Ken Saro-Wiwa
Ken Saro-Wiwa |
|---|
Kenule Beeson "Ken" Saro-Wiwa (10 Ọktoba 1941 ruo 10 Nọvemba 1995) bụ onye edemede Naijiria, onye na-emepụta ihe ngosi telivishọn, na onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] Ken Saro-Wiwa bụ onye otu ndị Ogoni, agbụrụ pere mpe na Naịjirịa nke ala nna ya bụ, AlaOgoni, na Niger Delta, lekwasịrị anya metụta nchọpụta mmanụ ala kemgbe afọ 1950 ma nwee nnukwu mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ịtụfu ihe mkpofu mmanụ ala.[2]
Na mbido dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu nke ya, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche, nke Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Saro-Wiwa duziri mkpọsa na-enweghị ihe ike megide mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ala na mmiri nke Ogoniland site na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ mba dị iche iche, ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ Royal Dutch Shell.[3] Ọ katọrọ gọọmentị Naijiria maka enweghị mmasị itinye iwu metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala mba ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ.[4]
N'oge ọ na-eme ngaharị na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike, ụlọ ikpe ndị agha[5] pụrụ iche kpere ya ikpe maka ebubo na ọ na-eduzi ogbugbu ndị isi Ogoni na nzukọ na-akwado gọọmentị, ma kwụgbuo ya na 1995 site n'aka ọchịchị aka ike nke General Sani Abacha.[6] Ogbugbu ya kpasuru iwe mba ụwa ma mee ka a kwụsị Naịjirịa na Commonwealth of Nations ruo ihe karịrị afọ atọ.[7][8]
Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Oge ọ malitere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A mụrụ Kenule Saro-Wiwa na Bori, nso Port-Harcourt, Naijiria n'abalị iri nke ọnwa Ọktoba 1941.[1] Ọ bụ nwa Chief Jim Wiwa, onye na-elekọta ọhịa nke nwere ọkwa na usoro ndị isi ọchịchị ala Naijiria, na nwunye ya nke atọ Widu. Ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Saro-Wiwa mgbe Agha Obodo Naịjirịa gasịrị. [1] Ọ lụrụ Maria Saro Wiwa.[9] Obodo nna ya bụ obodo Bane, AlaOgoni, nke ndị bi na ya na-asụ asụsụ Khana nke bụ olundị asụsụ Ogoni. Ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ Anglican mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma mesịa gosipụta onwe ya na ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ magburu onwe ya na akwụkwọ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Native Authority dị na Bori, [1] wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Government College Umuahia . Nwa akwụkwọ pụrụ iche, ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu egwuregwu tennis table ma nweta ihe nrite ụlọ akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Bekee. [1] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ Bekee na Mahadum Ibadan . Na Ibadan, ọ banyere n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịbendị, ọ meriri ihe nrite ngalaba na 1963 na 1965 ma rụọ ọrụ nke otu ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. [1] Ndị otu a na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ngosi ha na Kano, Benin, Ilorin na Lagos ma soro otu ihe nkiri Nottingham Playhouse rụkọọ ọrụ nke gụnyere onye na-eto eto Judi Dench. [2] Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nkuzi na Mahadum Lagos ma mesịa na Mahadum Naịjiria, Nsukka. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi akwụkwọ edemede Afrịka na Nsukka mgbe agha obodo malitere, ọ kwadoro Gọọmentị etiti ma hapụ mpaghara ahụ gaa n'obodo ya na Bori. Na njem ya na Port-Harcourt, ọ hụrụ ìgwè ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-alaghachi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ihe ọ kọwara dị ka "ihe na-ewute ịhụ". [1] Ụbọchị atọ mgbe ọ bịarutere Bonny, ọ danyere n'aka ndị agha gọọmentị etiti. Ya na ezinụlọ ya wee nọrọ na Bonny, ọ laghachiri Lagos wee were ọnọdụ na Mahadum Lagos nke na-adịteghị aka ka a kpọhachiri ya na Bonny.[10]
