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Ụbọchị Ụlọ mposi Ụwa

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Ụbọchị Ụlọ mposi Ụwa

Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa (WTD) bụ ụbọchị ncheta mba ụwa nke United Nations na 19 Nọvemba iji kpalie ime ihe iji dozie nsogbu ịdị ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1][2] N'ụwa niile, ijeri mmadụ 4.2 na-ebi na-enweghị "nlekọta dị ọcha" na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 673 na-eme nsị n'èzí.  : 74 Sustainable Development Goal 6 na-ezube "Nchọpụta na njikwa mmiri na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile".[3] Karịsịa, ebumnuche 6.2 bụ "Kwụsị ime mposi na-emeghe ma nye ohere maka ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha". Mgbe e bipụtara Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020, Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations António Guterres kwuru, "Taa, Sustainable Development goal 6 bụ ihe na-adịghị mma" ma ọ "na-egbochi ọganihu na 2030 Agenda, mmezu nke ikike mmadụ na inweta udo na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa". [4]

Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa dị iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara, tinye aka ma kpalie ha ime ihe iji mezuo ebumnuche a. Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN kwupụtara na Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa bụ ụbọchị UN n'afọ 2013, mgbe Singapore weputara mkpebi ahụ (mkpebi mbụ ya n'ihu Nzukọ Ezuma nke UN nke mba 193 so na ya).[5][6] Tupu nke ahụ, World Toilet Organization (a Singapore-based NGO) guzobere World Toilet Day na 2001.[7]

UN-Water bụ onye nnọchi anya World Toilet Day. UN-Water na-elekọta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ World Toilet Day ma na-ahọrọ isiokwu pụrụ iche maka afọ ọ bụla. N'afọ 2020, isiokwu ya bụ "Nchịkọta na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adịgide adịgide".[8] N'afọ 2019, isiokwu ya bụ 'Ahapụghị onye ọ bụla n'azụ', nke bụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Isiokwu n'afọ ndị gara aga gụnyere ihe ngwọta sitere na okike, Mmiri mkpofu, ụlọ mposi na ọrụ, na ụlọ mposi yana nri na-edozi ahụ.[9][10] Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa bụ nke mkpọsa nkwukọrịta na ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Ndị Òtù UN, òtù mba ụwa, òtù ndị obodo na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-eme atụmatụ ihe omume iji mee ka a mara ma kpalie ime ihe.

Ụlọ mposi dị mkpa n'ihi na ịnweta ụlọ mposi na-arụ ọrụ dị nchebe nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụike ọha na eze, ùgwù mmadụ, na nchekwa onwe onye, ọkachasị maka ụmụ nwanyị.[11] Usoro nhicha nke na-adịghị agwọ nsị (ọnyá) n'enweghị nsogbu na-enye ohere mgbasa nke ọrịa. Ọrịa ndị siri ike a na-ebute n'ala na ọrịa ndị a na-efe na mmiri dị ka ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, ịba ọsịsa, dysentery na schistosomiasis nwere ike ịkpata.

Nkwekọrịta

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Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na Germany na-agba ọsọ "Urgent Run" iji mee emume World Toilet Day 2014
Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa 2014 "Urgent Run" na Senegal
Ememe Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa 2015 na Pakistan

N'afọ 2013, UN-Water na "Thematic Priority Area (TPA) na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na isi ọcha" natara ikike ilekọta ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa kwa afọ. A kọwara ikike a na Mkpebi Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu A/67/L.75 . [12]

Na ntụle ya na UN-Water World Toilet Day Task Force, nke ndị otu UN-Water mejupụtara, UN-Water na-ahọrọ isiokwu dabere na akụkọ mmepe mmiri ụwa nke afọ ahụ wee wepụta ọdịnaya maka mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ụbọchị ụlọ mposi Worldwa.[13]

