Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi

Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ interdisciplinary nke jikọtara physics, bayoloji, meteorology, mgbakọ na mwepụ na geography (gụnyere ecology, kemịkalụ, sayensị ahịhịa, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, sayensị ala, geology na geography anụ ahụ, na sayensị ikuku) na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na ngwọta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi siri na ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọgwụ pụta n'oge mmụta.[1] Taa, ọ na-enye ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na usoro ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye ọtụtụ sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ịghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nghọta na amụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Injinia gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya na imewe na teknụzụ maka imeziwanye ogo gburugburu ebe obibi n'akụkụ ọ bụla. ^{[citation needed]}

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ ịghọta usoro anụ ahụ, nke kemịkal, nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na nke ala, yana iji ihe ọmụma ahụ ghọta otu nsogbu ndị dị ka usoro ike ọzọ, njikwa mmetọ na ibelata, njikwa ihe okike, na mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe si emetụta usoro okike na usoro nke ụwa.Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye mmekọrịta nke usoro anụ ahụ, kemịkal, na nke ndụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-eweta usoro usoro maka nyocha nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị irè gụnyere ikike ịkọwa ohere, na mmekọrịta oge yana nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ.

Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi bịara dị ndụ dị ka mpaghara dị mkpa, nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nyocha sayensị na 1960s na 1970s nke (a) mkpa maka usoro dị iche iche iji nyochaa nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị mgbagwoju anya, (b) ọbịbịa nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ usoro nyocha ụfọdụ na (c) mmata ọha na eze banyere mkpa ọ dị ime ihe na-edozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe ahụ. Ihe omume ndị kpaliri mmepe a gụnyere mbipụta nke akwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Rachel Carson bụ Silent Spring [1] yana nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-aghọ nke ọha na eze, dị ka 1969 Santa Barbara mmanụ, na Osimiri Cuyahoga nke Cleveland, Ohio, "na-agba ọkụ" (nakwa na 1969), ma nyere aka mee ka a hụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe ahụ ma mepụta mpaghara ọmụmụ ọhụrụ a.

Okwu

N'ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe, a na-ejikarị "sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi" na "ecology" eme ihe n'otu n'otu, mana n'ụzọ nkà na ụzụ, ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ ihe dị ndụ na mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha nakwa ka ha na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emekọrịta ihe. Enwere ike were ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mpaghara sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwekwara ike ịgụnye kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ahụike ọha (dịka ọmụmaatụ) ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ agaghị enwe ike ịmụ. Na omume, enwere myirịta dị ukwuu n'etiti ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. Enwere nnukwu ndakọrịta n'etiti ecology na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na ọzụzụ nke ịkụ azụ, oke ọhịa na anụ ọhịa. ^{[citation needed]}

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mmepeanya oge ochie

A na-edekọ nchegbu akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma na ebe nchekwa ihe n'ụwa nile.[1] Ọdịbendị oge ochie na-elekwasị anya na ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ruo n'ihe metụtara ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na mmasị mbụ na gburugburu ebe obibi malitere n'ihe dị ka 6000 TOA mgbe mmepeanya oge ochie na Israel na Jọdan dara n'ihi igbukpọ osisi.[2] N’ihi ya, n’afọ 2700 TOA, e hiwere iwu mbụ na-amachi igbukpọ osisi na Mesopotemia.[2] Narị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 2500 TOA, otu ógbè bi na Ndagwurugwu Indus River hụrụ usoro osimiri dị nso iji mee ka ịdị ọcha dịkwuo mma.[2] Nke a gụnyere ijikwa usoro mmiri na-eru n'okwu maka ahụike ọha. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Hemisphere, ọtụtụ obodo Central America oge ochie dara n'ihe dị ka afọ 1500 TOA n'ihi oke ala site na ọrụ ugbo siri ike.[2] Ndị fọdụrụ na mmepeanya ndị a lebara anya na mmetụta nke ọrụ ugbo na nkwado nke ala na mmepụta nri kwụsiri ike. Ọzọkwa, na 1450 TOA mmepeanya Minoan n'àgwàetiti Gris nke Krit dara n'ihi igbukpọ osisi na nbibi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike.[2] Pliny the Elder kwuru ntakịrị ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepeanya oge ochie n'edemede Naturalis Historia, nke edere n'etiti 77 na 79 ACE, nke nyere nkọwa nke ọtụtụ mpaghara metụtara ọzụzụ ahụ..^[1]

