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Idei mmiri

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Idei mmiri n'okporo ámá dị na Morpeth, England

Iju mmiri bụ njupụta nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ adịkarịghị mmiri ndị ọzọ) na-emikpu ala nke na-abụkarị nkụ. N'echiche nke "mmiri na-asọ", a pụkwara itinye okwu ahụ n'ọrụ na ntinye nke tide. Iju mmiri bụ mpaghara ọmụmụ nke hydrology ịdọ aka ná ntị ma na-enwe nchegbu dị ukwuu na ọrụ ugbo, injinia obodo na ahụike ọha. Mgbanwe ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-abawanye ike na ugboro ugboro nke idei mmiri, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbanwe eji eme ala dị ka igbutu osisi na iwepụ ala mmiri, mgbanwe n'ụzọ mmiri ma ọ bụ njikwa idei mmiri dị ka na levees, na nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe na oke osimiri. bilie. Karịsịa oke mmiri ozuzo na oke ihu igwe na-abawanye na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye oke ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata idei mmiri, na-ebute oke idei mmiri na oke egwu idei mmiri.

Ide mmiri nwere ike ime dị ka mmiri na-ejupụta na mmiri, dị ka osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, nke mmiri ahụ na-agafe ma ọ bụ na-agbaji oghere, na-eme ka ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri ahụ gbanarị oke ya, ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ime n'ihi nchịkọta. nke mmiri ozuzo na ala juputara na idei mmiri mpaghara. Ọ bụ ezie na oke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọzọ ga-adịgasị iche na mgbanwe oge nke mmiri ozuzo na snow na-agbaze, mgbanwe ndị a n'ịdị elu agaghị ele anya dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama ma ọ bụrụ na ha rikpuru ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ rie anụ ụlọ.

Iju mmiri nwekwara ike ime n'osimiri mgbe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmiri na-eru n'ike karịrị ike nke ọwa mmiri ahụ, karịsịa n'ebe mgbanaka ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị n'akụkụ mmiri. Iju mmiri na-emebikarị ụlọ na ụlọ ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha nọ na ala iju mmiri sitere n'okike nke osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ike iwepụ mmebi idei mmiri site n'ịpụpụ n'osimiri na mmiri ndị ọzọ, ndị mmadụ na-ebikarị ma na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ osimiri n'ihi na ala na-adịkarị larịị ma na-eme nri na n'ihi na osimiri na-eme njem dị mfe na ịnweta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ. Iju mmiri nwere ike bute nsonaazụ nke abụọ na mgbakwunye na mmebi nke ihe onwunwe, dị ka ịchụpụ ndị bi na ogologo oge na ime ka mmụba nke ọrịa na-ebute mmiri na ọrịa vector-bourne nke anwụnta na-ebute.  

Nlegharị anya nke idei mmiri nke New Orleans mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị.
Idei mmiri nke iyi n'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na oke mmiri ozuzo dị na Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
Idei mmiri na Jeddah, kpuchiri King Abdullah Street na Saudi Arabia.

Ógbè

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N'oge opupu ihe ubi, idei mmiri ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Ostrobothnia, ebe dị larịị na Finland. Ụlọ idei mmiri gbara gburugburu na Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.

Iju mmiri nwere ike ime n'ebe dị larịị ma ọ bụ dị ala mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-ebute mmiri ma ọ bụ snow na-agbaze ngwa ngwa karịa ka ọ nwere ike ịbanye ma ọ bụ gbapụ. Mfefe ahụ na-akwakọba ebe, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo omimi dị ize ndụ. Ala dị n'elu nwere ike ijuju, nke na-akwụsị ịbanye n'ime mmiri nke ọma, ebe okpokoro mmiri na-emighị emi, dị ka ala idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ site na oké mmiri ozuzo site na otu ma ọ bụ usoro oké ifufe. Ntinyebanye na-adị ngwa ngwa site na ala oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ, okwute, kọnkịta, paving, ma ọ bụ n'elu ụlọ. Oke idei mmiri na-amalite n'ebe dị larịị dị ka ala idei mmiri na na mpaghara ịda mbà n'obi na-ejikọtaghị na ọwa iyi, n'ihi na ọsọ ọsọ nke oke ala na-adabere na mkpọda elu. Ọgba mmiri endorheic nwere ike ịnweta idei mmiri n'akụkụ n'oge oge mmiri ozuzo karịrị evaporation.

Idei mmiri n'osimiri

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Iju mmiri na-eme n'ụdị osimiri na ọwa iyi niile, site na obere iyi ephemeral nke dị na mpaghara iru mmiri ruo na ọwa mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ ruo n'osimiri kasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Mgbe oke ala na-eme n'ubi a kụrụ akụ, ọ nwere ike ịkpata idei mmiri apịtị ebe a na-eburu sediments site na agbapụ ma buru ya dị ka ihe kwụsịtụrụ ma ọ bụ ibu akwa. Enwere ike ịkpata ma ọ bụ mee ka idei mmiri dị n'ime ya dịkwuo njọ site na mgbochi mmiri mmiri dị ka mbuze, ice, irighiri ihe, ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri beaver.

Ide mmiri na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emekarị n'osimiri buru ibu nke nwere nnukwu ọdọ mmiri. Mmụba na-erute nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo na-adịgide adịgide, snow na-agbaze ngwa ngwa, udu mmiri, ma ọ bụ cyclones okpomọkụ. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu osimiri nwere ike inwe ihe omume idei mmiri ngwa ngwa n'ebe ndị nwere ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike inwe nnukwu mmiri mmiri mana obere ọwa mmiri, na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịka njọ na mpaghara nta nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ.

Ihe omume idei mmiri ngwa ngwa, gụnyere idei mmiri mberede, na-emekarị na obere osimiri, osimiri nwere ndagwurugwu dị elu, osimiri ndị na-asọba n'ọtụtụ oge ha n'elu ala mmiri na-adịghị, ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri na-akpọnwụ. Ihe kpatara ya nwere ike ịbụ mmiri ozuzo (oké égbè eluigwe) ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ mberede site na mmiri ozuzo nke e mepụtara n'azụ mmiri, mbuze, ma ọ bụ glacier. N'otu ihe atụ, idei mmiri gburu mmadụ asatọ na-anụ ụtọ mmiri n'ehihie Sọnde na nsụda mmiri a ma ama na ndagwurugwu dị warara. Enweghị mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla a hụrụ, ọnụego mmiri ahụ mụbara site na ihe dị ka 50 ruo 1,500 cubic feet kwa sekọnd (1.4 ruo 42 m3/s) n'ime naanị otu nkeji.[1] Idei mmiri abụọ buru ibu mere n'otu ebe ahụ n'ime otu izu, mana ọ dịghị onye nọ na nsụda mmiri n'ụbọchị ndị ahụ. Idei mmiri ahụ na-egbu egbu sitere na égbè eluigwe n'elu akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri, ebe ndagwurugwu nkume dị elu, na ala dị nro jupụtara.