A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa obodo maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Bonny dị na Niger Delta. N'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa, o mere onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndú Ogoni raara onwe ya nye ihe ọchịchị etiti. [1] Ọ sochiri ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkwa na nhọpụta dị ka onye kọmishọna na Rivers State ochie. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a kacha mara amara, Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (1985), na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa okorobịa obodo na-amaghị nke a kpọrọ ka ọ bụrụ onye agha n'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa nke 1967 ruo 1970, ma na-eme ka nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado na ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjiria nke oge ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ agha ya, On a Darkling Plain (1989), na-edekọ ahụmahụ ya n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye ọchụnta ego na-eme nke ọma na onye na-emepụta ihe ngosi telivishọn. Usoro telivishọn ya na-atọ ọchị, Basi & Company, bụ ihe a ma ama nke ukwuu, nke na ndị na-ege ntị ruru nde iri atọ.[11]
Na mbido nke afọ 1970, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna mpaghara nke agụmakwụkwọ na Rivers State Cabinet.[12] Mana a chụpụrụ ya na 1973 n'ihi nkwado ya maka nnwere onwe Ogoni.[13] Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, o guzobere ọtụtụ azụmaahịa na-aga nke ọma na ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ, ma n'ime afọ 1980 o lekwasịrị anya na edemede ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ na mmepụta ihe ngosi telivishọn.[12] N'afọ 1977, ọ banyere n'ọgbọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azọ ọkwa dị ka onye na-anọchite anya Ogoni na Nzukọ Iwu. Ọ meriri na ntuli aka ahụ n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi. [1] Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ya na enyi ya Edwards Kobani nwere esemokwu.[14]
A kwụsịrị ọrụ akọnuche ya n'afọ 1987 mgbe ọ batara na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe onye ọchịchị aka ike ọhụrụ bụ Ibrahim Babangida họpụtara ya iji nyere aka na mgbanwe mba ahụ gaa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[15] Mana ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi na o chere na atụmatụ Babangida maka ịlaghachi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ ihe na-enweghị isi. E gosipụtara mmetụta ya ziri ezi n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe Babangida hapụrụ igosipụta ike. N'afọ 1993, Babangida kagburu ntuli aka nke Naịjirịa nke ga-enyefe ike nye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị, ke kpatara ọgba aghara obodo ma mesịa manye ya ịpụ, ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, n'otu afọ ahụ.
Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọrụ Saro-Wiwa gụnyere ọrụ ihe nkiri, ihe ngosi TV na edemede agụmagụ .[16] Ọrụ mbụ ya site na 1970 ruo 1980 bụ ihe ngosi nkwutọ nke na-egosipụta ọdịdị na-emegide ọha mmadụ Naijiria.: 269 Mana ihe odide ya ndị ọzọ sitere na mkpali nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka gburugburu ebe obibi na ikpe ziri ezi karịa nkwutọ.[17][18]
Transistor Radio, otu n'ime egwuregwu ya a ma ama: E dere maka revue n'oge ọ nọ na mahadum Ibadan ma ọ ka na-emetụta mmụọ mkpali ndị Naijiria nke ọma ma mee ka ọ bụrụ usoro telivishọn. [citation needed] Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya sitere n'ike mkpali mmụọ site na egwuregwu ahụ.[17] N'afọ 1972, e mepụtara ụdị redio nke egwuregwu ahụ ma n'afọ 1985, o mepụtara Basi and Company, ihe ngosi nke egwuregwu ahụ. Ọ gụnyere egwuregwu ahụ na Four Farcical Plays na Basi and Company: Four Television Plays . Basi and Company, nke Transistor Radio, gbara na telivishọn site na 1985 ruo 1990. Ihe ngosi ntọ ọchị,: ihe ngosi ahụ na-akọ akụkọ ndụ obodo ma bụrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Basi, onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na onye maara ihe na-achọ ụzọ iji mezuo ebumnuche ya nke inweta ọtụtụ nde nke na-ejedebe mgbe mbọ niile n'aghọ ọrụ efu. [citation needed][17]
