Asụsụ Proto-Niger-Congo
Proto-Niger-Congo bụ asụsụ proto-asụsụ e wughachiri nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo.
Eziokwu ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[1]'adịghị ka Nilo-Saharan, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị Africa na-anabata asụsụ Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo (n'ụzọ siri ike, Niger-Congo ma ewezuga asụsụ Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon na Ijoid) ka Glottolog 4.4.
Mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Blench (2006, [2] 2016[3]) na-atụ aro na Proto-Niger-Congo malitere ihe dị ka afọ 11-10,000 tupu ugbu a n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke "Green Sahara" nke Africa (ihe dịka Sahel na ndịda Sahara), nakwa na mgbasa ya nwere ike ijikọta ya na mgbasa nke ụta na akụ site na ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụda ụda[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[4]Larry Hyman (2016) na-eweghachi Ụda abụọ dị iche iche maka Proto-Niger-Congo, nke bụ: [5]
Ọdịdị ụdaume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eche na Proto-Niger-Congo nwere usoro mgbọrọgwụ disyllabic yiri nke Proto-Bantu, ya bụ (C) V-CVCV [6] (Williamson 2000, [7] wdg). Otú [8] dị, Roger Blench (2016) na-atụ aro usoro syllabic trisyllabic (CVCV) maka mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Niger-Congo, [6] ebe Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) na-egosi na isi usoro prototypical nke mgbọrọgwụ proto-Niger - Congo bụ *CVC, tinyere disyllabic, trisyllabic, na ọdịiche ndị ọzọ. [2]
Ọdịdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụdị aha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere ike ịmegharị klas aha maka Proto-Niger-Congo. Ntinye aha na Proto-Niger-Congo gụnyere: [1]
- aha klas 1: prefix maka otu mmadụ
- aha klas 2: prefix maka ọtụtụ mmadụ
- aha klas 6A: prefix maka aha mmiri na aha buru ibu ("uncountables")
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ akara aha Niger-Congo (Good 2020:145, [9] site na Schadeberg 1989:72 [10]):
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, na Proto-Atlantic verbal extensions (Good 2020:146, [9] site na Hyman 2007:157 [11]):
| Ụdị nsonaazụ | Proto-Niger-Congo | Proto-Bantu | Ụgbọ mmiri Proto-Atlantic |
|---|---|---|---|
| ngwa | *-nke | *-ɪd | *-ed |
| ihe kpatara ya | *-nke a, *-ti | *-ic-i | *-afọ |
| ihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ | *-o | *-ɪb-ʊ | *-V[+azụ] |
| n'etiti onwe ya | *-na | *-afọ | *-adọ |
| reversive | *-na | *-ʊd | *-ɪt |
- ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ: pend 'ịhụnanya'
- na-emegharị: pendana 'ịhụ ibe gị n'anya'
- ngwa: Pendua 'ịhụnanya'
- ihe kpatara ya: Pendza 'ịdị mma'
Aha nnọchiaha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Güldemann'[1] (2018) Proto-Niger-Congo pronoun reconstructions, maka pronouns nke mbụ na nke abụọ (otu na otutu), ka enyere n'okpuru ebe a.