Oke idei mmiri bụ ụdị idei mmiri na-ahụkarị na ọwa akọrọ na mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke a maara dị ka arroyos na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States na ọtụtụ aha ndị ọzọ n'ebe ndị ọzọ. N'ebe ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri mbụ ga-abata na-agwụcha ka ọ na-agba mmiri n'àkwà mmiri nke ájá ájá. N'ọnụ ụzọ nke idei mmiri ahụ si otú a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu karịa ka emechara ma na-asọ elu. N'ihi ya, akụkụ nke hydrograph na-ebili na-adịwanye ngwa ngwa ka idei mmiri ahụ na-aga n'okpuru mmiri, ruo mgbe oke mmiri na-asọpụta dị ukwuu nke na njedebe site na mmiri mmiri na-aghọ ihe na-abaghị uru.

Idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri

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  Mmiri na-efe n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike jupụta n'oké osimiri na nnukwu ebili mmiri na nnukwu ebale mmiri n'oké mmiri, na-akpata ebili mmiri karịrị nchebe idei mmiri ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ siri ike site na tsunami ma ọ bụ oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ. Oké ifufe, site na oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ oké ifufe extratropical, na-ada n'ime ụdị a. Oké ifufe bụ "mmụba ọzọ nke mmiri nke oké ifufe na-emepụta, n'elu na n'elu e buru n'amụma".[2] N'ihi mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe (dịka ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na mmụba nke ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike) na mmụkọta nke ndị bi n'ógbè ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mmebi nke ihe omume idei mmiri kpatara emeela ka ọ sie ike ma na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.[3]

Idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu

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Idei mmiri n'ọnụ mmiri na-esikarị na njikọta nke oké ifufe na-ebute ikuku na nrụgide barometric dị ala na nnukwu ebili mmiri na-ezute nnukwu osimiri.

Idei mmiri n'okporo ámá mmiri dị na Toledo, Ohio, 1881
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Ọdachi

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Oke idei mmiri dị n'osimiri nwere ike ịpụta site na nnukwu ọdịda akụrụngwa, na-abụkarị ọdịda nke mmiri mmiri. Ọ nwekwara ike bute ya site na ngbanwe ọwa mmiri na-agbapụta site na ndakpọ ala, ala ọmajiji ma ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere idei mmiri na-adapụta na lahar. Tsunamis nwere ike ịkpata oke idei mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke na-esitekarị na ala ọma jijiji n'okpuru oke osimiri.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

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Idei mmiri n'ihi Cyclone Hudhud na Visakhapatnam

A na-ebute idei mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ihe ma ọ bụ nchikota nke ọ bụla n'ime oke mmiri ozuzo na-adịte aka (n'ime mpaghara ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbapụta gburugburu), snow na-agbaze nke ukwuu, ifufe siri ike n'elu mmiri, oke mmiri na-adịghị ahụkebe, tsunamis, ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke dams, levees, njigide. ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ na-ejigide mmiri. Enwere ike ime ka idei mmiri ka njọ site na ụbara elu nke enweghị mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe egwu ndị ọzọ dị ka ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ mmiri ozuzo.

N'oge mmiri ozuzo, a na-ejigide ụfọdụ mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ala, ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa riri ụfọdụ, ụfọdụ na-agbaze, ndị ọzọ na-agafe ala dị ka mmiri na-asọba n'elu ala. Idei mmiri na-eme mgbe ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ala osimiri, ala, na ahịhịa enweghị ike ịmị mmiri niile.

Emeela ka nke a ka njọ site na ọrụ mmadụ dị ka ikposa ala mmiri nke na-echekwa oke mmiri na ndammana na-ewu ebe awara awara nke na-adịghị etinye mmiri ọ bụla. Mmiri na-esikwa n'ala pụta n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ a na-apụghị ibu n'ime ọwa iyi ma ọ bụ dowe ya n'ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na ọdọ mmiri ndị mmadụ mere. Ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke mmiri ozuzo niile na-aghọ mmiri na-asọpụta na mmiri na-agbaze nwere ike ịbawanye ego ahụ..[4]

Oke mmiri ozuzo na-ebutekarị idei mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ snow na-agbaze na-abawanye. A na-akpọ idei mmiri nke na-ebili ngwa ngwa, na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị, a na-akpọ idei mmiri. Oke idei mmiri na-ebutekarị site na oke mmiri ozuzo n'obere mpaghara, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ejularị site na mmiri ozuzo gara aga.

Idei mmiri na-eme n'ọtụtụ osimiri, na-emepụta mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu nke a maara dị ka ala mmiri. Ọbụna mgbe mmiri ozuzo dịtụ obere, oke ifufe nwere ike iju mmiri n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri - dịka n'oge ajọ ifufe - nke na-ebugharị mmiri n'ime ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri.

Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ ghara ịdị mma

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Ọnụ ego, ọnọdụ, na oge nke mmiri na-erute ọwa mmiri na-esi na mmiri ozuzo sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-ekpebi erute na ebe mgbada. Ụfọdụ mmiri ozuzo na-ekupụ, ụfọdụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-asọba n'ala, ụfọdụ nwere ike ịnọ nwa oge dị ka snow ma ọ bụ ice, ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmịpụta ngwa ngwa site na elu nke gụnyere nkume, pavement, elu ụlọ, na ala jupụtara ma ọ bụ oyi. Achọpụtala ntakịrị ntakịrị mmiri ozuzo ozugbo na-erute ọwa mmiri mmiri site na nil maka obere mmiri ozuzo na akọrọ, dị larịị ruo ihe ruru pasenti 170 maka mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na snow.

Ọtụtụ ndekọ mmiri ozuzo na-adabere na omimi mmiri a tụrụ atụ nke enwetara n'ime oge a kara aka. Enwere ike ikpebi ugboro nke oke mmiri ozuzo nke mmasị site na ọnụọgụ nke nha gafere uru ọnụ ụzọ ahụ n'ime oge ngụkọta oge nke nlele dị. A na-atụgharị isi data nke onye ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ ike site n'ikewa omimi nke ọ bụla a tụrụ site na oge n'etiti nlele. Ike a ga-adị obere karịa oke kacha elu ma ọ bụrụ na oge ihe omume mmiri ozuzo erughị oge a kara aka nke a na-akọ maka nha. Ihe omume ndapụta nke mmiri ozuzo (oké ifufe) na-ebute ihe omume oke mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ karịa oke mmiri ozuzo. Ogologo oge, ike, na ugboro ole ihe omume mmiri ozuzo dị mkpa maka amụma idei mmiri. Ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi dị oke mkpa karịa idei mmiri n'ime obere efere mmiri mmiri.

Ihe kachasị mkpa na-eme ka mmiri dị elu na-ekpebi oke idei mmiri bụ ala nke mmiri dị n'elu mmiri nke ebe ahụ. Ike mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe nke abụọ kachasị mkpa maka mmiri nke na-erughị ihe dịka 30 square miles ma ọ bụ 80 square kilometres. Isi ndagwurugwu bụ ihe nke abụọ kachasị mkpa maka nnukwu mmiri. Ndagwurugwu nke ọwa mmiri na oke mmiri ozuzo na-aghọ ihe nke atọ kachasị mkpa maka obere na nnukwu mmiri, n'otu n'otu.

