Daisy Bates (onye na-eme ngagharị iwe)
ụdịekere | nwanyị |
---|---|
mba o sị | Njikota Obodo Amerika |
aha n'asụsụ obodo | Daisy Bates Monaliche |
Aha ọmụmụ | Daisy Lee Gatson, Дэйзи Ли Гатсон |
aha enyere | Daisy |
aha ezinụlọ ya | Bates |
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya | 11 Novemba 1914 |
Ebe ọmụmụ | Huttig |
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya | 4 Novemba 1999 |
Ebe ọ nwụrụ | Little Rock |
Ebe olili | Haven of Rest Cemetery |
Dị/nwunye | L. C. Bates |
ọrụ ọ na-arụ | onye ntaakụkọ, activist, lecturer, odee akwụkwọ |
ụdị ọrụ ya | civil rights |
ebe agụmakwụkwọ | Shorter College |
Ebe obibi | Daisy Bates House |
onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị | Democratic Party |
agbụrụ | Ndi Afrika nke Amerika |
Daisy Bates (November 11, 1914 - Nọvemba 4, 1999) bụ onye Amerika na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, onye nta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi nke keere òkè dị mkpa na Nsogbu Mgbakwunye Nkume Nta nke 1957.
Oge ọ malitere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Daisy Bates na Nọvemba 11, 1914, nna ya Hezekiah Gatson, na nne ya Millie Riley. Ọ tolitere na ndịda Arkansas na obere obodo Huttig. Hezekiah Gatson kwadoro ezinụlọ ahụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwọ osisi n'ụlọ igwe ihe dị n'ógbè ahụ. E gburu nne ya Millie Riley mgbe Daisy bụ nwa ọhụrụ, e nyekwara nwa agbọghọ ahụ ezigbo ndị enyi nne ya: Orlee Smith, onye agha ụwa nke mbụ, na nwunye ya Susie Smith. Nna [1] Hezekiah gbahapụrụ ya, Daisy ahụghịkwa ya ọzọ. [2] Ọnwụ Nnem, [1] Bates kọrọ na ọ mụtara, mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, na ndị ọcha atọ bi n'ógbè ahụ dinara nne ya n'ike ma gbuo ya, ma tụba ozu ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri, ebe e mechara chọta ya. [3]
Ịmụta na ọ dịghị onye a gbara akwụkwọ maka igbu ọchụ nne ya kpasuru Daisy iwe banyere ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Nna nkuchi ya, Orlee Smith, gwara ya na achọtaghị ndị gburu ya nakwa na ndị uwe ojii egosichaghị mmasị n'okwu ahụ. Daisy chọrọ ịbọ ọbọ. O mechara dee [4] .[5] mechara dee, sị: [1] Ọ malitere ịkpọ ndị ọcha asị. N'ihi nchegbu na olileanya, nna nkuchi ya nyere ya ndụmọdụ ụfọdụ site n'àkwà ọnwụ ya: Bates kwuru na ya echefubeghị nke ahụ. O kwenyere na ebe nchekwa a kwadoro ike ya maka idu ndú n'ihe gbasara ikike obodo..
Tupu Daisy ekpughe ọnwụ nne ya, ọ na ejikarị Beatrice, nwa agbọghọ ọcha dị ka afọ ya. [6] kesara mkpụrụ ego maka swiiti siri ike, ma nwee mmekọrịta dị mma.
Nwatakịrị Bates gụnyere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha [7] eze nke Huttig, ebe ọ mụtara n'onwe ya ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-ahụ. Orlee Smith nwụrụ mgbe Bates dị afọ iri na ụma, na-ahapụ ya na nne ya. Bates nwere ekele miri emi maka nna ya, na eduga n'echiche nke ya na ọ lụrụ di ya n'ihi na ya na nna ya nwekọrọ àgwà yiri nke ahụ. Bates nwere nnukwu otuto maka nwoke ahụ ebe ọ na enweghị ike "icheta oge nwoke a m kpọrọ nna m anaghị agwa m okwu dịka a ga-asị na m bụ okenye". N'adịghị ka mmekọrịta ha, Daisy na nne ya nwere mmekọrịta siri ike. Susie Smith ga- ta Daisy ahụhụ, onye "na-abụkarị onye a na eme ihe ike, na achịkwa, na agbanwe, ma mee ka ọ guzo na nkuku". [6] mgbe Orlee Smith nwụsịrị, ha abụọ nwere esemokwu.