UN-Water na-elekọta webụsaịtị ụbọchị ụlọ mposi nke ụwa nke na-akwalite isi okwu na akụkọ, na-enye akụrụngwa nkwukọrịta na mkpọsa, ma kwupụta mmemme na ohere isonye.[14]

Mgbasa ozi ụbọchị ụlọ mposi nke ụwa n'ozuzu na-achịkọta ọha mmadụ, ndị na-eche echiche, otu ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị, ndị agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ na ọha na eze ka ha sonye na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na mgbasa ozi metụtara. N'ikpeazụ, ebumnuche bụ ịgba ndị otu na gọọmentị ume ka ha hazie ihe omume na ime ihe gbasara ịdị ọcha iji nwee ọganihu na ebumnuche Sustainable Development Goal 6..[14]

Isiokwu kwa afọ

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Onye na-eduga "The Big Squat" n'oge Singapore "Urgent Run" 2016 bụ Jack Sim, n'ahịrị n'ihu aka ekpe, onye guzobere World Toilet Organization.

Malite na 2012, a na-ahọrọ isiokwu ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa maka afọ ọ bụla wee bụrụ ntọala nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi metụtara ya. Kemgbe 2016, ejirila otu isiokwu kwa afọ maka ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa na ụbọchị mmiri ụwa, dabere na akụkọ mmepe mmiri ụwa..

  • 2012 - "M na-enye ihe, ị na-eme?" (okwu mmeghe) [15]
  • 2013 - Njem na mmiri
  • 2014 - Ịha nhata na ùgwù [16]
  • 2015 - Ụlọ mposi na nri na-edozi ahụIhe oriri na-edozi ahụ
  • 2016 - Ụlọ mposi na ọrụ
  • 2017 - Mmiri mkpofu[9]
  • 2018 - Ngwọta ndị dabeere na okike (okwu mmeghe: "Mgbe okike na-akpọ")
  • 2019 - A hapụghị onye ọ bụla n'azụ - Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-adọta uche na ndị ahụ "a hapụrụ n'azụ n'enweghị ịdị ọcha na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke enweghị ọrụ. [17][18][19][20] Nke a nwere njikọ chiri anya na Sustainable Development Goal 6 nke nwere ebumnuche iwepụ nsị n'èzí ma hụ na "onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịnweta ọrụ nhicha na-adịgide adịgide site na 2030, na-elebara mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị ike anya anya".
  • 2020 - Nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide na Mgbanwe ihu igwe [8][21]
  • 2021 - Ịtụle ụlọ mposi - WTO na Bill Gates kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na enwere ike inye ihe mkpofu ụlọ mposi uru, mgbe ahụ, a ga-emepụta ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nhicha ọ bụla gụnyere uru maka ndị ọchụnta ego nwere mmasị itinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara ya.
  • 2022 - Mmiri n'okpuru ala na ịdị ọcha - na-eme ka Ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya hụ anya.

Ihe atụ nke ihe omume na ihe omume

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Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta akụkọ metụtara ụlọ mposi (ma ọ bụ nke metụtara ịdị ọcha) na Ụbọchị Ụlọ mposi Ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:

  • The Toilet Board Coalition (2017) "Economics nke ịdị ọcha"[22]
  • Mmiri na ịdị ọcha maka ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo (WSUP) (2017) "Ntụziaka iji mee ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ike maka njikwa nsị" [23]
  • The International Labour Office (ILO) (2016) "WASH@Work: akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọzụzụ onwe onye[24]
  • WHO, UNICEF na USAID (2015) "Imeziwanye Nsonaazụ Nri na Mmiri Ka Mma, Ịdị ọcha na Ịdị ọcha: Ngwọta bara uru maka Iwu na mmemme" [25]