Oge nke Concentration bụ oge achọrọ maka runoff site n'ebe kachasị anya nke ebe mmiri na-asọba n'elu iji ruo ebe ọwa mmiri na-achịkwa idei mmiri nke ebe mmasị. Oge itinye uche na-akọwa oge dị oke egwu nke mmiri ozuzo kachasị maka mpaghara mmasị.[5] Ogologo oge nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịbụ naanị nkeji ole na ole maka ụlọ elu na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-agbakọta n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị ga-abụ ihe dị oke mkpa maka ọdọ mmiri.

Ihe ndị na-eme n'ebe ugwu

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Mmiri na-agbadata n'ikpeazụ na-ezute ọnọdụ na-agbada n'okpuru mmiri na-eme ka ọ ghara ịga n'ihu. Ihe mgbochi ikpeazụ na ala idei mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-abụkarị oké osimiri ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ebe idei mmiri dị na ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri okike. Na ala dị ala, mgbanwe dị elu dị ka mgbanwe nke ebili mmiri bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ekpebi idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ọnụ mmiri. Ihe omume ndị a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta akọwa dị ka tsunami na oké ifufe nwekwara ike ịkpata mgbanwe dị elu na nnukwu mmiri. A na-achịkwa ịdị elu nke mmiri na-asọ asọ site na geometry nke ọwa mmiri na, karịsịa, site na omimi nke ọwa, ọsọ nke ọwa na ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ya Mgbochi ọwa mmiri dị ka àkwà mmiri na canyons na-achịkwu elu mmiri karịa mgbochi ahụ. Ebe nchịkwa n'ezie maka iru ọ bụla e nyere nke drainage nwere ike ịgbanwe site na ịgbanwe elu mmiri, yabụ ebe dị nso nwere ike ịchịkwa maka ọkwa mmiri dị ala ruo mgbe ebe dị anya na-achịkwa na ọkwa mmiri dị elu.

Enwere ike ịgbanwe geometry nke ọwa mmiri dị irè site na uto nke ahịhịa, mkpokọta ice ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu, ma ọ bụ iwu àkwà mmiri, ụlọ, ma ọ dị n'ime ọwa mmiri.

Nkwekọrịta

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Ihe omume idei mmiri siri ike na-esikarị na nkwekọrịta dị ka mmiri ozuzo siri ike, mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaze nnukwu snow, na-emepụta ihe mgbochi nke ọwa site na ice na-ese n'elu mmiri, ma na-ahapụ obere ihe dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri beaver.[6] Ihe omume ndị na-adaba ada nwere ike ime ka idei mmiri buru ibu bụrụ ihe a na-atụ anya ya site na ụdị amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe na-atụle naanị mmiri ozuzo na-asọ n'ime ọwa mmiri na-enweghị mgbochi.[7] Mgbanwe mkpofu nke geometry nke ọwa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe nnukwu mmiri na-ebugharị ahịhịa osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ na ihe owuwu na ụgbọala mebiri emebi, gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri na ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Nnyocha ubi ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'oge idei mmiri nke Queensland na-egosi na ụkpụrụ ọ bụla dabere naanị na ọsọ ọsọ, omimi mmiri ma ọ bụ otu ike enweghị ike ịkọwa ihe ize ndụ nke ọsọ na mgbanwe miri emi mmiri kpatara.[8] Echiche ndị a na-eleghara ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara nnukwu ihe mkpofu nke mmegharị mmiri na-ebute anya.[9]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuola mmetụta nchekwa n'obodo ukwu na ụzọ njem nke e mepụtara site na ịkpụ ma jupụta. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ihe ndị a na-eme n'ime ala ka ha bụrụ ihe ndị a ma ama ma ọ bụrụ na ihe mkpofu gbochie oghere ndị ahụ, a pụkwara ịkwaga n'okporo ámá. Ọtụtụ nnyocha enyochaala usoro mmiri na nkesa n'okporo ámá n'oge ihe omume oké ifufe na mmetụta na imepụta idei mmiri.[10]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Idei mmiri n'Ebumnuche

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Mmiri ozuzo nke ala nke ga-anọgide na-akpọ nkụ nwere ike ime maka ebumnuche agha, ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ nchịkwa osimiri. Nke a bụ ụdị injinia hydraulic.

Idei mmiri nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ime n'ịkwadebe ubi paddy maka ịzụlite osikapa semi-aquatic n'ọtụtụ mba.

Ndị agha Kuomintang nke China n'oge idei mmiri nke Osimiri Yellow nke 1938

Idei mmiri maka nlekọta osimiri nwere ike ime n'ụdị ịdọrọ mmiri ozuzo n'osimiri n'oge idei mmiri site na mpaghara ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị bara uru karịa mpaghara ndị a chụrụ n'àjà n'ụzọ a. Enwere ike ime nke a ad hoc, dịka na 2011 United States Army Corps of Engineers mebiri ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide, dịka na ihe a na-akpọ overlaten (n'ụzọ nkịtị "hapụ-over"), akụkụ a kpachapụrụ anya belata na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dutch, dị ka Beerse Overlaat na ọdụ ụgbọ elu aka ekpe nke Meuse n'etiti obodo Gassel na Linden, North Brabant.[11]

Idei mmiri nke ndị agha na-emepụta ihe mgbochi n'ọhịa nke e bu n'uche igbochi mmegharị nke onye iro.[12] Enwere ike ime nke a maka ebumnuche mmegide na nke nchebe. Ọzọkwa, ruo n'ókè nke usoro eji eme ihe bụ ụdị injinia hydraulic, ọ nwere ike ịba uru iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti idei mmiri a na-achịkwa (dị ka ọtụtụ idei mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme na Netherlands n'okpuru Dutch Republic na steeti ndị nọchiri ya n'ógbè ahụ ma bụrụ ihe atụ na Hollandic Water Lines abụọ, Stelling van Amsterdam, Frisian Water Line, IJssel Line, Peel-Raam Line, na Grebbe Innerner na ala ahụ) na-enweghị nchịkwa (dịka na Siege nke abụọ nke Agha nke Leundundundundering n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Agha Ụwa, na nke Agha N'oge Agwa nke Agha Agha Ụwa n'oge nke Abụọ, ndị a na ala nke Agha, ndị a kpọrọ Innering, n'oge oge Agha nke Agha n'oge War nke Agha[13][14][15][16] Iji gụọ dị ka a na-achịkwa, idei mmiri ndị agha ga-eburu ọdịmma nke ndị nkịtị n'uche, site n'ikwe ka ha pụọ n'oge, site n"ime ka idei mmiri ahụ gbanwee, yana site n'ime mgbalị iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke idei mmiri ahụ. Mmetụta ahụ nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'echiche hydrogeological ma ọ bụrụ na idei mmiri ahụ adịte aka.[17]