Daisy dị afọ iri na asaa mgbe ọ malitere ịlụ Lucius Christopher Bates, onye na ere mkpuchi nke rụkwara ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na South na West. Daisy [8] naanị afọ iri na ise mgbe ha zutere na mbụ, Lucius ka lụrụ Kassandra Crawford. Lucius gbara nwunye mbụ ya alụkwaghịm na 1941 tupu ọ kwaga Little Rock ma malite Arkansas Steeti Pịa. Daisy [2] L.C. Bates lụrụ na Machị 4, 1942. [1]
N'afọ 1952, a họpụtara Daisy Bates ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Arkansas Conference nke alaka NAACP.
Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Arkansas State
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ha kwagara Obere Nkume, ndị Bates kpebiri ime ihe na nrọ ha, nwe akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ha gbazitere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke bụ nke akwụkwọ ụka ma mepee Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti, akwụkwọ akụkọ steeti kwa izu. Mbipụta mbụ pụtara na May 9, 1941.
Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti na echegbu onwe ya banyere akwụkwọ akụkọ nkwado ma bụrụ nke e ji ụdị akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke Afrika na Amerika nke oge ahụ, dị ka Chicago Defender na The Crisis. Akụkọ banyere ikike obodo na-agakarị na peeji ihu na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ jupụtara na akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-egosipụta ihe ndị Nwa Arkansans rụzuru. Foto dịkwa [9]'ụba n'akwụkwọ ahụ.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ghọrọ olu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ikike obodo ọbụna tupu otu mba ahụ anabata apụta. E mechara mara Daisy Bates dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.
Dị ka onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Arkansas State Conference nke NAACP, Bates tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ihe omume ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịkpa ókè. Ọ bụ ezie na na 1954 mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States na Brown v. Board of Education mere ka ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị iche iche bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Arkansas jụrụ idebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrika Amerika. Bates na di ya gbalịrị ịlụ ọgụ megide ọnọdụ ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha. Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti ghọrọ onye na-akwado ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke NAACP. Ndị nta akụkọ steeti dere, "Anyị chere na ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị ga-abụ maka ndị isi n'etiti agbụrụ Negro - ọ bụghị ọnụ, nwanne nna Toms, ma ọ bụ ndị na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị ka ha na ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ gbakọta ma nye ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ. "N'ihe gbasara iwu nke agụmakwụkwọ, Ndị nta akụkọ steeti zụlitere mmụọ nke ime ihe ozugbo n'ime obi nke ụmụ amaala Africa na ndị ọcha. N'adịghị ka usoro nke nta nke nta, akwụkwọ akụkọ a chọrọ mgbanwe ozugbo na usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke Arkansas. Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti kọrọ na NAACP bụ onye na-eduzi ihe omume mkpesa ndị a, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-emekwa ka mmetụta mba gbasaa iji mee ka ndị ọzọ tinye aka na ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ na Little Rock.
Ọ bụ ezie na Gọvanọ Orval Faubus na ndị na-akwado ya na-ajụ ọbụna nkwụsịtụ nke Central High School, nchịkọta akụkọ a pụtara na peeji ihu: N'oge niile ọ dị, Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti kpuchiri akụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya niile na-eme na steeti ahụ. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado njikọta agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma kpọsara nkwado ya nke ọma na ibe ya. N'afọ 1957, n'ihi ọnọdụ ya siri ike n'oge Nsogbu nkewa nke obere Rock, ndị mgbasa ozi na-acha ọcha mere mkpesa ọzọ iji nye akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ntaramahụhụ maka ịkwado nkewa. Nkwụsị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị ego, ma e wezụga ego nke bịara ozugbo na site na mgbasa ozi sitere n'ọfịs mba NAACP, na site na mkpọsa sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na mba ahụ dum. N'agbanyeghị nke a, Ndị nta akụkọ steeti enweghị ike ịnọgide na-enwe onwe ya ma bipụta mbipụta ikpeazụ na October 29, 1959. [9]
Mmekọrịta ya na NAACP
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Daisy Bates sonyeere alaka ụlọ ọrụ NAACP ozugbo ọ kwagara Obere Nkume. [4]'ajụjụ ọnụ ọ kọwara akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na nzukọ ahụ nakwa na "ọchịchọ ya niile nwere njikọ na nzukọ a". Nna ya bụ onye otu NAACP ọtụtụ afọ tupu mgbe ahụ ma ọ na akọ na ọ jụrụ ya ihe mere o ji sonye na nzukọ ahụ. O kwuru na nna ya ga eweta akwụkwọ ya ka ọ gụọ ma mgbe ọ matara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha, o kpebiri inye onwe ya, kwa.
