọrịta na Usoro ike. Satellite ahụ na agbagharị na 1 rpm banyere axis nke symmetry iji chịkwaa njehie usoro na nha anisotropy na ikwe ka a hụ Ìhè zodiacal na akụkụ dị iche iche nke anyanwụ. A nọgidere na enwe ntụziaka nke axis spin na emegide ụwa na 94 ° na akara anyanwụ ụwa. Okirikiri na arụ ọrụ bụ ụtụtụ ụtụtụ ụda anyanwụ-synchronous nke mere na Anyanwụ na anọ n'akụkụ mgbe niile ma si otú a chebe ya pụọ na ngwá ọrụ. Site na usoro a na ntụziaka spin-axis, ngwá ọrụ ahụ mere nyocha zuru oke nke mbara igwe kwa ọnwa isii. A kwụsịrị ọrụ ngwá ọrụ na 23 Disemba 1993. [1] ọ na erule Jenụwarị 1994, ọrụ injinia ga emechi ọnwa ahụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a ga ebufe ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe ahụ na Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka satellite nnwale.

Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR)

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Nnyocha Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) na eji radiometers atọ dị iche iche eme map nke mbara igwe na 31.4, 53, na 90 GHz. A na ekesa radiometers gburugburu mpụga nke cryostat. Radiometer ọ bụla na eji antenna abụọ nke mpi na ele anya na 30 ° site na axis nke ụgbọ mbara igwe, na atụle ọdịiche okpomọkụ n'etiti ebe dị na mbara igwe nkewapụrụ site na 60 °. Na frequency ọ bụla, e nwere ọwa abụọ maka ọnụọgụ abụọ maka mmetụta ka mma na maka ntụkwasị obi. Radiometer ọ bụla bụ onye na anabata microwave nke a na agbanwe ngwa ngwa n'etiti antenna abụọ, na enweta ọdịiche dị na ìhè nke mpaghara abụọ nke ọhụụ 7 ° na dayameta nke dị 60 ° site na axis nke ụgbọ mbara igwe. A na enweta mmetụta dị elu site na nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ (na 300 K maka 31.4 GHz na 140 K maka 53 na 90 GHz), site na ntụgharị ụgbọ mbara igwe, na site na ikike ijikọta n'ime afọ dum.   Mmetụta maka anisotropies buru ibu [3] ihe dịka 3E-5 K. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ dị kilogram 120 (260 , na eji watts 114 ma nwee ọnụego data nke 500 bit/s / s.

Nnyocha Nnyocha Ihe Nnyocha (DIRBE)

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Nnyocha Nnyocha Background (DIRBE) nwere radiometer cryogenically jụrụ oyi (ruo 2 K) nke a na eji nyochaa radiation infrared site na 1 ruo 300 micrometers. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ na atụle flux zuru oke na 10 wavelength bands na 1° ebe a na ele anya na ezo aka 30° site na axis spin. Detectors (fotoconductors) na nzacha maka ọwa micrometre 8 ruo 100 bụ otu ihe ahụ maka ọrụ IRAS. A na eji Bolometers eme ihe maka ọwa wavelength kachasị ogologo (120 ruo 300 micrometers). Mmetụta DIRBE ga aka mma karịa 2-12 W/ (cm2 sr) na ọwa 1 ruo 3. Ọwa 4 ruo 8 ga eru 6E-13 [nkọwa dị mkpa] ebe ọwa 9 na 10, na bolometers ha na adịchaghị mma ma buru ibu, ga eru 4E-12.  Enwere ike inweta njedebe ndị a site na ihe nchọpụta ndị dị ugbu a na eme ka ọ dị nso na okpomọkụ cryostat nke 1.6 K. The telescope bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, off-axis, Gregorian flux collector with re imaging. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ [4] ihe dị ka 34 kg (75 , na eji 100 W ma nwee ọnụego data nke 1700 bit / s.

Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS)

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Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) bụ cryogenically jụrụ oyi polarizing Michelson interferometer eji dị ka Fourier transform spectrometer. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ na ezo aka na axis spin ma nwee mpaghara 7° nke anya. Ngwaọrụ a na atụle spectrum ruo n'ụzọ ziri ezi 1/10 nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na 1.7 in) maka mpaghara 7 ° ọ bụla nke anya na mbara igwe (n'elu 0.1 ruo 10 in)). FIRAS na eji ihe na anakọta ụda opi pụrụ iche nke nwere ọkwa dị ala na calibrator mpụga na ekpuchi ọkụ ahụ dum; a chọrọ nhazi okpomọkụ na calibration ziri ezi. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ntinye dị iche iche iji tụnyere igwe na ntinye aka dị n'ime na 3 K. Akụkụ a na enye mgbochi site na njehie usoro na spectrometer, ma na enye aka nke ukwuu na ikike ịchọpụta obere ntụgharị site na blackbody spectrum. Ngwá ọrụ ahụ [5] kilogram 60 (130 , na eji watts 84 ma nwee ọnụọgụ data nke 1200 bit / s.

Ngwá Ọrụ

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Ngwá Ọrụ
Ngwá Ọrụ Aha mkpirisi Nkọwa Onye Nnyocha Ukwu
Differential Microwave Radiometer DMR Ngwá ọrụ Microwave nke ga-egosi ọdịiche (ma ọ bụ anisotropies) na Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation George F. Smoot
Nnyocha Nnyocha Ihe Na-eme n'Ebe Ọdịda Ihe Ndị E Jiha N'Otu Multiwavelength infrared detector eji eme map nke uzuzu Mike Hauser
Far-InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer Oge Mbụ Spectrophotometer eji tụọ spectrum nke CMB John C. Mather
Mmalite nke ụgbọ mbara igwe COBE na 18 Nọvemba 1989.

NASA nabatara aro ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na a ga edebe ego ahụ n'okpuru US $ 30 nde, ewezuga onye na agbapụ ya na nyocha data. N'ihi oke ọnụahịa na mmemme Explorer n'ihi IRAS, ọrụ na arụ na Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) amaliteghị ruo 1981. Iji chekwaa ego, ihe nchọpụta infrared na mmiri helium dewar na COBE agha adị ka ndị e ji mee ihe na Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS).

E bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ka COBE malite na ọrụ Space Shuttle STS-82-B na 1988 site na Vandenberg Air Force Base, mana mgbawa Challenger mere ka atụmatụ a ghara ịga n'ihu mgbe a kwụsịrị Shuttles. NASA gbochiri ndị injinia COBE ịga ụlọ ọrụ mbara igwe ndị ọzọ iji malite COBE, ma mesịa tinye COBE a rụgharịrị n'ime orbit Sun-synchronous na 18 Nọvemba 1989 n'ụgbọ elu Delta.

[6]'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị COBE mara ọkwa na APS April Meeting na Washington, D.C. nchọpụta nke "mkpụrụ mbụ" (CMBE anisotropy) na data sitere na ngwá ọrụ DMR; ruo mgbe ahụ, ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ "enweghị ike ịhụ template ahụ". [7] N'ụbọchị na esote, The New York Times gbara akụkọ ahụ na peeji ihu, na akọwa nchọpụta ahụ dị ka "ihe akaebe mbụ na ekpughe otú mbara igwe dị nro si ghọọ ọhụụ nke kpakpando, ụyọkọ kpakpando na nnukwu ụyọkọ ụyọkọ nke taa".

[8] nyere John C. Mather, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, na George F. Smoot, Mahadum California, Berkeley, ihe nrite Nobel na Physics maka afọ 2006 "maka nchọpụta ha banyere ụdị blackbody na anisotropy nke radiation microwave".

Ụgbọ mbara igwe

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Ihe osise nke ụgbọ mbara igwe COBE

COBE bụ Satellite nke Explorer, nke nwere teknụzụ a gbazitere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na IRAS, mana o nwere ụfọdụ njirimara pụrụ iche.