Ihe mgbochi mmiri Itaipu kpatara nchegbu na n'oge esemokwu enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ngwá agha iji mee ka mmiri jupụta na Buenos Aires.[18][19][20][21]

Mmetụta ọjọọ

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Ubi mkpụrụ osisi walnut jupụtara na Butte County mgbe ọtụtụ osimiri ikuku dakwasịrị California na mbido 2023

Idei mmiri nwekwara ike ịbụ nnukwu ike mbibi. Mgbe mmiri na-aga, ọ nwere ikike ịkwatu ụdị ụlọ na ihe niile, dị ka àkwà mmiri, ihe owuwu, ụlọ, osisi, ụgbọala. Mmebi akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke okike bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke idei mmiri na-emetụta na mmetụta nke idei mmiri nwere na mpaghara ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ọdachi.[22]

E nweela ọtụtụ idei mmiri gburugburu ụwa nke kpatara mmebi na akụrụngwa, gburugburu ebe obibi na ndụ mmadụ.[22] Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri dị ka ihe ize ndụ na-ewetara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ihe onwunwe na ala okike dabere na ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ na adịghị ike. Ogologo ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri nwere ike imetụta ụdị usoro mgbochi achọrọ ma tinye ya n'ọrụ.[23]

Idei mmiri nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na ọha mmadụ. Ihe omume idei mmiri n'ụwa niile na-abawanye ugboro ugboro na oke, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ego ọha na eze na-efu.[22] Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị bi n'ụwa bi nso nso na nnukwu ụsọ mmiri, ebe ọtụtụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị nso na ala mmiri.[24][25] Enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka mmụba nke idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nke osimiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.[26]

Mmetụta akụ na ụba

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Mmetụta ndị bụ isi nke idei mmiri gụnyere ọnwụ nke ndụ na mmebi nke ụlọ na ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ, gụnyere àkwà mmiri, usoro nsị, okporo ụzọ, na ọwa mmiri. Mmetụta akụ na ụba nke idei mmiri kpatara nwere ike ịdị njọ.[25]

Kwa afọ, idei mmiri na-eme ka mba dị ọtụtụ ijeri dollar mebie ihe na-eyi ndụ ndị mmadụ egwu.[27] N'ihi ya, e nwekwara nnukwu egwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba maka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ụwa site na idei mmiri.[27] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Bangladesh na 2007, idei mmiri bibiri ihe karịrị otu nde ụlọ. Kwa afọ na United States, idei mmiri na-akpata ihe karịrị ijeri $ 7 na mmebi.[28]

A tụbara apịtị n'ụlọ a site na idei mmiri na 2018 Kerala na India. Idei mmiri abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi mmiri, kamakwa ọ nwere ike itinye nnukwu ihe dị n'ime ala.

Mmiri idei mmiri na-ejikarị ala ugbo eme ihe, na-eme ka ala ahụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ ma na-egbochi ịkụ ma ọ bụ owuwe ihe ubi, nke nwere ike ibute ụkọ nri maka ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ugbo. Ihe ubi zuru oke maka mba nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'ọnọdụ idei mmiri siri ike. Ụdị osisi ụfọdụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ndụ na idei mmiri nke usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha.

Idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu nwekwara mmetụta akụ na ụba dị ukwuu maka mpaghara ndị metụtara. Na United States, ndị ọkachamara n'ụlọ ọrụ na-eme atụmatụ na ala ala mmiri nwere ike belata ọnụ ahịa ihe onwunwe site na pasent 10-25 ma kpọtụrụ ya aha n'etiti ihe kachasị mkpa maka ịghara ịzụta ụlọ.[29] Dị ka U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) si kwuo, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent 40 nke obere azụmaahịa emegheghị ọnụ ụzọ ha mgbe ọdachi idei mmiri gasịrị.[30] Na United States, ịnshọransị dị maka mmebi nke idei mmiri na ụlọ na azụmaahịa.[31]

Nsogbu akụ na ụba n'ihi mbelata nwa oge na njem nleta, ụgwọ iwu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ ụkọ nri na-eduga na ịrị elu ọnụahịa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe nnukwu idei mmiri gasịrị. Mmetụta ahụ na ndị metụtara nwere ike imebi uche ndị metụtara, ọkachasị ebe ọnwụ, mmerụ ahụ siri ike na mfu ihe onwunwe na-eme.

Mmetụta ahụike

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Idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'otu obodo dị na Florida, United States.
Idei mmiri mgbe ajọ ifufe Bangladesh nke afọ 1991 gasịrị, nke gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 140,000.

Ọnwụ ndị metụtara idei mmiri na-abụkarị site na mmiri; mmiri dị na idei mmiri dị omimi ma nwee ebili mmiri siri ike.[32] Ọnwụ anaghị eme naanị site na mmiri, ọnwụ na-ejikọta na mmiri ịpụ n'ahụ, ọrịa strok, ọrịa obi na ọrịa ọ bụla ọzọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ nke a na-enweghị ike ibute.[32]

Mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ibute oke ọrịa mgbe idei mmiri mere. Mmerụ ahụ abụghị naanị ndị nọ na idei mmiri ahụ, ndị ọrụ nnapụta na ọbụna ndị na-ebubata ihe nwere ike imerụ ahụ. Mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ime n'oge ọ bụla n'oge usoro idei mmiri; tupu, n'oge na mgbe.[32] N'oge idei mmiri, ihe mberede na-eme na ihe mkpofu na-ada ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ ihe na-aga ngwa ngwa na mmiri. Mgbe idei mmiri ahụ gasịrị, mgbalị nnapụta bụ ebe ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ime.[32]

Ọrịa na-efe efe na-abawanye n'ihi ọtụtụ pathogens na nje bacteria nke mmiri na-ebugharị.E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa na-ebute mmiri dịka ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba A, ọgbụba E na ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, ịkpọ aha ole na ole. Ọrịa eriri afọ na ọrịa afọ ọsịsa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihi enweghị mmiri dị ọcha n'oge idei mmiri. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị ọcha na-emetọ mgbe idei mmiri na-eme. Ọrịa ịba ọcha A na E bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihi enweghị ịdị ọcha na mmiri na ebe obibi dabere na ebe idei mmiri dị na otu obodo si kwadebe maka idei mmiri.[32]

Mgbe idei mmiri dakwasịrị, ndị mmadụ tụfuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ha, anụ ụlọ, na ihe oriri ha nwere ma na-eche agụụ ihu.[33]

Idei mmiri na-emebikarị nnyefe ike na mgbe ụfọdụ mmepụta ike, nke nwere mmetụta na-akpata site na ọnwụ ike. Nke a na-agụnye mfu nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na mmiri, nke nwere ike ịkpata mfu nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ mmetọ mmiri siri ike. Ọ pụkwara ịkpata mfu nke ebe a na-ekpofu nsị. Enweghị mmiri dị ọcha jikọtara ya na nsị mmadụ na mmiri idei mmiri na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri, nke nwere ike ịgụnye typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, ọgbụgbọ na ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ dabere na ebe idei mmiri ahụ dị.