[4]'otu ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ mgbe a jụrụ ya ihe ya na nzukọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ịgbanwe, Bates zaghachiri "usoro niile a na emebi emebi". Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ mgbe mkpebi Brown v. Board of Education gasịrị ka ọ malitere ilekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ.
Bates ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Arkansas Nzukọ nke Alaka na 1952 mgbe ọ dị afọ 38. Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma nọrọ na National Board nke NAACP ruo 1970. N'ihi ọnọdụ ya na NAACP, ndụ onwe onye Bates nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ọtụtụ oge. N'akụkọ ndụ ya, Bates tụlere ndụ ya dị ka onye isi oche nke NAACP na Arkansas:
Nsogbu Njikọ Little Rock
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bates na di ya bụ ndị dị mkpa na obodo ndị Afrika Amerika na isi obodo Little Rock. Ha bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii, Arkansas Ndị nta akụkọ steeti, nkewa kpọsara mmebi iwu nke mkpebi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu.
A ga-eme atụmatụ maka iwetu ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Little Rock n'usoro atọ, malite na mbụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị agadi na ndị obere, na mgbe ahụ, ọ bụ naanị mgbe njikọta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nke nta ga-aga nke ọma ka a ga-ejikọta ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị. Mgbe afọ abụọ na-enwebeghị ọganihu, a gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Little Rock School District na 1956. Ụlọikpe ahụ nyere ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu ka ha jikọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na September 1957. "Agha maka mkpụrụ obi Little Rock amalitela n'ezie, na Bates banyere ike."[Tinye edensibịa]
N'ịghọta oke itinye aka na nraranye ya na agụmakwụkwọ na ntinye akwụkwọ, Daisy bụ onye nnọchi anya a họọrọ. Mgbe a họpụtara ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii itoolu ka ha gaa Central High, Oriakụ Bates ga-anọnyere ha nzọụkwụ ọ bụla.
ka onye ndú nke alaka NAACP na Arkansas, Bates duziri ma nye ụmụ akwụkwọ itoolu ndụmọdụ, nke a maara dị ka Obere Nkume Nine, mgbe ha nwara idebanye aha na 1957 na Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Little Rock Central, ụlọ ọrụ na-acha ọcha n'oge gara aga. Mgbalị ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ mere ịbanye n'akwụkwọ kpatara esemokwu na Gọvanọ Orval Faubus, onye kpọrọ ndị National Guard ka ha gbochie ha ịbanye. Onye nche hapụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ka ha gafee ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. A gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ asatọ n'ime itoolu ka ha laghachi n'ụlọ. Otu nwa akwụkwọ, Elizabeth Eckford, enwetaghị ozi ahụ site n'aka Daisy Bates n'abalị gara aga ma otu ìgwè ndị ọcha zutere ya n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ na-anwa ịchọta ụmụ akwụkwọ asatọ ndị ọzọ n'ụtụtụ ahụ. Ìgwè mmadụ ahụ yiri egwu igbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ahụ; ndị òtù ìgwè mmadụ ahụ na-enye nsogbu ọ bụghị naanị ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe kamakwa ndị nta akụkọ Northern bịara ịkọ akụkọ ahụ.
Bates jiri nkà nhazi ya mee atụmatụ ụzọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ itoolu ịbanye na Central High. O mere atụmatụ ka ndị ụkọchukwu duru ụmụaka banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, abụọ n'ihu ụmụaka na abụọ n'azụ. O chere na ọ bụghị naanị na ha ga-enyere aka ichebe ụmụaka ahụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ kamakwa inwe ndị ụkọchukwu na-eso ha ga-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya dị ike megide ihe mgbochi nke ịkpa ókè. [citation needed] Bates gara n'ihu na ọrụ ya nke inyere mmadụ itoolu ahụ aka idebanye aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ gwara ndị mụrụ ha okwu ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụbọchị ahụ iji jide n'aka na ha maara ihe na-eme. Ọ sonyeere nzukọ nne na nna na onye nkuzi, ọ bụ ezie na o nweghị nwa akwụkwọ debanyere aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. nọgidere na-aga n'ihu ma ghọta na ọ dị ya mkpa ịchịkwa ọnọdụ ahụ iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.