N'afọ 1985, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Biafran Civil War Sozaboy.[19] E dere asụsụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee na-abụghị nke a ma ama ma ọ bụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "Bekee Rere ure", asụsụ ngwakọta nke pidgin bekee, Bekee ọkọlọtọ na Bekee ngwakọta.[20][1][20][21]
Ịgba mbọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 1990, ọ malitere itinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ya na ikike mmadụ na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị n'ala Ogoni.[1] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ so na Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), nke kwadoro ikike nke ndị Ogoni. Ogoni Bill of Rights, nke MOSOP dere, setịpụrụ ihe ndị otu ahụ chọrọ, gụnyere mmụba nnwere onwe maka ndị Ogoni, òkè ziri ezi nke ego a na-enweta site na nchọpụta mmanụ, na idozi mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ala Ogoni.[22] Karịsịa, MOSOP lụrụ ọgụ megide mmebi nke ala Ogoni site na nke Royal Dutch Shell.[23]
N'afọ 1992, gọọmentị ndị agha Naijiria tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa, n'enweghị ikpe ekpere ya.[24][25]
Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization bụ (UNPO) na aha ichafụ General Assembly site na 1993 ruo 1995.[26] UNPO bụ òtù mba ụwa, nke na-adịghị eme ihe ike, na nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya (nke MOSOP bụ onye otu ya).[27] Ndị otu ya bụ ụmụ amaala, ndị ka nta, na mpaghara ndị a na-amaghị nke ọma ma ọ bụ ndị bi na ya bụ ndị sonyeere iji chebe ma kwalite ikike mmadụ na ọdịbendị ha, iji chekwaa gburugburu ha na ịchọta ngwọta na-enweghị ihe ike maka esemokwu na-emetụta ha.[28]
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 1993, MOSOP haziri ngagharị udo nke ihe dị ka ndị Ogoni Narị puku atọ karịa ọkara nke ndị Ogoni site na obodo Ogoni anọ, na-adọta uche mba ụwa na nsogbu ndị ha.[24] N'otu afọ ahụ, gọọmentị Naijiria weghaara mpaghara ahụ n'ụzọ agha.[29]
Njide na ogbugbu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị ọchịchị Naijiria jidere ya ọzọ ma jide ya na June 1993 mana a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe otu ọnwa gasịrị.[30] N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1994, e ji obi ọjọọ gbuo ndị isi Ogoni anọ (ndị niile nọ n'akụkụ nkewa n'ime MOSOP maka atụmatụ).[31] A machibidoro Saro-Wiwa ịbanye Ogoniland n'ụbọchị ogbugbu ahụ, mana e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo ịkpali ha. Ọ gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ mana a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu a chọpụta na ikpe mara ya ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ site n'ụlọ ikpe a kpọrọ aha pụrụ iche.[32] Otu ihe ahụ mere ndị isi MOSOP asatọ ndị ọzọ, tinyere Saro-Wiwa, bụ ndị a maara dị ka Ogoni itoolu.[33]
Egwú[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndị otu egwu Itali bụ Il Teatro degli Orrori raara abụ ha "A sangue freddo" ("N'ọbara oyi" na-abụkwa egwu nke abọm nke abụọ ha) nye Saro-Wiwa.[34]
- Ndị otu Finland Ultra Bra raara abụ ha "Ken Saro-Wiwa on__ilo____ilo____ilo__" ("Ken Saro -Wiwa anwụọla") nye Saro-Viwa.[35]
- Ogbugbu Saro-Wiwa kpaliri egwu "Rational" nke otu egwu Canada bụ King Cobb Steelie.[36]
- Onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria bụ Nneka na-ezo aka na Saro-Wiwa n'abụ ya "Soul is Heavy".[37][38]
Okporo ámá[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Amsterdam kpọrọ okporo ámá aha Saro-Wiwa, Ken Saro-Viwastraat.[39]
Ihe ndetu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A gbasara ihe ngosi BBC World Service Radio, "Silence Would Be Treason", na ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2022. Ọ bụ nwa ya nwanyị Noo Saro-Wiwa na-egosi ya ma Ben Arogundade na-agụpụ̀ta ya.[40]
Ndụ onwe onye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Saro-Wiwa na nwunye ya bụ Maria nwere ụmụ ise, ndị ya na nne ha bị na United Kingdom ebe nna ha nọgidere na Naịjirịa. Ha gụnyere ndị, Ken Wiwa na Noo Saro-Wiwa, ma ndị nta akụkọ ma ndị edemede, na ejima Noo Zina Saro-Viwa, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.[41][42] Na mgbakwunye, Saro-Wiwa nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ bụ (Singto na Adele) nke nwanyị ọzọ mụtaara ya.[41] O nwekwara nwa nwoke ọzọ, bụ Kwame Saro-Wiwa, onye dị naanị otu afọ mgbe e gburu nna ya site na nkwugbu.[43]
Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Canadian author J. Timothy Hunt's The Politics of Bones (September 2005), published shortly before the 10th anniversary of Saro-Wiwa's execution, documented the flight of Saro-Wiwa's brother Owens Wiwa, after his brother's execution and his own imminent arrest, to London and then on to Canada, where he is now a citizen and continues his brother's fight on behalf of the Ogoni people. Moreover, it is also the story of Owens' personal battle against the Nigerian government to locate his brother's remains after they were buried in an unmarked mass-grave.[44]
- Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria (1998), edited by Abdul Rasheed Naʾallah, provides more information on the struggles of the Ogoni people[45]
- Onookome Okome's book, Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent (1999)[46] is a collection of essays about Wiwa
- In the Shadow of a Saint: A Son's Journey to Understanding His Father's Legacy (2000), was written by his son Ken Wiwa.
- Saro-Wiwa's own diary, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, was published in January 1995, two months after his execution.
- In Looking for Transwonderland - Travels in Nigeria, his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa tells the story of her return to Nigeria years after her father's murder.
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Saro-Wiwa (1973). Tambari. Ikeja: Longman Nigeria. ISBN 978-0-582-60135-2.
- Saro-Wiwa (1979). Tambari in Dukana. Lagos, Nigeria: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-60137-6.
- Saro-Wiwa (1983). A Bride for Mr. B. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 978-1-870716-26-0.
- Saro-Wiwa (1985). Songs in a Time of War. Port Harcourt: Saros. ISBN 9789782460004.
- Saro-Wiwa (1986). Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English. Port Harcourt: Saros. ISBN 978-2460-02-8.
- Saro-Wiwa (1986). A Forest of Flowers. Port Harcourt: Saros International. ISBN 9780582273207.
- Saro-Wiwa (1987). Mr. B. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros. ISBN 978-1-870716-01-7.
- Saro-Wiwa (1987). Basi and Company: A Modern African Folktale. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros. ISBN 978-1-870716-00-0.
- Saro-Wiwa (1987). Basi and Company: Four Television Plays. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros. ISBN 978-1-870716-03-1.
- Saro-Wiwa (1988). Prisoners of Jebs. Port Harcourt [u.a.]: Saros. ISBN 978-1-870716-02-4.
- Saro-Wiwa (1989). Mr. B Goes to Lagos. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 9789782460059.
- Saro-Wiwa (1989). Adaku & Other Stories. London: Saros International. ISBN 1-870716-10-8.
- Saro-Wiwa (1989). Four Farcical Plays. London: Saros International. ISBN 1-870716-09-4.
- Saro-Wiwa (1989). On a Darkling Plain: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War. Epsom: Saros. ISBN 1-870716-11-6.
- Saro-Wiwa (1989). The Transistor Radio. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 978-1-870716-06-2.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). Nigeria: The Brink of Disaster. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 9781870716161.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). Similia: Essays on Anomic Nigeria. London: Saros International. ISBN 978-2460-20-6.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). Pita Dumbrok's Prison. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 978-2460-19-2.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). Mr. B Is Dead. London, Lagos, Port Harcourt: Saros International Publishers. ISBN 1-870716-14-0.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). Segi Finds the Radio. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 978-1-870716-12-3.