Mmebi nke okporo ụzọ na akụrụngwa njem nwere ike ime ka o sie ike ịhazi enyemaka maka ndị metụtara ma ọ bụ inye ọgwụgwọ ahụike mberede.

Idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu nwere ike ịkpata ụlọ mmiri na-adịghị ala, na-eduga na uto nke ebu n'ime ụlọ ma na-akpata mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma, ọkachasị mgbaàmà iku ume. Ọrịa iku ume bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe ọdachi ahụ gasịrị. Nke a na-adabere n'otú mmiri mebiri emebi na ebu na-etolite mgbe ihe merenụ gasịrị. Nnyocha na-atụ aro na a ga-enwe mmụba nke 30-50% na nsonaazụ ahụike iku ume na-adịghị mma nke mmiri na-emetụta maka ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ala mmiri. Mmetụta nje n'ụlọ na-ejikọta ya na mmụba nke rhinitis na ụkwara ume ọkụ.[34] Ọrịa ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-abawanye n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-adịghị mma mgbe idei mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị. Ọrịa ndị na-ebute ọrịa bụ ịba, dengue, West Nile, na yellow fever.[32] Idei mmiri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ndị ahụ metụtara. Ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mfu na nrụgide dịgasị iche iche. Otu n'ime ọrịa ndị a na-agwọkarị na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge bụ ịda mbà n'obi nke idei mmiri ahụ kpatara na ọdachi niile na-eso ya.[32]

Mfu nke ndụ

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  N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke idei mmiri kachasị gbuo mmadụ n'ụwa niile, na-egosi ihe omume ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ma ọ bụ karịa 100,000 mmadụ.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ Ihe omume Ebe Afọ
2,500,000-3,700,000 Idei mmiri na China na 1931 China 1931
900,000-2,000,000 1887 Iju Mmiri nke Osimiri Yellow China 1887
500,000-700,000 Iju Mmiri nke Osimiri Yellow na 1938 China 1938
231,000 Ọdịda Banqiao Dam, n'ihi Typhoon Nina. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 86,000 nwụrụ site na idei mmiri na ndị ọzọ 145,000 nwụrụ n'oge ọrịa sochirinụ. China 1975
230,000 2004 Oké Osimiri India Indonesia 2004
145,000 1935 Iju Mmiri nke Osimiri Yangtze China 1935
100,000+ Idei mmiri nke St. Felix, oké ifufe Netherlands 1530
100,000 Idei mmiri nke Hanoi na Red River Delta Ebe Ugwu Vietnam 1971
100,000 1911 Idei mmiri nke osimiri Yangtze China 1911
Idei mmiri n'akụkụ Key West, Florida, United States site na ajọ ifufe Wilma n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005.
Idei mmiri n'okporo ámá dị na Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013.
Obere idei mmiri n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na Atlanta na-esote oké égbè eluigwe
Idei mmiri nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara n'oge dị mkpirikpi.

Mmetụta dị mma (uru)

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Idei mmiri (karịsịa ọtụtụ ugboro ma ọ bụ obere idei mmiri) nwekwara ike iweta ọtụtụ uru, dị ka ịmegharị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na-eme ka ala na-eme nri karịa ma na-abawanye ihe oriri na ala ụfọdụ. Mmiri idei mmiri na-enye ihe onwunwe mmiri dị mkpa na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ na nke ọkara kpọrọ nkụ ebe mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ikesa n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'afọ niile ma gbuo ụmụ ahụhụ n'ala ọrụ ugbo. Idei mmiri na-atọ ụtọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na-enwe usoro okike n'okporo ụzọ osimiri ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa n"ịnọgide-enwe ụdị dị iche iche nke ala mmiri. Idei mmiri nwere ike ịgbasa ihe na-edozi ahụ na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri, nke nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye biomass na imeziwanye ịkụ azụ ruo afọ ole na ole.

Maka ụdị azụ ụfọdụ, ala mmiri nwere ike ịmepụta ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka spawning na anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha ole na ole na ọkwa dị elu nke ihe oriri ma ọ bụ nri. Azụ, dị ka azụ ihu igwe, na-eji idei mmiri iji ruo ebe obibi ọhụrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ nwekwara ike irite uru site na mmụba nke mmepụta nri nke idei mmiri kpatara.

Idei mmiri nwere ike iweta uru, dị ka ime ka ala na-eme nri karịa ma nye ya ihe oriri ndị ọzọ. N'ihi nke a, idei mmiri oge na oge dị mkpa maka ọdịmma nke obodo oge ochie dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tigris-Yufraetis, Osimiri Naịl, Osimiri Indus, Ganges na Osimiri Yellow na ndị ọzọ.

Ike nke hydropower, isi iyi nke ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, dịkwa elu na mpaghara ndị idei mmiri na-enwekarị.

Nchebe megide idei mmiri na ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara ya

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Mgbochi idei mmiri

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N'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu ụwa, a na-ejikarị nlezianya na-elekọta ụzọ mmiri na-enwekarị idei mmiri. A na-eji ihe nchebe dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, bunds, ọdọ mmiri, na weirs iji gbochie ụzọ mmiri ịba ụba n'akụkụ ha.[35] Mgbe ihe nchebe ndị a dara, a na-ejikarị usoro mberede dị ka akpa ájá ma ọ bụ tubes ikuku na-ebugharị ebugharị iji gbalịa igbochi idei mmiri. E doziela idei mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Europe na Amerịka na ihe nchebe n'akụkụ mmiri, dị ka mgbidi oké osimiri, nri n'ụsọ osimiri, na agwaetiti mgbochi.

Na mpaghara osimiri dị nso na osimiri na iyi, enwere ike iwere usoro nchịkwa mbuze iji gbalịa ibelata ma ọ bụ gbanwee ike okike nke na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụzọ mmiri na-agagharị ogologo oge. Enwere ike iwu ma debe njikwa idei mmiri, dị ka ihe mgbochi mmiri, ka oge na-aga iji gbalịa ibelata ihe na-eme na ịdị njọ nke idei mmiri. Na United States, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers na-enwe netwọk nke ụdị mgbochi mmiri ozuzo.

N'ógbè ndị nwere ike imebi mmiri n'obodo ukwu, otu ihe ngwọta bụ nrụzi na mgbasawanye nke usoro nsị nke mmadụ mere na akụrụngwa mmiri ozuzo. Atụmatụ ọzọ bụ iji belata ebe mmiri na-adịghị abata n'okporo ámá, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ụlọ site na ọwa mmiri, okporo ụzọ nwere oghere, na ala mmiri (nke a maara dị ka akụrụngwa ahịhịa ndụ ma ọ bụ usoro mmiri na-adịgide adịgide (SUDS)). Enwere ike ịgbanwe mpaghara ndị a chọpụtara dị ka ndị nwere idei mmiri n'ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige egwuregwu nke nwere ike ịnagide idei mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịnakwere iwu iji chọọ ka ndị mmepe jide mmiri ozuzo na saịtị ahụ ma chọọ ka e bulie ụlọ elu, jiri mgbidi na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri chebe ya, ma ọ bụ mee ya iji guzogide idei mmiri nwa oge. Ndị nwe ụlọ nwekwara ike itinye ego na ngwọta n'onwe ha, dị ka ịmegharị ihe onwunwe ha iji wepụ mmiri na ụlọ ha ma tinye barrels mmiri ozuzo, pumps, na valvụ.