Ọ bụ ezie na agha na ọrịa bụ isi ihe na-emetụta ọha mmadụ n'oge ochie, ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nlanarị na ike nke mmepeanya dị iche iche. Ka ọtụtụ obodo ghọtara mkpa ụwa dị maka ịga nke ọma ogologo oge ha, mmasị n'ịmụ gburugburu bịara dịrị. ^{[citation needed]}

Mmalite nke sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi

Narị afọ nke 18

N'afọ 1735, Carolus Linnaeus webatara echiche nke aha abụọ dị ka ụzọ isi kewaa ihe niile dị ndụ, nke ọrụ Aristotle gara aga metụtara.^[1] Ihe odide ya, Systema Naturae, na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ihe ọmụma mbụ banyere isiokwu ahụ, na-enye ụzọ isi mata ụdị dị iche iche dabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'otú ha si emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ha. ^{[citation needed]}

Narị afọ nke 19

N'afọ 1820, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ihe ndị dị na gas, ọkachasị ndị dị na ikuku ụwa na mmekọrịta ha na okpomọkụ sitere na Anyanwụ.^[2] Ka e mesịrị na narị afọ ahụ, nnyocha tụrụ aro na ụwa enweela Oge Ice na okpomọkụ nke ụwa bụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG). ^[2] E webatara mmetụta nke okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị sayensị ihu igwe dị ka isiokwu dị mkpa na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi obere mmepụta ihe na ọnụego dị ala nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ahụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Rachel Carson bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Silent Spring, na 1962, na-eweta ọmụmụ sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihu ọha.

Narị afọ nke 20

N'afọ 1900, usoro sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka a maara ya taa malitere ịmalite. A na-eji nyocha dị mkpa, akwụkwọ, na mmekorita mba ụwa mara narị afọ ahụ.

Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, nkatọ sitere n'aka ndị na-emegide ya belatara mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa.^[2] N'oge a, ndị nchọpụta ole na ole na-amụ ihe ize ndụ nke mmanụ ala. Mgbe achọpụtara 1.3 degrees Celsius okpomọkụ na Atlantic Ocean n'afọ 1940, Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị megharịrị ọmụmụ ihe ha banyere okpomọkụ gas na-ejide site na mmetụta okpomọkụ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị carbon dioxide na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ka a maara na ọ bụ gas okpomọkụ n'oge ahụ). ^[2] Mmepe nuklia na-esote Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ohere ịmụsi mmetụta nke carbon ma mee ọganihu n'ọhịa ahụ.^[2] Ihe ọmụma ọzọ sitere na ihe akaebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala mere ka mgbanwe ihu igwe pụta ìhè ka oge na-aga, ọkachasị nnwale ice.^[2]

E webatara sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihu ọha na 1962 mgbe Rachel Carson bipụtara akwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta, Silent Spring . ^[3] Ihe odide Carson mere ka ọha na eze America chụsoo nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmachibido iwu maka kemịkal na-emerụ ahụ dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ DDT.^[3] Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa, The Tragedy of the Commons, bụ nke Garrett Hardin bipụtara na 1968 na nzaghachi maka imebi ngwa ngwa.^[1] N'afọ 1969, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi ghọghachiri okwu ezinụlọ mgbe ọdachi abụọ dị egwu gasịrị: Osimiri Cuyahoga nke Ohio gbara ọkụ n'ihi oke mmetọ na mmiri ya na mpụga mmanụ Santa Barbara tinyere ọtụtụ puku anụmanụ mmiri n'ihe ize ndụ, ha abụọ na-enweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi.^[3] N'ihi ya, United States wepụtara ọtụtụ iwu, gụnyere Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.^[3] N'afọ sochirinụ, n'afọ 1970, e mere emume Ụbọchị Ụwa nke mbụ n'ụwa niile ma guzobe United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), na-eme ka ọmụmụ sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ ihe ziri ezi na iwu gọọmentị.^[3] N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, United Nations mepụtara United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) na Stockholm, Sweden iji dozie Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ.^[4]