Bates bụ onye dị mkpa n'oge ahụ nke Civil Rights Movement. Osro Cobb, onye ọka iwu United States maka Eastern District of Arkansas na-ezo aka na ya n'ihe ndekọ ya, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị: Ka o sina dị, ọrịa a na Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Central mere ka onye nlekọta Virgil Blossom chụpụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụbọchị mbụ nke nke nkewa, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ wee gbasaa. Onye isi ala US Dwight D. Eisenhower batara site n'ịmepụta ndị Arkansas National Guard ma zipụ 101st Airborne Division na Little Rock iji hụ na a na-etinye iwu ụlọ ikpe. Ndị agha nọgidere na-enwe usoro, ma wepụ nkewa. N'afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1958-59, Otú ọ dị, e mechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Little Rock na mgbalị ọzọ iji weghachite nkewa. A maara oge ahụ dị ka "Afọ furu efu" na Arkansas.
Ọrụ dị mkpa nke Bates n'oge Civil Rights Movement bụ ịkwado na iduzi Little Rock Nine. Ụlọ Bates ghọrọ [10] Historic Landmark na 2002 n'ihi ọrụ ya n'oge a na-ewepụ ndị mmadụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ụlọ ya bụ ebe ezumike maka Obere Nkume Nine. Atụmatụ nke otu a ga esi mee nkewa na ebumnuche itinye n'ọrụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ya n'oge mmegharị ahụ na kpọmkwem, ụlọ ahụ bụ ụzọ isi nyere aka nweta nkwado maka ikike obodo. Ụlọ ya bụkwa ebe gọọmentị na ahapụ ma na-ewere ọnọdụ maka Obere Nkume Nine tupu na mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị, kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi na ụlọ ya bụ ebe nzukọ gọọmentị, ọ ghọrọ ebe ime ihe ike ma ndị na-akwado ịkpa ókè na-emebi ya mgbe niile. N'afọ 1998, onye na-ekwuchitere Bates kwuru na Bates nwere obi amamikpe maka ọdịda ya n'ịgwa otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, Elizabeth Eckford, na ha na-egbu oge ịbanye na Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Central. Ezinụlọ nwatakịrị ahụ enweghị ekwentị, nna ya esighị n'ọrụ lọta ruo elekere atọ nke ụtụtụ. Eckford amaghị na ọ chọrọ ka nne na nna ya soro ya, ọ maghịkwa na ọ dị ya mkpa ka ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ndị ọzọ zukọta n'ụtụtụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, Eckford zutere ìgwè mmadụ n'onwe ya, mgbe onye nta akụkọ nwere obiọma, Grace Lorch, kpọpụrụ ya n'ime ìgwè mmadụ ahụ ma duzie ya gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ ala. N'abalị gara aga, Bates dara n'ụra tupu ya enwee ike iziga ozi ahụ n'ezinụlọ ahụ, nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwara ịga ụbọchị mbụ ya naanị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ bụghị naanị na Bates chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii nweta otu ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dịka ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha, kamakwa ọ chọrọ ime ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya maka agbụrụ niile ka ha nwee otu agụmakwụkwọ.
Ndị kansụl obodo Little Rock nyere onye isi ndị uwe ojii Little Rock iwu ijide Bates na ndị ọzọ NAACP; ya na onye isi alaka obodo ahụ wepụtara onwe ha. E boro ha ebubo na ha enyeghị ozi gbasara ndị otu NAACP maka ndekọ ọha na eze, na emebi iwu obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na onye ọka ikpe ahụ boro Bates ebubo ịkwụ ụgwọ, ndị ọka iwu NAACP rịọrọ arịrịọ ma mesịa merie n'ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke United Steeti. N'okwu yiri nke ahụ, ụlọ ikpe dị elu kpebiri na steeti Alabama enweghị ike ịmanye NAACP ka ọ nyefee ndị otu ya na ndị ọrụ steeti.