N'ebe ụfọdụ, ọnụnọ nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dị ka beavers) nwere ike ịba uru maka ihe ndị na-achịkwa idei mmiri. Beavers na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri beaver nke ga-ebelata ịdị elu nke ebili mmiri na-agbadata n'osimiri ahụ (n'oge nnukwu mmiri ozuzo), ma belata ma ọ bụ wepụ mmebi nke ihe owuwu mmadụ, na-efu obere idei mmiri n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (mgbe n'ala ugbo).[36][37] E wezụga nke a, ha na-akwalite ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa na nzacha mmetọ (nri, fatịlaịza, slurry).[36] Minista gburugburu ebe obibi nke UK Rebecca Pow kwuru na n'ọdịnihu, a ga-ewere beavers dị ka "ihe ọma ọha na eze" ma kwụọ ndị nwe ala ụgwọ iji nwee ha n'ala ha.[38]

Nchịkwa nke ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri

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Atụmatụ nchekwa nke idei mmiri

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Mmetụta nke idei mmiri na Colorado, 2013
Nnapụta nke idei mmiri na Nangarhar, Afghanistan na 2010

Na United States, National Weather Service na-enye ndụmọdụ "Tụgharịa, Emela mmiri" maka idei mmiri; ya bụ, ọ na-atụ aro ka ndị mmadụ pụọ n'ebe iju mmiri ahụ dị, kama ịgbalị ịgafe ya. N'ọkwa kachasị, ihe nchebe kachasị mma maka idei mmiri bụ ịchọ ebe dị elu maka iji ihe dị elu mee ihe mgbe ị na-edozi ihe ize ndụ ndị a na-ahụ anya na uru dị n'ime mpaghara ihe ize ndụ idei mmiri:  22-23  Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa obodo dị egwu, dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, mberede mberede. -ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, na ndị uwe ojii, ọkụ, na ọrụ nnapụta, kwesịrị ka e wuo ya na mpaghara opekempe n'ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri. Ihe owuwu, dị ka àkwà mmiri, nke ga-adịrịrị n'ebe dị ize ndụ idei mmiri kwesịrị ka emebere iji gbochie idei mmiri. Enwere ike itinye ebe ndị kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka idei mmiri na-eme ihe bara uru nke enwere ike ịhapụ nwa oge ka ndị mmadụ na-alaghachi n'ebe dị nchebe mgbe idei mmiri dị nso.

Atụmatụ maka nchekwa idei mmiri na-agụnye ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nyocha na injinia, gụnyere:

  • nyocha nke elu mmiri nke oge gara aga na nke ugbu a na ebe idei mmiri jupụtara.
  • nyocha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, mmiri, na mmiri,
  • eserese ebe idei mmiri na-eme na ebe idei mmiri dị elu maka ọnọdụ idei mmiri n'ọdịnihu.
  • atụmatụ na nhazi nke iji ala eme ihe ogologo oge,
  • imepụta injinia na iwu ihe owuwu iji chịkwaa ma ọ bụ guzogide idei mmiri.
  • nlekota oge dị n'etiti, amụma, na atụmatụ nzaghachi mberede, na
  • nlekota, ịdọ aka ná ntị, na ọrụ nzaghachi dị mkpirikpi.

Isiokwu ọ bụla na-eweta ajụjụ dị iche iche ma nwee njikọ dịgasị iche iche na oge, ohere, na ndị metụtara ya. A na-eme mgbalị ịghọta na ijikwa usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ala mmiri maka ọ dịkarịa ala puku afọ isii. [peeji [39]

Na United States, Association of State Floodplain Managers na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ, atumatu, na ihe omume ndị na-ebelata mfu ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu, ụgwọ ọrụ, na nhụjuanya ụmụ mmadụ kpatara site na idei mmiri na iji chebe ọrụ okike na uru nke idei mmiri - niile na-enweghị ihe ọjọọ. mmetụta. Pọtụfoliyo nke ihe atụ omume kacha mma maka mbelata ọdachi na United States dị n'aka Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Nchebe nke Idei Mmiri

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Ihe omume nhicha na-esochi idei mmiri na-ebutekarị ihe egwu nye ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-etinye aka na mbọ ahụ. Ihe egwu nwere ike ime gụnyere ihe egwu eletriki, mkpughe carbon monoxide, ihe egwu musculoskeletal, okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide oyi, ihe egwu ụgbọ ala metụtara, ọkụ, mmiri iri, na ikpughe ihe ndị dị ize ndụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ebe idei mmiri juru na ya adịghị eguzosi ike, ndị ọrụ na-ehicha ihe nwere ike izute mkpọmkpọ ebe dị nkọ, ihe ize ndụ ndị dị ndụ na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ, ahịrị eletrik ekpughere, ọbara ma ọ bụ mmiri ahụ ndị ọzọ, na ozu anụmanụ na mmadụ. N'ime atụmatụ na imeghachi omume maka ọdachi idei mmiri, ndị njikwa na-enye ndị ọrụ okpu siri ike, enyo enyo, uwe ọrụ dị arọ, jaket ndụ, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ mmiri na-adịghị na mkpịsị ụkwụ ígwè na insoles.

Nnyocha nke ozi idei mmiri

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Enwere ike nyochaa usoro nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu kwa afọ na oke mmiri na-erute n'ọnụ ọgụgụ iji tụọ iju mmiri 100 afọ na idei mmiri nke oge ọzọ nlọghachite ebe ahụ. Atụmatụ ndị yiri ya sitere n'ọtụtụ saịtị dị na mpaghara mmiri mmiri nwere ike jikọta ya na njirimara a na-atụnye nke mmiri mmiri mmiri ọ bụla iji mee ka nleba anya na-apụtaghị ìhè nke oge nlọghachite ide mmiri maka iyi irute na-enweghị data zuru ezu maka nyocha kpọmkwem.