Mkpa ọ dị ịchịkwa ma tụọ isi mmalite niile nke njehie usoro chọrọ nhazi siri ike na nke jikọtara ọnụ. COBE [9]-arụ ọrụ maka opekata mpe Ọnwa isii, ma gbochie oke mgbochi redio site n'ala, COBE na satellites ndị ọzọ yana mgbochi radiative site na Ụwa, Anyanwụ na Ọnwa. Ngwá ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ na ịnọgide na enweta uru, na ọkwa dị elu nke ịdị ọcha iji belata ntinye nke ìhè na efu efu na okpomọkụ sitere na ụmụ irighiri ihe.

Mkpa ịchịkwa njehie usoro [9] nha nke CMB anisotropy na ịtụle Igwe ojii zodiacal na akụkụ dị iche iche maka imepụta ihe na esote chọrọ ka satellite na agbagharị na 0.8 rpm spin rate. A na agbanwekwa axis spin site na vector nke ọsọ ọsọ dị ka ihe nchebe megide nkwụnye nke gas ikuku fọdụrụ na optics yana megide ìhè infrared nke ga esi na ngwa ngwa na anọpụ iche na akụ ya n'elu ya na ọsọ dị elu.

Iji gboo mkpa ejima nke ntụgharị nwayọ na njikwa àgwà atọ, a na eji wiil abụọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ntụgharị ntụgharị na axis ha na agagharị na axis spin . [9] A na eji wiil ndị a ebuga oghere oghere na emegide nke ụgbọ mbara igwe dum iji mepụta usoro oghere ogologo.

A ga ekpebi usoro okirikiri ahụ dabere na nkọwa nke ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe. Ihe ndị [9] na echebara echiche bụ mkpa ọ dị ikpuchi mbara igwe zuru oke, mkpa ọ dị iwepụ radieshon na efu efu site na ngwá ọrụ na mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na enwe nkwụsi ike nke dewar na ngwá ọrụ. Okirikiri Sun-synchronous orbit mezuru ihe ndị a niile achọrọ. A họọrọ okirikiri 900 km (560 mi) nke nwere ntụgharị 99 ° ka ọ dabara n'ime ikike ọ bụ Space Shuttle (nke nwere enyemaka na COBE) ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu Delta. Elu a bụ ezigbo nkwekọrịta n'eriri radiation nke ụwa na ihe a na akwụ ụgwọ na radiation belt nke ụwa na elu dị elu. A họọrọ eriri na arịgo na 18:00 iji kwe ka COBE soro ókè dị n'etiti ìhè anyanwụ na ọchịchịrị n'ụwa n'afọ niile.

Okirikiri ahụ jikọtara ya na axis spin mere ka o kwe omume idebe ụwa na anyanwụ n'okpuru ụgbọ elu nke ọta, na enye ohere nyocha mbara igwe zuru ezu kwa ọnwa isii.

Akụkụ abụọ ikpeazụ dị mkpa metụtara ọrụ COBE bụ dewar na Sun-Earth shield. Dewar bụ ">650 US superfluid helium cryostat e mere iji mee ka ngwá ọrụ FIRAS na DIRBE jụọ oyi n'oge ọrụ ahụ. Ọ dabeere n'otu atụmatụ ahụ dị ka nke e ji mee ihe na IRAS ma nwee ike ịpụta helium n'akụkụ axis spin dị nso na usoro nkwurịta okwu. Ihe mgbochi anyanwụ na ụwa na echebe ngwá ọrụ ahụ site na radieshon anyanwụ na nke ụwa yana mgbochi redio site na ụwa na antenna na ezipụ COBE. Ihe mkpuchi [9] na ekpuchi ọtụtụ ihe nyere okpomọkụ maka ndị agha.

Nchọpụta sayensị

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Map nke CMB anisotropy sitere na data nke ụgbọ mbara igwe COBE.

Ọrụ sayensị ahụ sitere na ngwaọrụ atọ akọwapụtara na mbụ: DIRBE, FIRAS na DMR. Ngwá ọrụ ndị ahụ jikọtara ọnụ [9] mkpuchi wavelength, na enye nyocha nkwekọrịta na mpaghara nke mkpuchi spectral na enyemaka na ịkpa ókè akara site na ụyọkọ kpakpando anyị, Solar System na CMB.

Ngwá ọrụ COBE ga emezu ebumnuche ha ọ bụla yana ime nchọpụta nke ga enwe mmetụta na abụghị nke COBE.