- Saro-Wiwa (1991). A shipload of Rice. London: Saros International. ISBN 978-1-870716-13-0.
- Saro-Wiwa (1992). Mr. B's Mattress. London: Saros International. ISBN 978-2460-24-9.
- Saro-Wiwa (1992). Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy. London: Saros. ISBN 1-870716-22-1.
- Saro-Wiwa (1995). A Forest of Flowers: Short Stories. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-27320-7.
- Saro-Wiwa (1995). A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-025914-8.
- Saro-Wiwa (1996). The Singing Anthill: Ogoni Folktales. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International. ISBN 978-1-870716-15-4.
- Saro-Wiwa (1996). Lemona's Tale. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-026086-1.
- Saro-Wiwa (2005). A Bride for Mr B. London: Saros. ISBN 1-870716-26-4.
- Saro-Wiwa (2018). Silence would be treason: Last writings of Ken Saro-Wiwa. Ottawa: Daraja Press. ISBN 978-1-988832-24-1.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịjirịa
- Isaac Adaka Boro
- Ndepụta ndị si Rivers State
- Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na Naịjirịa
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ken Saro-Wiwa | Nigerian author and activist | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ "Ogoni 9 execution anniversary: Who be Ken Saro-Wiwa", BBC News Pidgin, 11 November 2019. Retrieved on 27 May 2020. (in pcm)
- ↑ Ken Saro-Wiwa. FantasticFiction. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.
- ↑ Environmentalist Leader – Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995). Tunza Eco Generation (16 November 2015). Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.
- ↑ Ken Saro-Wiwa's battle for justice (en). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 28 March 2022.
- ↑ Buhari mulls pardon for Saro-Wiwa, others 26 years after execution (en-US). Punch Newspapers (23 October 2021). Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995) (en-gb). Ogoni News (5 July 2019). Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.
- ↑ 10 Quick Facts On Ken Saro-Wiwa (en-US). The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News (10 November 2020). Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Ndege (10 November 2015). Ken Saro-Wiwa's widow talks about execution 20 years on. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved on 2 March 2021.
- ↑ Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist (en-US). nigerdeltaconnect.com (16 October 2021). Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ Brooke. "Enugu Journal; 30 Million Nigerians are Laughing at Themselves", The New York Times, 24 July 1987. Retrieved on 10 February 2017.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Saro-Wiwa, Kenule 1941–1995 | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Ken Saro Wiwa | Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries. zodml.org. Retrieved on 26 February 2022.
- ↑ Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist (en-US). nigerdeltaconnect.com. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Remembering Ken Saro-Wiwa, 19 years after (en-US). TheCable (10 November 2014). Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ McIntyre (1996). "The Writer as Agitator: Ken Saro-Wiwa" (in en). Afrika Spectrum 31 (3): 295–311.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Schulze-Engler (2006). "Civil Society and the Struggle for Democratic Transition in Modern Nigerian Drama", in Matzke: Of Minstrelsy and Masks : the legacy of Ezenwa-Ohaeto in Nigerian writing. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 267–292. ISBN 9042021683.
- ↑ "Analysis | The complex life and death of Ken Saro-Wiwa", Washington Post. Retrieved on 23 March 2022. (in en-US)
- ↑ Uzoatu (15 November 2020). The Literary Lives and Times of Ken Saro-Wiwa (en-US). THISDAYLIVE. Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 North (2001). "Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy: The Politics of "Rotten English"". Public Culture 13 (1): 97–112. DOI:10.1215/08992363-13-1-97. ISSN 1527-8018. Retrieved on 31 March 2021.
- ↑ Uwasomba (1 December 2011). "War, violence and language in Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy" (in en). Neohelicon 38 (2): 487–498. DOI:10.1007/s11059-010-0085-2. ISSN 1588-2810.