Ọtụtụ n'ime mmasị na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime afọ 1970 na 1980 bụ nnukwu ọdachi na mmegharị ọha na eze. N'afọ 1978, a kpọpụrụ ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na Love Canal, New York mgbe achọpụtara na e liri ihe na-emetọ ọrịa kansa n'okpuru ala n'akụkụ ebe obibi.^[3] N'afọ sochirinụ, n'afọ 1979, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia dị na Three Mile Island dị na Pennsylvania nwere nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ nke Ihe mkpofu radioactive na nchekwa nke ike nuklia.^[3] N'ịzaghachi ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu nke a na-atụfu n'akụkụ ụlọ ha, otu ndị isi ojii nọ na North Carolina malitere Movement Justice Environmental na 1982.^[3] Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a tọhapụrụ gas methyl isocyanate na-egbu egbu n'ihu ọha site na ọdachi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Bhopal, India, na-emerụ ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ bi nso n'ebe ọdachi ahụ, mmetụta nke a ka na-enwe taa.^[3] N'ime nchọpụta dị egwu na 1985, otu ndị nchọpụta Britain na-amụ Antarctica chọtara ihe akaebe nke oghere dị na ozone layer, na-akpali nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-amachibido ojiji nke chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nke e ji mee ihe na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aerosols na refrigerants niile.^[2] N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, n'afọ 1986, mgbada na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Chernobyl dị na Ukraine wepụtara ihe mkpofu radioactive nye ọha na eze, na-eduga na ọmụmụ mba ụwa banyere mmetụta nke ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi.^[3] N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, Brundtland Commission (nke a maara na mbụ dị ka World Commission on Environment and Development) bipụtara akụkọ akpọrọ Our Common Future na Montreal Protocol guzobere International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dị ka nkwurịta okwu mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya n'ịchọta ngwọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmebi.^[4] Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, a kwụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Exxon Valdez ụgwọ maka ịwụfu nnukwu Mmanụ ala n'ụsọ oké osimiri Alaska na nhicha ya, gụnyere ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi.^[3] Mgbe a gbara ọtụtụ narị olulu mmanụ ọkụ n'agha na 1991, agha dị n'etiti Iraq na Kuwait merụrụ ikuku gbara ya gburugburu n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ ikuku dị mma, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi kwenyere na ọ na-eyi ndụ egwu.^[3]

Narị afọ nke 21

Ọtụtụ nkuzi niche nke sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi apụtala kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, n'agbanyeghị climatology bụ otu n'ime isiokwu ama ama. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi elekwasịla anya n'ichepụta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịgba ume imekọ ihe ọnụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji belata mmebi ndị nwere ike ime. Na 2002, Society for the Environment nakwa dị ka Institute of Air Quality Management ka tọrọ ntọala iji kesaa ihe ọmụma na ịzụlite ngwọta gburugburu ụwa.[1] Mgbe e mesịrị, na 2008, United Kingdom ghọrọ mba mbụ nyefere iwu (Iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe) nke na-achọ ibelata mmepụta carbon dioxide ruo n'ọnụ ụzọ akọwapụtara.[1] Na 2016, Kyoto Protocol ghọrọ nkwekọrịta Paris, nke na-esetịpụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ pụtara ìhè iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma gbochie ịrị elu ụwa na okpomọkụ ruo ogo 2 Celsius kacha.[1] Nkwekọrịta a bụ otu n'ime mbọ mba ụwa kacha gbasaa iji gbochie mmetụta nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ruo taa.

Ọtụtụ ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a na-agụnye mmetọ mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na-arị elu. N'afọ 2010, BP bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu mmanụ America na Gulf of Mexico, nke a maara dị ka Deepwater Horizon, nke gburu ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma wepụta nnukwu mmanụ n'ime mmiri.^[3] Ọzọkwa, n'ime narị afọ a, ọkụ ọhịa na ụkọ mmiri emebiwo ọtụtụ n'ime ụwa, na-akpali iwu maka ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi kpebiri.^[3]

Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu bụ nke ọganihu teknụzụ dị ịrịba ama. Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi agbanweela otu ndị nchọpụta si anakọta ozi gbasara isiokwu dị iche iche n'ọhịa. Nnyocha na injin, arụmọrụ mmanụ, na mbelata ikuku sitere na ụgbọala kemgbe oge mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe belatara ọnụọgụ carbon na mmetọ ndị ọzọ n'ime ikuku.^[5] Ọzọkwa, itinye ego na nyocha na ịzụlite ike dị ọcha (ya bụ, ifufe, anyanwụ, mmiri eletrik, na ike geothermal) amụbaala nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na-egosi mmalite nke mwepụ site na iji mmanụ ala eme ihe.^[5] A na-eji Usoro ozi ala (GIS) eme ihe iji nyochaa isi iyi nke mmetọ ikuku ma ọ bụ mmiri site na satellites na nyocha ihe oyiyi dijitalụ.^[5] Nkà na ụzụ a na-enye ohere maka usoro ọrụ ugbo dị elu dị ka ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi yana nlekota ojiji mmiri iji setịpụ ọnụahịa ahịa.^[5] N'ọhịa nke ịdị mma mmiri, ụdị nje bacteria mepụtara na nke mmadụ na-enye aka na Bioremediation, ọgwụgwọ nke Mmiri mkpofu maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu.^[5] Usoro a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala karịa nhicha aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu.^[5] Karịsịa, mgbasawanye nke teknụzụ kọmputa emeela ka e nwee ike ịnakọta data buru ibu, nyocha dị elu, ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmata ọha na eze banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, na nkwukọrịta sayensị mba ụwa.^[6] Ikike ịhazi ọtụtụ mmadụ na Ịntanetị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-anọchite anya usoro nke ịnakọta ihe ọmụma site n'aka ndị nchọpụta gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta ohere ka ukwuu maka ọganihu sayensị.^[6] Site na crowdsourcing, a na-ahapụ data nye ọha na eze maka nyocha onwe onye nke enwere ike ịkekọrịta mgbe e mesịrị ka a na-achọta ozi ọhụrụ.^[6] Mmepe teknụzụ ọzọ, teknụzụ blockchain, na-enyocha ma na-achịkwa ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.^[6] Site n'ịgbaso ụzọ azụ site na ahịa ụwa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịhụ ma a na-egbute ụdị ụfọdụ ruo n'ókè nke mkpochapụ.^[6] Tụkwasị na nke a, Mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enye ohere ịchọpụta ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweghị ntinye aka anụ ahụ.^[6] A na-eji ihe oyiyi dijitalụ a na-enweta eme ihe iji mepụta ihe nlereanya ziri ezi nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, Mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọganihu na teknụzụ mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ bara uru karịsịa n'ịchọta isi mmalite na-abụghị isi nke mmetọ na nyochaa Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi site na nyocha ihe oyiyi gafee electromagnetic spectrum. N'ikpeazụ, a na-eji teknụzụ foto okpomọkụ eme ihe na njikwa anụ ọhịa iji jide ma gbochie ndị na-achụ nta na ndị ọzọ na-ere anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị igbu anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na-egosi na ọ bara uru maka mbọ nchekwa.^[6] A na-ejikwa ọgụgụ isi aka mee ihe iji buo amụma banyere mmegharị nke ụmụ anụmanụ ma chebe ebe obibi nke anụ ọhịa.^[6]

Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya

Ihe osise Blue Marble nke NASA mepụtara na 2001 (n'aka ekpe) na 2002 (n' aka nri)

Sayensị ikuku

Sayensị ikuku na-elekwasị anya na ikuku nke ụwa, na-emesi ike na njikọ ya na sistemụ ndị ọzọ. Sayensị nke ikuku nwere ike ịgụnye ọmụmụ nke meteorology, ihe ọkụkụ gas griin haus, ihe nlegharị anya ikuku nke ikuku, [1] [2] ụda mgbasa mgbasa nke metụtara mmetọ mkpọtụ, na ọbụna mmetọ ọkụ.

N'iwere ihe atụ nke ihe omume okpomọkụ ụwa, ndị ọkà n'ihe ọmụmụ physics na-emepụta Ụdị kọmputa nke mgbasa ikuku na nnyefe radieshon infrared, ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkal na-enyocha ndepụta nke kemịkal ikuku na mmeghachi omume ha, ndị na'ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enyo enyocha onyinye osisi na anụmanụ na carbon dioxide, na ndị ọkachamara dị ka ndị na-amụ banyere ihu igwe na ndị na-agbakwunye obosara n'ịghọta ikuku .