Usoro ahụ ojii nke CMB

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Data sitere na COBE gosipụtara nkwekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti usoro ahụ ojii nke e buru n'amụma site na nnukwu mgbawa na nke a hụrụ na microwave.
Ntụnyere nke nsonaazụ CMB site na COBE, WMAP na Planck - 21 Machị 2013.

N'ime afọ iri na ise dị n'etiti atụmatụ na mwepụta nke COBE, e nwere mmepe abụọ dị mkpa nke mbara igwe:

  • Mbụ, na 1981, ìgwè abụọ nke ndị na enyocha mbara igwe, otu nke David Wilkinson nke Mahadum Princeton duziri na nke ọzọ nke Francesco Melchiorri nke Mahadum Florence, kwupụtara n'otu oge na ha chọpụtara nkesa quadrupole nke CMB site na iji ngwá ọrụ balloon. Nchọpụta a ga abụ nchọpụta nke nkesa ojii nke CMB nke FIRAS na COBE ga atụle. Karịsịa, otu Florence kwuru na nchọpụta nke anisotropies dị n'etiti na ọkwa 100 microkelvins [10] n'ikwekọ na nyocha ndị ọzọ nke nnwale BOOMERanG mere. Otú [2] dị, ọtụtụ nnwale ndị ọzọ gbalịrị imepụtaghachi nsonaazụ ha ma ha enweghị ike ime ya.
  • [11] abụọ, na 1987 otu ndị Japan na America nke Andrew E. Lange na Paul Richards nke Mahadum California, Berkeley na Toshio Matsumoto nke Mahadum Nagoya mere ọkwa na CMB abụghị nke ezigbo ahụ ojii. N' nnwale rọket, ha chọpụtara oke ìhè na 0.5 na 0.7 in) wavelengths.

Site na mmepe ndị a na eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọrụ COBE, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na echere nsonaazụ site na FIRAS. Nsonaazụ nke FIRAS na awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ n'ihi na ha gosipụtara nkwekọrịta zuru oke nke CMB na usoro echiche maka ahụ ojii na okpomọkụ nke 2.7 K, si otú a na egosi na nsonaazụ Berkeley-Nagoya ezighi ezi.

E mere nyocha FIRAS site n'ịtụle ọdịiche dị n'etiti 7 ° patch nke mbara igwe na ihe ojii dị n'ime. Interferometer dị na FIRAS kpuchiri n'etiti 2- na 95-cm-1 na band abụọ kewara na 20-cm-1. E nwere ogologo nyocha abụọ (obere na ogologo) na ọsọ nyocha abụọ (ngwa ngwa na nwayọ) maka ngụkọta nke ụzọ nyocha anọ dị iche iche. [12] chịkọtara data ahụ n'ime ọnwa iri.

Nchịkọta nke CMB

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Data nwetara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ugboro atọ DMR - 31.5, 53, na 90 GHz - na esote mwepu dipole.

DMR nwere ike iji apụ apụ na ese anisotropy a na mkpọsa nke radieshon cosmic n'ihi na ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ na adabereghị na helium nke dewar iji mee ka ọ Jacob oyi. Ọrụ a nwere ike map mbara igwe zuru oke nke CMB site na ikuku ikuku na dipole na ugboro dị iche iche. Mgbanwe nke microwave nke mbara igwe dị oke ala, naanị otu nna na 100,000 ma e jiri ya ike 2.73 K nkezi ebe nke radieshon field. Cosmic microwave background radieshon bụ ihe akara na Big Bang na akara bụ nke ndụ dị n'etiti ndị na-akpa na ala mbụ. na eche na ụgbọ anya ahụ ozi nhazi dị ka a ebe na mbara igwe taa: mkpọm na mpaghara buru ibu na akara.