| otu | ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|
| Onye nke mbụ | *mVfront | *TVclose |
| Onye nke abụọ | *mVback | *NVclose |
[12] (2013) bụ nyocha zuru ezu nke nnọchiaha n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru ezu.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Konstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ebipụtala nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọnụọgụ Proto-Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru oke maka alaka ndị dị ala nke Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293) [13] na Güldemann (2018: 147) wughachiri nọmba ndị a maka Proto-Niger-Congo. [1]
| Ọnụ ọgụgụ | Proto-Niger-Congo (Pozdniakov 2018) |
Proto-Niger-Congo (G промеemann 2018) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ku- (n) -di (> ni/-in), *do, *gbo/*kpo | |
| 2 | *ba-di | *Ri |
| 3 | *tath / *tath | *ta (C) |
| 4 | *na (h) m | *na (C) |
| 5 | *tan, *nu (n) | *nU |
| 6 | 5+1 | |
| 7 | 5+2 | |
| 8 | *na (i) nai (< 4 reduplicated) | |
| 9 | 5+4 | |
| 10 | *pu / *fu | |
| 20 | < 'onye' |
| Ụdị Niger-Congo | Aha a na-ahụkarị | Aha sayensị | Ihe edeturu |
|---|---|---|---|
| #-bal- | mkpịsị aka spp. | Raphia sudanica; Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-kundi- | nkwụ dryzone | Phoenix reclinata; Borassus aethiopum; Raphia sp. | |
| #-bila- | nkwụ mmanụ (?) | Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-eli- | nkwụ mmanụ | Elaeis guineensis | |
| #-iri- | nkwụ mmanụ | Elaeis guineensis | |
| # (n) gbaŋ- | nkwụ | Borassus aethiopum | |
| #lona[14] | Osisi igurube | Parkia biglobosa | |
| #- (g) bụrụ | Nri akị | Nkọwa nitida, Nkọwa acuminataAkụ́ akụ́ | |
| #goro | Nri akị | Nkọwa nitida, Nkọwa acuminataAkụ́ akụ́ | |
| #kum | Osisi ogho | Ceiba pentandra | |
| #kom- | Mahogany nke Africa | Khaya senegalensis | |
| #ŋ-kpunu | Shea tree; 'mmanụ, abụba' | Ihe na-emegide onwe ya | |
| #-par | Osisi oliv, kandụl ọhịa nke Afrịka | Canarium schweinfurthii | |
| #kVN- | sorghum, ọka Guinea | Sorghum bicolor | |
| #mar (d) a | pearl millet | Pennisetum glaucum | gbasakwara na West ChadicEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Chadic |
| [15]#fundi[1] | fonio | Ịgba ọsọ dijitalụ | na Mande, Atlantic, Gur, wdg. |
| #ku; #ji[2] | yam | Dioscorea spp. | |
| #-tom | yam elu | Dioscorea bulbifera | gbasaa na Naijiria na ọdịda anyanwụ Cameroon [14] |
| #koko | cocoyam, taro | Mkparịta ụka a tụrụ atụ | |
| #zo (ko) | ehi | Vigna unguiculata | na Central Nigeria; Benue-Congo nwere *kón (Proto-Manenguba) na *-kʊ́ndè (Proto) [2] |
| #-kpa[2] | Mkpụrụ osisi Bambara | Osisi vaịn dị n'okpuru ala | West Benue-Congo |
| #-gunu[2] | Mkpụrụ osisi Bambara | Osisi vaịn dị n'okpuru ala | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Benue-Congo |
| #-wi | Mkpụrụ osisi Bambara | Osisi vaịn dị n'okpuru ala | Asụsụ ndị dị n'elu ugwu |
| #-kora | Mkpụrụ osisi a na-akpọ calabash | Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbita spp. | |
| #kom- | unere | Musa spp. | |
| #konde | osisi | Musa paradaịs | |
| #maaló (?) | osikapa | Oryza glaberrima | [2] Proto-Manding; ụdị a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka [1] |
Aha osisi ndị ọzọ nwere nkesa zuru oke na West Africa:
- Milicia excelsa: odum, iroko (na Ghana na Nigeria) [2]
- Funtumia elastica (osisi rọba): o-fruntum (na Ghana) [2]
- Sesamum indicum (sesame): #-sVwa (Benue-Congo) [2]
- Abelmoschus esculentus (okra): ɔ́kʊrʊ, ɪkɪabʊ, akɛnɛta (n'ebe ndịda Naijiria) [14]
Anụmanụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ ihe owuwu nke Niger-Congo maka aha anụmanụ nke Blench nyere (2007 [16]), yana ụfọdụ ihe owuwe ihe ubi dabere na Blench (2006). [2]
| Ụdị Niger-Congo | Aha a na-ahụkarị | Nbudata |
|---|---|---|
| #jata | ọdụm | Mande-Congo |
| #guni | ọdụm | ụdị mpaghara |
| #-bungu | hyena | Volta-Congo |
| #-bit | hyena | Proto-Benue-Kwa |
| #murum | hyena | Central Nigeria |
| #gbali | enyí | Mande-Congo |
| #-nyi | enyí | Benue-Kwa? ; pụtakwara 'ụgbụgbọ' |
| #-dị mma | enyí | Volta-Congo |
| #-bu | nkịta | Proto-Niger-Congo |
| #kuru[2] | Agụ iyi | Niger-Congo (Proto-Bantu nwere #-gandu) [2] |
| #budi[2] | ewu | Niger-Congo (Afroasiatic na Nilo-Saharan nwere #k-r-) [2] |
| #-ga[2] | Onye na-akpa ákwà n'obodo | Benue-Congo[2] |
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Asụsụ Proto-Bantu
- Asụsụ Proto-Afro-Eshia
- Haplogroup E-M2
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Güldemann (2011). "Proto-Bantu and Proto-Niger-Congo: Macro-areal Typology and Linguistic Reconstruction", Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 109. DOI:10.1075/tufs.2.09gul. ISBN 978-90-272-0769-2.