Ihe omume

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  • 2019: Ihe omume akwadoro maka ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa nke 2019 gụnyere dịka ọmụmaatụ ogbako na USA nke isiokwu ya bụ "Njikwa Manuure - Gịnị Poop Pụrụ Ịkụzi Ndị Ntorobịa!", Nrụnye nka na Ireland n'okpuru isiokwu "Chee echiche tupu ị na-asacha", na "Ụlọ mposi maka mmadụ niile. Mgbasa ozi na mpaghara ime obodo" na Madhya Pradesh, India [26] [27][28]
  • 2018: Ihe omume maka Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa na 2018 gụnyere ihe omume dị iche iche dị ka 'hackathon' na Ghana iji kwalite ngwọta dijitalụ, nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe nke Ndị injinia na-enweghị ókèala na Denmark, ihe ngosi na mkparịta ụka nke ihe nkiri Bollywood Ụlọ mposi: Ek Prem Katha (n'asụsụ Bekee - Ụlọ Mposi Ụlọ mposi: Akụkọ Ịhụnanya) na Canada, na asọmpi eserese ụlọ akwụkwọ na India.[29][30][31][32][33]
  • 2017: Ndị otu Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) jiri ike gburugburu World Toilet Day na 2017 melite isiokwu Wikipedia na isiokwu ndị metụtara WASH. [34] Nke a nyere aka na agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze banyere nsogbu ịdị ọcha.[35] Ihe ngosi "Follow the Flush," nke e wepụtara na 19 Nọvemba 2017, kụziiri ndị mmadụ ihe na-eme n'okpuru okporo ámá nke New York City mgbe mmadụ kpochapụrụ ụlọ mposi na Manhattan.[36] Na-eduga na World Toilet Day 2017, obodo dị iche iche n'ụwa niile gbakọtara maka "Urgent Runs" nke nwere isiokwu dị ọcha. E mere ihe karịrị ihe omume 63 na mba 42. Ihe omume gụnyere ịgba ọsọ ntụrụndụ, ịga ije, mmemme nhicha ụlọ mposi, carnivals na ọbụna ngagharị ọgba tum tum.[37] Mba ndị sonyere gụnyere: Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, China, Congo-Brazzaville, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, United States na Vietnam.[38][39][37]

Mmetụta

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Mmetụta mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta

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Mgbasa ozi ụbọchị ụlọ mposi nke ụwa na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya na-erute ọtụtụ nde mmadụ site na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, webụsaịtị raara onwe ya nye na ọwa ndị ọzọ. 2017, hashtag #WorldToiletDay nwere ike iru ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 750 na mgbasa ozi ọha.: 17  N'afọ 2018, ikike iru eru mụbara site na 15%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2017; Ọrụ ịntanetị na ndị edemede mụbara site na 12% na 22% ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2017, n'otu n'otu..[40]: 32 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa kwupụtara n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 2013 na nnọkọ nke 67 nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN na New York

N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2001, Jack Sim, Onye ọrụ ebere si Singapore, guzobere NGO World Toilet Organization (WTO). O mechara kwupụta na 19 Nọvemba bụ Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa.[41] A họọrọ aha "World Toilet Day" ọ bụghị "World Sanitation Day" maka ịdị mfe nke ozi ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ mposi bụ naanị ọkwa mbụ nke usoro nhicha.[42]

Ihe omume World Toilet Day na mkpọsa mmata ọha na eze na-eme ka ọha na eze mara banyere usoro mkpofu dị iche iche nke gụnyere ọgwụgwọ mmiri, njikwa nsị, njikwa Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo, njikwa Mmiri ozuzo, ịdị ọcha, na Ịsa aka. Ọzọkwa, UN Sustainable Development Goals na-akpọ maka ihe karịrị naanị ụlọ mposi. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 6 na-akpọ maka ịdị ọcha zuru oke, nke na-agụnye usoro dum iji hụ na a na-edozi ihe mkpofu n'enweghị nsogbu.[3]

WTO malitere ịmanye maka nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ maka Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa na, na 2007, Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) malitere ịkwado Ụbọchị Ụlọ Posi Ụwa, kwa. Mgbalị ha iji mee ka a mara nsogbu nke ịdị ọcha na 2010 mgbe UN kwupụtara ikike mmadụ maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha dị ka ikike mmadụ.[2]