Ịchọpụta ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị mbụ

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DIRBE chọpụtakwara ụyọkọ kpakpando 10 ọhụrụ na ewepụta IR n'ógbè ahụ IRAS na enyochaghị yana ndị ọzọ itoolu na achọ na IR na adịghị ike nke nwere ike ịbụ ụyọkọ ụyọkọ. Ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị a chọpụtara na 140 na 240 μm nwekwara ike inye ozi gbasara uzuzu oyi (VCD). Na wavelengths ndị a, enwere ike inweta oke na okpomọkụ nke VCD. Mgbe ejikọt[13] data ndị a na data 60 na 100 μm nke sitere na IRAS, a chọpụtara na ìhè infrared dị anya na esite na oyi (≈17-22 K) uzuzu metụtara igwe ojii cirrus nke Mpaghara H I, 15-30% site na oyi (~19 K) ujá metụtara gas, na ihe na erughị 10% site na uzuzu okpomọkụ (≈29 K) na mpaghara H II dị ala.

Ihe Ndị E Jiha N'Otu

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Ihe nlereanya nke Galactic disk dị ka a na ahụ ya n'akụkụ site na ọnọdụ ụwa.

[13]'elu nchọpụta DIRBE nwere na ụyọkọ kpakpando, o nyekwara aka abụọ ọzọ dị mkpa na sayensị. Ngwá ọrụ DIRBE nwere ike ịme nnyocha na uzuzu interplanetary (IPD) ma chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na mmalite ya sitere na asteroid ma ọ bụ cometary particles. Ihe ọmụma DIRBE a[14] na 12, 25, 50 na 100 μm nwere ike ikwubi na mkpụrụ nke sitere na Asteroid jupụtara na bands IPD na igwe ojii IPD dị nro.

Enyemaka nke abụọ DIRBE nyere bụ ihe nlereanya nke diski Galactic dị ka a na ahụ ya site na ọnọdụ anyị. Dabere na ihe nlereanya ahụ, ọ bụrụ na Anyanwụ bụ 8.6 kpc site na Galactic Center, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ 15.6% n'elu etiti nke diski ahụ, nke nwere ogologo radial na vertical nke 2.64 na 0.333 kpc, n'otu n'otu, ma gbagọọ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na HI layer. Enweghịkwa ihe [15]-egosi na ọ bụ nnukwu diski.

Iji mepụta ihe nlereanya a, a ga ewepụ IPD na data DIRBE. Achọpụtara na igwe ojii a, nke a na ahụ site n'ụwa bụ Ìhè Zodiacal, abụghị n'etiti anyanwụ, dịka e chere na mbụ, kama n'ebe dị na mbara igwe nde kilomita ole na ole. Nke [2] bụ n'ihi mmetụta nke ike ndọda nke Saturn na Jupiter.

Mmetụta Cosmological

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Na mgbakwunye na nsonaazụ sayensị akọwapụtara na ngalaba ikpeazụ, enwere ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara mbara igwe nke nsonaazụ COBE na azaghị. [16] kpọmkwem nke ìhè ndabere extragalactic (EBL) nwekwara ike inye ihe mgbochi dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kpakpando, mmepụta ígwè na uzuzu, na ntụgharị nke ìhè kpakpando n'ime ikuku infrared site na uzuzu.

Site n'ile anya na nsonaazụ sitere na DIRBE na FIRAS na 140 ruo 5000 μm anyị nW ike ịchọpụta na ike EBL jikọtara ọnụ bụ ≈16 nW / (m2). Nke a kwekọrọ na ike a tọhapụrụ n'oge nucleosynthesis ma bụrụ ihe dị ka 20-50% nke ike niile a tọhapụtara n'ịmepụta helium na ọla n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eluigwe na ala. [16] na ekwu na ọ bụ naanị na isi iyi nuklia, ike a na egosi na ihe karịrị 5-15% nke njupụta nke baryonic nke nnukwu nyocha nucleosynthesis gosipụtara emeela na kpakpando na helium na ihe ndị dị arọ.

Enwekwara mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na mmepụta kpakpando. Nchọpụta COBE na enye ihe mgbochi dị mkpa na ọnụego mmepụta kpakpando, ma nyere anyị aka gbakọọ ụyọkọ EBL maka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke COBE mere chọrọ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ kpakpando na redshifts nke z ≈ 1.5 buru ibu karịa nke ahụ sitere na nyocha UV-optical site na ihe nke 2. Ike kpakpando a karịrị akarị ga abụrịrị nke nnukwu kpakpando na ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị a na achọpụtaghị ma ọ bụ kpakpando jupụtara na ụyọک kpakpando. [16] COBE enweghị ike idozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kpakpando n'ụzọ doro anya ma ga eme nchọpụta ndị ọzọ n'ọdịnihu.