N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Bates, ọ na-ekwu na onyinye kachasị mkpa o nyere n'oge nsogbu Little Rock bụ: Martin Luther King Jr. zigara teligram na Septemba 1957 banyere Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Central na nsogbu Obere Nkume Nine. Ebumnuche King bụ ịgba Bates ume "ịgbaso ụzọ na-abụghị ime ihe ike", n'agbanyeghị na "ndị na-eyi egwu, ndị na-enweghị obi ebere na-eyi ya egwu". O mesiri ya obi ike, "Echiche ụwa dị na gị. Akọnuche omume nke ọtụtụ nde ndị ọcha America nọ na gị. " [11] Eze bụ onye ọbịa nke Bateses na Mee 1958 mgbe ọ kwuru okwu na mmalite Arkansas AM&N College. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe mmalite ahụ gasịrị, King gwara Daisy Bates ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu nke Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị na Dexter Avenue Chọọchị Baptist n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba. N'otu afọ ahụ a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu na ụka Baptist, a họpụtakwara ya na kọmitii na-achịkwa King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
Mmekọrịta Bates na Little Rock Crisis mere ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ha ghara inweta ego mgbasa ozi, a manyere ya imechi ya na 1959. N'afọ 1960, Daisy Bates kwagara New York City wee dee akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Ogologo onyinyo nke obere nkume, nke meriri 1988 Ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba.
Nsogbu a gosipụtara mmetụta nke òtù ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na omume Bates rụrụ ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị malitere imeghachi omume na nzukọ ahụ dị ka NAACP. Mgbe nsogbu Little Rock Nine gasịrị na Arkansas, obodo ahụ wepụtara iwu na òtù niile kwesịrị ikpughe ndepụta ndị otu ha, dị ka NAACP. The Encyclopedia nke Civil Rights na Amerika dere na,
Ndụ e mesịrị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bates wee kwaga Washington, D.C., wee rụọ ọrụ maka Kọmitii Mba Democratic. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na nchịkwa nke Onye isi ala US Lyndon Baines Johnson na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme mgbochi ịda ogbenye. N'afọ 1965, ọ dara ọrịa strok wee laghachi Little Rock.
N'afọ 1968, ọ kwagara n'ime ime obodo ndị isi ojii nke Mitchellville na Desha County, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Arkansas. O lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye ndụ ndị agbata obi ya site n'ịmepụta usoro enyemaka onwe onye nke na ahụ maka usoro nsị ọhụrụ, okporo ámá ndị a wụrụ awụ, usoro mmiri, na ụlọ ọrụ obodo.
Bates weghachiri Arkansas State Press na 1984 mgbe L. C. Bates, di ya, nwụrụ na 1980. N'otu afọ ahụ, Bates nwetakwara nzere Honorary Doctor of Laws, nke Mahadum Arkansas dị na Fayetteville nyere.
N'afọ 1986, Mahadum nke Arkansas Press bipụtara The Long Shadow of Little Rock, nke ghọrọ mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara iji nweta American Book Award. Onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ Eleanor Roosevelt dere okwu mmeghe maka akụkọ ndụ Bates. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ rere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, mana ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ. Little Rock kwụrụ [10] eleghị anya ụtụ kachasị mma, ọ bụghị naanị Bates kamakwa n'oge ọhụrụ o nyere aka ịmalite, site na imeghe Daisy Bates Elementary School na site n'ime Mọnde nke atọ na Febụwarị George Washington's Birthday na Daisy Gatson Bates Day ka ọ bụrụ ezumike steeti.
Bates nwụrụ n'ihi usoro ọrịa strok, na Little Rock na Nọvemba 4, 1999, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84.
Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sharon La Cruise mepụtara ma duzie ihe nkiri banyere Bates. Daisy Bates: First Lady of Little Rock malitere na February 2, 2012, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Independent Lens na PBS.
Mee 2014, Mahadum Rutgers nyere John Lewis Adams Ph.D. na akụkọ ihe mere eme maka edemede ya, Time For a Showdown, akụkọ ndụ na-akọ banyere ịrị elu Bates na di ya na mmetụta ha na Black activism na 1950s.