N'afọ 2013, atụmatụ jikọrọ aka n'etiti Gọọmentị Singapore na World Toilet Organization dugara na mkpebi UN mbụ nke Singapore, nke akpọrọ "Sanitation for All".[6] Mkpebi ahụ na-akpọ oku ka e mee ihe n'otu n'otu iji kwụsị nsogbu ịdị ọcha n'ụwa. A mara Ụbọchị Ụlọ Mposi Ụwa dị ka ụbọchị UN n'afọ 2013. Mba 122 nabatara mkpebi ahụ na nnọkọ nke 67 nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN na New York.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (SDGs) nọchiri Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) na 2016. N'ụbọchị ụlọ mposi ụwa na 19 Nọvemba 2015, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Ban Ki-moon gbara ume ka e mee ihe dị ukwuu iji mee ka mbọ dị ọhụrụ iji nye mmadụ niile ohere zuru oke. Ọ chetara onye ọ bụla "Kpọọ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Sanitation" nke a malitere na 2013, na ebumnuche ịkwụsị nsị n'ihu ọha n'afọ 2025.[43] O kwukwara, sị: "N'ọtụtụ akụkọ, ịdị ọcha bụ ihe kachasị njọ nke Millennium Development Goals".[43]

A na-asọpụrụ osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN, Jan Eliasson, na World Toilet Day na 2016 na New York maka mkpebi siri ike ya imebi iwu mkpofu.[44]: 23 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o nyefere ozi vidiyo nye ndị bịara mmemme WaterAid na Unilever jikọrọ aka na European Parliament na World Toilet Day 2014. [45] N'afọ 2016, UN-Water kwadoro "A Toast for Toilets" na New York na United Nations Mission of Singapore.[44] : 23 : 23 

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nwatakịrị na-asụ nsị n'ọwara mmiri dị na Gege n'obodo Ibadan, Naịjirịa

N'ụwa niile, ijeri mmadụ 4.2 na-ebi na-enweghị "nlekọta dị ọcha" na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 673 n'ụwa niile na-eme nsị n'èzí.  : 74 Ịnọ mamịrị n'èzí nwekwara ike isi ike maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị ọchịchịrị eme ihe iji nye ha nzuzo, mana mgbe ahụ ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị a wakporo mgbe ha nọ naanị ha n'abalị.[11][46]

E mere atụmatụ na 58% nke ọrịa afọ ọsịsa niile n'ụwa niile n'afọ 2015 sitere na mmiri na-adịghị mma, adịghị ọcha na omume dị ọcha na-adịghị, dị ka Ịsa aka ezughi oke. Nke a mere ka ọkara nde ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise nwụọ site na afọ ọsịsa kwa afọ. E mere atụmatụ na inye ịdị ọcha ga-ebelata ohere nke ụmụaka na-arịa afọ ọsịsa site na 7-17%, na ọnwụ ndị na-erubeghị afọ ise site na 5-20%.[47]

ikike mmadụ maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha ka United Nations (UN) General Assembly nabatara dị ka ikike mmadụ na 28 Julaị 2010. Enweghị ike ịnweta mkpofu (ụlọ mposi) nwere mmetụta na ahụike ọha na eze, ùgwù, na nchekwa.[11] Mgbasa nke ọtụtụ ọrịa (dịka helminthiasis na-ebute n'ala, afọ ọsịsa, schistosomiasis) na uto na-ebelata n'ime ụmụaka nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na ndị mmadụ na-ahụ Nsị mmadụ n'ihi na ụlọ mposi adịghị ma ọ bụ anaghị eji ya eme ihe.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke 6 na-ezube inye mmadụ niile ịdị ọcha.