N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2001, NASA malitere ọrụ na-esote COBE nke onye isi nchọpụta DMR bụ Charles L. Bennett duziri. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe emeela ka ihe COBE rụzuru doo anya ma gbasaa. [17][18]'ịgbaso WMAP, nyocha nke European Space Agency, Planck anọgidewo na abawanye mkpebi nke e depụtara ndabere.

Hụkwa

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  • 9997 COBE, obere mbara ala aha ya bụ site na nnwale ahụ.
  • S150 Galactic X-Ray Map
  • WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Display: COBE (1989-089A). NASA (28 October 2021). Retrieved on 27 November 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Leverington (2000). New Cosmic Horizons: Space Astronomy from the V2 to the Hubble Space Telescope. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65833-0. 
  3. ↑ Experiment: Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR). NASA (28 October 2021). Retrieved on 27 November 2021.
  4. ↑ Experiment: Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). NASA (28 October 2021). Retrieved on 27 November 2021.
  5. ↑ Experiment: Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS). NASA (28 October 2021). Retrieved on 27 November 2021.
  6. ↑ Wilford. "SCIENTISTS REPORT PROFOUND INSIGHT ON HOW TIME BEGAN", The New York Times, 1992-04-24. Retrieved on 2023-07-23. (in en-US)
  7. ↑ Schewe. "COBE PICKS OUT PRIMORDIAL SEEDS AT LAST", The AIP Bulletin of Physics News, 1992-04-24. Retrieved on 2023-07-23.
  8. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-10-09.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Boggess, N. W. (1992). "The COBE Mission: Its Design and Performance Two Years after the launch". Astrophysical Journal 397 (2). DOI:10.1086/171797. 
  10. ↑ Melchiorri (November 1981). "Fluctuations in the microwave background at intermediate angular scales". The Astrophysical Journal 250. DOI:10.1086/183662. Retrieved on 2011-08-23. 
  11. ↑ Hayakawa, S. (1987). "Cosmological implication of a new measurement of the submillimeter background radiation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 39 (6): 941–948. ISSN 0004-6264. Retrieved on 17 May 2012. 
  12. ↑ Fixsen, D. J. (1994). "Cosmic microwave background dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument". Astrophysical Journal 420 (2): 445–449. DOI:10.1086/173575. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 T. J. Sodroski (1994). "Large-Scale Characteristics of Interstellar Dust from COBE DIRBE Observations". The Astrophysical Journal 428 (2): 638–646. DOI:10.1086/174274. 
  14. ↑ Spiesman, W. J. (1995). "Near and far infrared observations of interplanetary dust bands from the COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment". Astrophysical Journal 442 (2). DOI:10.1086/175470. 
  15. ↑ Freudenreich, H. T. (1996). "The shape and color of the galactic disk". Astrophysical Journal 468: 663–678. DOI:10.1086/177724. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Dwek, E. (1998). "The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment search for the cosmic infrared background: IV. Cosmological Implications". Astrophysical Journal 508 (1): 106–122. DOI:10.1086/306382. 
  17. ↑ Planck's HFI Completes Its Survey of the Early Universe. ESA. Retrieved on 28 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Thomas (3 April 2013). Planck's Probe Map - A picture of the Universe. Spider Magazine. Retrieved on 28 May 2013.

Ihe odide

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Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Arny, Thomas T. (2002). Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy, 3rd, Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-241593-3. 
  • Liddle, A. R. (1993). "The Cold Dark Matter Density Perturbation". Physics Report — Review Section of Physics Letters 231 (1–2): 1–105. DOI:10.1016/0370-1573(93)90114-S. 
  • Odenwald, S. (1998). "A study of external galaxies detected by the COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment". Astrophysical Journal 500 (2): 554–568. DOI:10.1086/305737. 

Njikọ mpụga

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