A na-aghọtakarị ụdị usoro anụ ahụ nke ọwa iru ma ga-agbakọ omimi na mpaghara nnabata maka ọnọdụ ọwa enyere yana ọnụego erute akọwapụtara, dị ka maka ojiji na eserese idei mmiri na mkpuchi ide mmiri. N'aka nke ọzọ, nyere ebe a na-ahụ anya nke mmiri mmiri na-adịbeghị anya na ọnọdụ ọwa, ihe nlereanya nwere ike gbakọọ ọnụego nrịba. N'itinye aka na nhazi ọwa dị iche iche nwere ike ime yana ọnụego ọbịbịa, ụdị iru eru nwere ike inye aka n'ịhọrọ nhazi kachasị mma maka ọwa gbanwetụrụ. Ụdị iru dị iche iche dị ka nke 2015, ma ọ bụ ụdị 1D (ọkwa mmiri nke a tụrụ na ọwa) ma ọ bụ ụdị 2D (mgbanwe iju mmiri dị iche iche tụrụ n'ofe oke mmiri ozuzo). HEC-RAS, ụdị Hydraulic Engineering Center, so na sọftụwia kachasị ewu ewu, ma ọ bụrụ naanị na ọ dị n'efu. Ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ka TUFLOW na-ejikọta 1D na 2D components iji nweta omimi idei mmiri gafee ma ọwa mmiri na dum idei mmiri.

Ụdị usoro anụ ahụ nke efere mmiri mmiri zuru ezu dị mgbagwoju anya karị. Ọ bụ ezie na a ghọtara ọtụtụ usoro nke ọma n'otu oge ma ọ bụ maka obere mpaghara, ndị ọzọ aghọtachaghị nke ọma n'ogo niile, na usoro mmekọrịta n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị ma ọ bụ oke ihu igwe nwere ike amaghị. Ụdị mmiri mmiri na-ejikọta ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu ala (iji tụọ ọnụọgụ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ snowmelt na-erute ọwa) yana usoro iru eru. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị basin nwere ike gbakọọ mmiri mmiri na-agba ọsọ nke nwere ike ịpụta site na oké ifufe nke afọ 100, ọ bụ ezie na oge nlọghachi nke oké mmiri ozuzo anaghị adịkarị ka nke idei mmiri metụtara. A na-ejikarị ụdị mmiri mmiri na-ebu amụma na ịdọ aka ná ntị ide mmiri, yana nyocha nke mmetụta mgbanwe ojiji ala na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ntụle nke idei mmiri

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Ịtụ anya idei mmiri tupu ha emee na-enye ohere ka e mee ihe nlezianya ma dọọ ndị mmadụ aka ná ntị ka ha wee nwee ike ịkwadebe tupu oge eruo maka ọnọdụ idei mmiri.[40] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iwepụ ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe dị ala na ọrụ enyemaka nwere ike itinye ndokwa mberede iji weghachite ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ọrụ mberede nwekwara ike ime ndokwa iji nwee ihe enyemaka zuru ezu tupu oge eruo iji meghachi omume na mberede ka ha na-eme. Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịpụ n'ebe idei mmiri ga-eme.

Iji mee amụma idei mmiri kacha mma maka ụzọ mmiri, ọ kacha mma ịnwe ogologo oge usoro data akụkọ ihe mere eme nke metụtara mmiri na-asọ na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo gara aga. Ijikọta ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme a na ihe ọmụma nke oge banyere ikike volumetric na mpaghara nwude, dị ka ikike mapụtara na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa mmiri nke ala, na ogo saturation nke aquifers mpaghara dịkwa mkpa iji mee amụma idei mmiri ziri ezi.

Atụmatụ radar banyere mmiri ozuzo na usoro amụma ihu igwe izugbe bụkwa ihe dị mkpa nke ịkọ amụma idei mmiri dị mma. N'ebe ebe data dị mma dị, enwere ike ibu amụma ike na ịdị elu nke idei mmiri na ezigbo ezi na ọtụtụ oge ụzọ. Mpụta nke amụma idei mmiri na-abụkarị oke mmiri a na-atụ anya ya na oge ọ ga-abịarute n'ebe ndị dị mkpa n'akụkụ ụzọ mmiri, ọ nwekwara ike inye ohere maka ngụkọ oge iju mmiri nwere ike ịlọghachi. N'ọtụtụ mba ndị mepere emepe, a na-echebe obodo ndị nwere ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri site na idei mmiri 100 afọ - nke ahụ bụ idei mmiri nke nwere ihe gbasara 63% nke na-eme na 100 afọ ọ bụla.

Dị ka US National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) na Taunton, Massachusetts si kwuo, iwu isi mkpịsị aka maka ịkọ amụma ide mmiri n'ime obodo bụ na ọ na-ewe opekata mpe 1 inch (25 mm) nke mmiri ozuzo n'ihe dị ka otu elekere. oge iji malite ntugharị mmiri dị ịrịba ama n'elu ebe a na-apụghị imeri emeri. Ọtụtụ NWS RFC na-enyekarị ntuziaka iju mmiri Flash na nduzi mmiri isi, nke na-egosi oke mmiri ozuzo n'ozuzu nke ga-adaba n'ime obere oge iji bute idei mmiri ma ọ bụ idei mmiri na nnukwu mmiri mmiri.

Na United States, usoro jikọtara ọnụ maka imepụta kọmputa hydrologic n'oge na-eji data a hụrụ site na US Geological Survey (USGS), netwọk dị iche iche na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta, ihe mmetụta ihu igwe dị iche iche, NOAA National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC), ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric dị iche iche iche, wdg. jikọtara ya na amụma mmiri ozuzo a tụrụ anya na / ma ọ bụ snow na-agbaze iji mepụta amụma mmiri ozu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ dị mkpa.[41][42][43][44] NWS na Environment Canada na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na amụma mmiri nke na-emetụta ma US na Canada, dịka na mpaghara nke Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Sistemụ nlekota Iju mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, "GFMS", ngwa kọmputa nke na-esepụta ọnọdụ idei mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, dị n'ịntanetị. Ndị ọrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa nwere ike iji GFMS chọpụta mgbe idei mmiri nwere ike ime na mpaghara ha. GFMS na-eji data mmiri ozuzo sitere na satịlaịtị NASA's Earth na-ekiri satịlaịtị na satịlaịtị ihe nleba anya oke mmiri, "GPM". A na-ejikọta data mmiri ozuzo sitere na GPM na ụdị elu ala nke na-agụnye mkpuchi ahịhịa, ụdị ala, na ala iji chọpụta oke mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala, na ole mmiri na-asọba na iyi.

Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịlele ọnụ ọgụgụ maka mmiri ozuzo, iyi iyi, omimi mmiri, na idei mmiri kwa awa 3, n'ebe ọ bụla gridpoint dị kilomita 12 na maapụ ụwa. Amụma maka paramita ndị a bụ ụbọchị 5 n'ọdịnihu. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ibugharị ka ha hụ mapụ mgbaba (ebe e chere na mmiri kpuchie) na mkpebi otu kilomita.

Ọha na omenala

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Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba maka idei mmiri na Java, c. 1865-1876.

Akụkọ ifo na okpukpe

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Akụkọ ifo nke nnukwu idei mmiri na-ebibi mmepeanya jupụtara n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị. A kọwakwara ihe omume idei mmiri n'ụdị ịbọ ọbọ nke Chineke n'ihe odide okpukpe. Akụkọ banyere idei mmiri nke Jenesis na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na okpukpe ndị Juu, Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Islam.

Foto nke oge a nke idei mmiri ahụ dakwasịrị ụsọ oké osimiri North nke Germany na Denmark n'October 1634.