Nsọpụrụ na onyinye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- A họpụtara ya dị ka nwanyị nke Afọ na 1957 site na National Council of Negro WomenKansụl Mba nke Ụmụ nwanyị Negro
- Onye na-anata ya, tinyere Little Rock Nine nke 1958 Spingarn MedalIhe nrite Spingarn
- 1988 American Book AwardIhe nrite akwụkwọ America
- Nkwado Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Arkansas
- Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, Mahadum nke Arkansas, 1984
- Candace Award site na National Coalition of 100 Black Women, 1984[12]
- Diamond Cross nke Malta site na Philadelphia Cotillion Society
- Onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Delta Sigma Theta sorority
- Arkansas guzobere Mọnde nke atọ na Febụwarị dị ka "Ụbọchị ọmụmụ George Washington na Ụbọchị Daisy Gatson Bates", ezumike gọọmentị.
- A gbanwere aha Daisy L. Gatson Bates Drive, nke bụbu 14th Street, nke na-aga n'ebe ugwu nke Little Rock Central High School, maka ya.
- N'obodo ya bụ Huttig, e nwere Daisy L. Gatson Bates St.
- A na-akpọ Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Daisy Bates dị na Little Rock iji sọpụrụ ya.
- Kọmitii ezumike Daisy Bates [13] Onye nnọchi anya steeti Africa-America bụ Charles Blake nke Little Rock.
- Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Congress nke Onye isi ala Bill Clinton nyere ya na ndị ọzọ so na The Little Rock Nine na Nọvemba 1999.
- [14] Eprel 11, 2019, Gọvanọ Asa Hutchinson bịanyere aka n'iwu nke họpụtara Daisy Bates na onye na-agụ egwu Johnny Cash dị ka ndị nnọchi anya abụọ nke Steeti Arkansas na US Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection . [1]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ụlọ Daisy Bates, National Historic Landmark na Little Rock, Arkansas
- Ndepụta nke ndị isi ikike obodo
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Martin (4 Nov 1999). Daisy Bates, Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 84. The New York Times.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 McCaskill. Bates, Daisy (1914–1999), civil rights activist, newspaper founder and publisher. American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2017.
- ↑ Bates. "The Death of My Mother". ChickenBones: A Journal. Retrieved on 2011-04-02.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bates (October 11, 1976). Interview with Daisy Bates. Southern Oral History Program Collection. Documenting the American South.
- ↑ Reed (1996). "The Legacy of Daisy Bates". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 26 (5): 616–628.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stockley (2012). Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas. University Press of Missi.
- ↑ Daisy Bates – Biography & Facts. Retrieved on 23 January 2018.
- ↑ Meeting Ms. Daisy (en-US) (30 April 2018). Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved on 2019-05-25.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Stockley. Arkansas State Press. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved on November 1, 2013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Daisy L. Gatson Bates. National Park Service. Retrieved on 20 July 2020.
- ↑ Kasher, Steven. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. Print.
- ↑ Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990, Page 1. National Coalition of 100 Black Women. Archived from the original on March 14, 2003.
- ↑ Charles Blake. arkansashouse.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved on April 16, 2015.
- ↑ Daisy Bates, Johnny Cash statues headed to U.S. Capitol (11 April 2019).
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bartley, Numan V. "Looking Back at Little Rock." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 25.2 (1966): 101-116. n'ịntanetị
- Bates, Daisy The long shadow of Little Rock: A memoir (University of Arkansas Press, 2007), isi iyi.
- Calloway, Carolyn et al. "Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way". Journal of Black Studies (1996) 5#26: 616-628. doi:10.1177/002193479602600507. S2CID 145431981.
- Fradin, Judith Bloom, na Dennis B. Fradin. Ike nke otu: Daisy Bates na obere Rock Nine (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004).
- Kirk, John A. "Daisy Bates, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis: A Gendered Perspective." na Gender in the Civil Rights Movement (Routledge, 2014) peeji nke 17-40.
- Kirk, John A., na Minnijean Brown Trickey. Beyond Little Rock: Mmalite na ihe nketa nke Central High crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe nketa nke Daisy Bates". Arkansas Historical Quarterly 26 (5): 616-628. JSTOR 2784887
- Stockley, Grif. Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader si Arkansas (2012).
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Daisy Bates Papers Mahadum nke Arkansas, Ngalaba Nchịkọta Pụrụ Iche, MC 582
- Caselaw: Bates v Little Rock
- Ajụjụ ọnụ Oral History na Daisy Bates site na Oral Histories of the American SouthAkụkọ Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ndịda America
- "Daisy Gatson Bates", Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry.
- Daisy BatesnaChọta Ili
- Norwood, Arlisha "Daisy Bates". National Women's History Museum. 2017.