- ↑ Refugees. Refworld | The Ogoni Crisis: A Case-Study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria (en). Refworld. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.. Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved on 10 November 2011.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ken Saro-Wiwa: A foremost environmentalist (en-US). The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (10 November 2019). Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ A Month and a Day. www.goodreads.com. Retrieved on 27 September 2022.
- ↑ Clean the Niger Delta – 'We all stand before history', Ken Saro-Wiwa, 1995. UNPO (19 October 2010). Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved on 10 November 2011.
- ↑ UNPO: Ogoni. unpo.org. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ UNPO: About UNPO. unpo.org. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved on 19 July 2021.
- ↑ Saro-Wiwa (1992). Genocide in Nigeria : the Ogoni tragedy. London: Saros International Publishers. ISBN 1-870716-22-1. OCLC 27043040.
- ↑ The Life & Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa: The Struggle for Justice in the Niger Delta. adiama.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved on 3 December 2010.
- ↑ Refugees. Refworld | Nigeria: Information on a demonstration or rally organized by the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP) in Ogoniland in May 1994 which preceded the killing of four Ogoni chiefs (en). Refworld. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Ken Saro Wiwa | Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries. zodml.org. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
- ↑ Pilkington. "Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing", The Guardian, 9 June 2009. Retrieved on 7 May 2010.
- ↑ ((Super User)). Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941-1995) (en-gb). Ogoni News. Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ Ultra Bra (1996), "Ken Saro-Wiwa on kuollut" on their album Vapaaherran elämää.
- ↑ King Cobb Steelie (1997), "Rational" on their album Junior Relaxer.
- ↑ Soul Is Heavy song lyrics. Genius.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved on 17 December 2019.
- ↑ Nneka (2011), "Soul is Heavy" on her album Soul Is Heavy.
- ↑ Street named after Ken Saro Wiwa in Amsterdam (photos) (en). Linda Ikeji's Blog (22 June 2016). Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ McGreevy. "Last letters of Nigerian activist published", The Irish Times. Retrieved on 1 March 2022. (in en)
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Henley. "Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa's daughter remembers her father", The Guardian, 30 December 2011. Retrieved on 12 February 2015.
- ↑ Berens. "'I've seen a different face of Nigeria'", The Daily Telegraph, 28 May 2004. Retrieved on 12 February 2015.
- ↑ From 'Silence Would Be Treason' - the last writings of Ken Saro-Wiwa. openDemocracy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved on 2 March 2021.
- ↑ The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil (en). Quill and Quire (21 October 2005). Retrieved on 1 March 2022.
- ↑ (1998) in Na'Allah: Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria. Africa World Press. ISBN 0865436479.
- ↑ Okome, Onookome (1999). Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent. Africa World Press.
Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Doron (2016). Ken Saro-Wiwa. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821422014.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- "Standing Before History: Cheta Ken Saro-Wiwa" na PEN World Voices, nke Guernica Magazine kwadoro na New York City na 2 Mee 2009.
- "Ihe ize ndụ nke ime ihe ike: Ken Saro-Wiwa" nke Anthony Daniels dere
- Akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa e bipụtara na New York Review of Books obere oge tupu ogbugbu Saro-Wiwa.
- Nwa Ken Saro-Wiwa, Ken Wiwa, dere akwụkwọ ozi na openDemocracy.net banyere mkpọsa ịchọ ikpe ziri ezi maka nna ya na ikpe megide Shell "America in Africa: plunderer or part"
- Ntọala Ken Saro-Wiwa
- Cheta mkpọsa Saro-Wiwa
- PEN Centres na-asọpụrụ ncheta Saro-Wiwa
- The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO) 1995 Ogoni akụkọ
- Onye natara Right Livelihood Award
- The Politics of Bones, nke J. Timothy Hunt dere
- Wiwa v. Ihe ọmụma nnwale Shell
- Ken Saro-Wiwa na Mahadum Maynooth
- Ken Saro-Wiwa na Digital Repository nke Ireland