Okwu mmalite

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Okwu "iju mmiri" sitere na Old English flōd, okwu a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ German (iji ya tụnyere German Flut, Dutch vloed site na otu mgbọrọgwụ ahụ a na-ele anya na mmiri, na-ese n'elu mmiri; jiri ya tụnyere Latin fluctus, flumen), nke pụtara "mmiri na-asọba n'ala, mmiri na-asọ asọ, Iju mmiri Noa; nnukwu mmiri, osimiri, oké osimiri, ebili mmiri, ebili ụzọ,".[45] Okwu Old English flōd sitere na Proto-German floduz (Old Frisian flod, Old Norse floð, Middle Dutch vloet, Dutch vloed, German Flut, na Gothic flodus sitere na floduz).[46]

Ihe atụ site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara

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  • N'ụwa niile: Ndepụta nke idei mmiri
  • Australia: Iju Mmiri na Australia
  • Netherlands: Iju Mmiri na Netherlands, nchịkwa Iju Mmisi na Netherlands
  • United States: Ndepụta nke idei mmiri na United States
  • Oké Osimiri North: Oké ifufe nke Oké Osimiri Northern

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Hjalmarson (December 1984). "Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 110 (12): 1841–1852. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841). 
  2. ↑ Storm Surge Overview. noaa.gov. Retrieved on 3 December 2015.
  3. ↑ Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood (en). www.climatecentral.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved on 2020-11-09.
  4. ↑ "Flood Control", MSN Encarta, 2008 (see below: Further reading).
  5. ↑ Urquhart, Leonard Church, Civil Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959
  6. ↑ Abbett, Robert W., American Civil Engineering Practice, John Wiley & Sons, 1956
  7. ↑ United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Design of Small Dams, United States Government Printing Office, 1973
  8. ↑ Brown (2011). Turbulent Velocity and Suspended Sediment Concentration Measurements in an Urban Environment of the Brisbane River Flood Plain at Gardens Point on 12–13 January 2011. ISBN 978-1-74272-027-2. 
  9. ↑ (26 June 2014) "Human body stability in floodwaters: The 2011 flood in Brisbane CBD", in L. Toombes: Hydraulic structures and society - Engineering challenges and extremes. Brisbane, Australia: Proceedings of the 5th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures (ISHS2014), 1–9. DOI:10.14264/uql.2014.48. ISBN 978-1-74272-115-6. 
  10. ↑ Werner (2006). "Identifiability of Distributed Floodplain Roughness Values in Flood Extent Estimation". Journal of Hydrology 314 (1–4): 139–157. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.012. 
  11. ↑ Army Corps starts to blow up levee, flood 130,000 acres in Missouri. CNN. Retrieved on May 23, 2018.
  12. ↑ Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering: For Use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Volume 1. Google Books. H.M. Stationery Office (1878). Retrieved on May 23, 2018.
  13. ↑ Oosthoek, K.J.. The watery ally: military inundations in Dutch history (podcast). Environmental History Resources. Retrieved on May 23, 2018.
  14. ↑ Tiegs, R.. Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence. Brief History of Military Inundations during the Dutch Wars of Independence. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved on May 23, 2018.
  15. ↑ Tiegs, R. (13 April 2017). The Past Comes Flooding Back: The War That Almost Sank Holland. NICHE. Network in Canadian History & Environment. Nouvelle initiative Canadienne en histoire de l'environnement. Retrieved on May 23, 2018.
  16. ↑ "Battle of the Yser", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  17. ↑ Vandenbohed (2016). "The hydrogeology of the military inundation at the 1914–1918 Yser front (Belgium)". Hydrogeology Journal 24 (2): 521–534. DOI:10.1007/s10040-015-1344-0. 
  18. ↑ Itaipu Dam. alluringworld.com (26 April 2016). Retrieved on 8 June 2023.
  19. ↑ Itaipu Dam. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved on 8 June 2023.
  20. ↑ Mander. "Brazil's Itaipú dam treaty with Paraguay up for renewal", Financial Times, 20 September 2017.
  21. ↑ Itaipu Dam. puertoiguazu.net. Retrieved on 8 June 2023.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 SCHANZE (2006). "FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT – A BASIC FRAMEWORK" (in en). Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures 67: 1–20. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-4598-1_1. 
  23. ↑ (2011) in Schumann: Flood Risk Assessment and Management (in en-gb). DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9917-4. ISBN 978-90-481-9916-7. 
  24. ↑ Neumann (2015-03-11). "Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment" (in en). PLOS ONE 10 (3): e0118571. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 25760037. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report (en). Geneva Association (2020-11-24). Retrieved on 2021-10-29.
  26. ↑ Dieperink (2016-10-01). "Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review" (in en). Water Resources Management 30 (13): 4467–4481. DOI:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7. ISSN 1573-1650. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Morrison (2018). "A review of the flood risk management governance and resilience literature". Journal of Flood Risk Management 11 (3): 291–304. DOI:10.1111/jfr3.12315. 
  28. ↑ Society (2011-11-07). flood (en). National Geographic Society. Retrieved on 2022-03-10.
  29. ↑ Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago IL "The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding", May 2013
  30. ↑ "Protecting Your Businesses", last updated March 2013
  31. ↑ National Flood Insurance Program. FloodSmart.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved on 2015-07-06.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Alderman (June 2012). "Floods and human health: A systematic review". Environment International 47: 37–47. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003. PMID 22750033. 
  33. ↑ Ahadzie (2022). "Impact of floods, recovery, and repairs of residential structures in Ghana: insights from homeowners" (in en). GeoJournal 87 (4): 3133–3148. DOI:10.1007/s10708-021-10425-2. ISSN 0343-2521. 
  34. ↑ Demain (24 March 2018). "Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018" (in en). Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 18 (4): 22. DOI:10.1007/s11882-018-0777-7. ISSN 1534-6315. PMID 29574605. 
  35. ↑ Henry Petroski (2006). Levees and Other Raised Ground. American Scientist, 7–11. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Beavers cut flooding and pollution and boost wildlife populations. The Guardian (2020-02-17). Archived from the original on 2023-05-17.
  37. ↑ River Otter Beaver Trial: Science and Evidence Report. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved on 2023-08-19.
  38. ↑ "Beaver families win legal 'right to remain'", BBC News, 6 August 2020.
  39. ↑ Dyhouse, G., "Flood modelling Using HEC-RAS (First Edition)", Haestad Press, Waterbury (USA) 2003-26-41
  40. ↑ Flood Warnings. Environment Agency (2013-04-30). Retrieved on 2013-06-17.
  41. ↑ WaterWatch (4 February 2013). Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
  42. ↑ Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
  43. ↑ NOHRSC (2 May 2012). Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
  44. ↑ Connelly (1999). "Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System". Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (D16): 19, 655. DOI:10.1029/1999JD900051. Retrieved on 4 February 2013. 
  45. ↑ FLOOD English Definition and Meaning. Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved on 2022-02-21.
  46. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
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