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Bindeshwar Pathak onye ọsụ ụzọ ọzọ
  • Ụbọchị Ịsa Aka Ụwa Nile
  • Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na ịdị ọcha
  • Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwoke nke Mba Nile, kwa na 19 Nọvemba
  • Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha
  • WASH
  • Nsogbu mmiri na mba ndị na-emepe emepe

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ What is World Toilet Day?. World Toilet Day. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved on 16 November 2017.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Call to action on UN website. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved on 19 October 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 18 November 2017. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ United Nations launches framework to speed up progress on water and sanitation goal (11 July 2020). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved on 2 September 2020.
  5. ↑ World Toilet Day 19 November – Background. United Nations. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved on 30 November 2017.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chan. "Singapore's first UN resolution adopted; now, every Nov 19 is World Toilet Day", The Straits Times, 24 July 2013. Retrieved on 11 December 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 20 year anniversary of the World Toilet Organization (en). World Toilet Day. Retrieved on 2022-04-23.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 World Toilet Day 2020 (en-GB). World Toilet Day. UN Water. Retrieved on 2020-12-08. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 World Water Development Report 2017 (en-US). UN-Water. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved on 12 November 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ World Toilet Day Website – About (2015). Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved on 12 October 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cavill. Violence, gender and WASH: A practitioner's toolkit: Making Water, Sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services. WaterAid, SHARE Research Consortium. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved on 7 October 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autogenerated3" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ UN resolution A/67/L.75. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved on 22 August 2015.
  13. ↑ UN-Water's Campaigns. UN-Water (United Nations). Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved on 19 November 2018.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 World Toilet Day 2018. UN-Water. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved on 27 September 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ "Dies irae", The Economist, 24 November 2012. Retrieved on 18 September 2017.
  16. ↑ Gjersoe. "World Toilet Day. Yuck!", The Guardian, 20 November 2014. Retrieved on 10 August 2015.
  17. ↑ World Toilet Day 2019. UN-Water. Retrieved on 9 December 2020.
  18. ↑ United Nations World Water Development Report. Unesco (11 February 2019). Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved on 25 April 2019.
  19. ↑ World Toilet Day Theme. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved on 8 October 2019.
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  25. ↑ (2015) Improving nutrition outcomes with better water, sanitation and hygiene: practical solutions for policies and programmes. 1.Nutrition Disorders – etiology. 2.Water Quality. 3.Sanitation. 4.Hygiene. Health. 5.Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice. World Health Organization, UNICEF, USAID. ISBN 978-92-4-156510-3. Retrieved on 14 November 2017. 
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  28. ↑ Toilets for all Campaign in Rural areas. World Toilet Day – Events. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
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  35. ↑ Join the SuSanA Sanitation Wikipedia project. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) (10 October 2017). Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.
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  39. ↑ "More than 2,000 young people run urgently because of clean toilets", Electronic newspaper Vietnam Education, 15 November 2015. Retrieved on 13 April 2017.
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  41. ↑ "Don't Laugh: World Toilet Day Aims to Promote Sanitation, Rid World of Disease", Fox News, 19 November 2008. Retrieved on 20 October 2015.
  42. ↑ Tilley (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, 2nd, Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). ISBN 978-3-906484-57-0. Retrieved on 15 November 2017. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Marking World Toilet Day, UN urges 'open, frank' discussion on importance of hygiene and sanitation (19 November 2015). Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved on 15 November 2017.
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  45. ↑ A message from the UN Deputy Secretary-General on World Toilet Day 2014. YouTube (17 November 2014). Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved on 15 November 2017.
  46. ↑ Lennon (November 2011). "Fear and anger: Perceptions of risks related to sexual violence against women linked to water and sanitation in Delhi, India". SHARE (Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity) and WaterAid, UK. Retrieved on 7 October 2015. 
  47. ↑ Gunther (April 2010). "Water, Sanitation and Children's Health Evidence from 172 DHS Surveys". The World Bank Development Economics Prospects Group (5275). Retrieved on 7 October 2015. 
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