- Sim (2017). "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction, Paris, LLACAN, September 1–3, 2016". Journal of Language Relationship 14 (3–4): 207–210. DOI:10.31826/jlr-2017-143-408. ISSN 2219-4029.
- Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Ịdị n'otu nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo. Akwụkwọ e gosipụtara maka 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
ezu nke ọnụọgụ Proto-Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru oke maka alaka ndị dị ala nke Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293) na Güldemann (2018: 147) wughachiri
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Güldemann (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa", in Güldemann: The Languages and Linguistics of Africa, The World of Linguistics series. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 58–444. DOI:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Guldemann" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Blench (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759104655. Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759104655. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "BlenchAfricanPast" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Blench, Roger. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ Hyman, Larry. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ Hyman (2016). "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo". UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Reports 12. DOI:10.5070/P7121040722. ISSN 2768-5047.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Blench, Roger. 2016. Supposing we have been completely wrong about the shape of early Niger-Congo roots?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ Williamson, Kay. 2000. Proto-Niger-Congo. In: H. Ekkehard Wolff, Orin D. Gensler (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, pp.49-70. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896451248.
- ↑ Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2016. Proto-Niger-Congo root structures. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). ‘Kordofanian’, in J. Bendor-Samuel (ed.). The Niger-Congo Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family, 66-80. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
- ↑ Hyman, L. M. (2007). ‘Niger-Congo verb extensions: overview and discussion’, in D. L. Payne and J. Pena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, 149-63.
- ↑ Babaev (2013). Нигеро-конголезский праязык: Личные местоимения (in ru). Языки славянской культуры (ЯСК). ISBN 978-5-9551-0642-7. OCLC 861922684.
- ↑ Pozdniakov (2018). The numeral system of Proto-Niger-Congo: A step-by-step reconstructio (pdf), Niger-Congo Comparative Studies, Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1311704. ISBN 978-3-96110-098-9.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Blench, Roger. 2016. Reconstructing African agrarian prehistory by combining different sources of evidence: methodological considerations and examples for west African economic plants. In: News from the Past; Progress in African Archaeobotany. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Vienna, 2-5th July, 2012. U. Thanheiser ed. 13-26. Groningen: Barkhuis.
- ↑ Blench (2012). "Vernacular names for African millets and other minor cereals and their significance for agricultural history". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 8 (1): 1–8. DOI:10.1007/s12520-012-0104-5. ISSN 1866-9557.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2007. Lexical avoidance taboos and the reconstruction of names for large animals in Niger-Congo, an African language phylum. In: Edmond Dounias, Elisabeth Motte-Florac and Margaret Dunham (eds). Le symbolisme des animaux - l’animal “clef de voûte” dans la tradition orale et les interactions homme-nature. 545-569 + unpaginated appendices. Paris: Editions IRD.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- N'ebe Proto-Niger-Congo nọ: Ntụnyere na Nrụzigharị
- Ọrụ nrụzigharị Niger-Congo na LLACAN