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

Dị ka Ecological Society of America si kọwaa, "Ecology bụ ọmụmụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ, na gburugburu ha; ọ na-achọ ịghọta njikọ dị mkpa dị n'ime osisi na anụmanụ na ụwa gbara ha gburugburu. " ^[7] Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịchọpụta mmekọrịta dị n"etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ha, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kemịkal; ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịchụso mmekọrịta dị nro n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ nke ihe dị iche iche site na mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha interdisciplinary nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa nrụgide na-emetụta nwere ike ịgụnye ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ime ebe a na-etinye mmiri n'ọnụ mmiri ebe mmepe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a tụrụ aro nwere ike imetụta ụdị ụfọdụ site na mmetọ mmiri na ikuku, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-akọwa osisi na anụmanụ, ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkal ga-enyocha njem nke Mmetọ ikuku na ndị ọkà mmụta ala ga-enyere aka ịghọta ala marsh na apịtị. ^{[citation needed]}

Ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi

Chemistry gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ndị bụ isi ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere Mmetọ ala na mmetọ mmiri. Isiokwu nke nyocha gụnyere mmebi nke kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi, njem ọtụtụ nke kemịl (dịka ọmụmaatụ, evaporation nke ihe na-agbanye mmiri nwere ọdọ mmiri iji mepụta ihe na-agbaze mmiri dị ka ihe na-emetọ ikuku), na mmetụta kemịkal n'elu ihe ndị dị ndụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Dị ka ihe atụ ọmụmụ, tụlee ikpe nke tankị solvent na-agbapụta nke batara n'ala ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala. Dị ka usoro iji dozie ma ọ bụ ghọta oke Mmetọ ala na mbufe ala nke solvent, a ga-etinye ihe nlereanya kọmputa n'ọrụ. Ndị na-emepụta kemịkal ga-akọwa njikọ nke solvent na ụdị ala a kapịrị ọnụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-amụkwa mmetụta na arthropods, osisi, na n'ikpeazụ ihe ndị bi n'ọdọ mmiri bụ nri nke amphibian nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Sayensị ala

Geosciences gụnyere geology gburugburu ebe obibi, sayensị ala gburugburu ebe obibi ihe mgbawa ugwu na evolushọn nke mkpo ụwa. N'ime usoro nkewa ụfọdụ, nke a nwekwara ike ịgụnye hydrology, gụnyere oceanography. ^{[citation needed]}

Dị ka ihe atụ ọmụmụ, nke mbuze ala, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ala ga-eme ngụkọta nke Mmiri na-asọba n'elu ala. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala ga-enyere aka n'inyocha njem sediment na mmiri na-agafe n'elu ala. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-enye aka site n'inyocha mgbanwe na nnyefe ìhè na mmiri na-anata. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-enyocha mmetụta ndị na-esote na osisi na anụmanụ mmiri site na mmụba nke mmiri. ^{[citation needed]}Templeeti:Panorama

Iwu ndị na-akwalite ọmụmụ ihe

N'United States, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) nke 1969 depụtara ihe ndị a chọrọ maka nyocha nke omume gọọmenti etiti (dị ka ọrụ owuwu okporo ụzọ na mkpebi nchịkwa ala) n'ihe gbasara kpọmkwem njirisi gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] Ọtụtụ iwu steeti akwadola iwu ndị a, na-etinye ụkpụrụ ndị a n'ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara. Ihe mgbawa a bụ mgbawa nke akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ banyere nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi tupu eziokwu nke omume mmepe.. ^{[citation needed]}

Otu onye nwere ike nyochaa nkọwa nke sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịgụ ihe atụ nke Nkwupụta Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi kwadebere n'okpuru NEPA dịka: Nhọrọ mmụba nke ọgwụgwọ Wastewater na-abanye na San Diego / Tijuana Estuary, Mgbasawanye nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu San Francisco International, Mmepe nke Houston, Metro Transportation system, Mgbasị nke usoro njem Boston MBTA, na Iwu nke Interstate 66 site na Arlington, Virginia. ^{[citation needed]}

Na England na Wales the Environment Agency (EA),[1] hibere na 1996, bụ otu ọha maka ichekwa na imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-akwado ụkpụrụ ndị edepụtara na mpaghara na saịtị gọọmentị ime obodo.[2] (bụbu ụlọ ọrụ osote praịm minista). E hibere ụlọ ọrụ a n'okpuru Iwu Environment Act 1995 dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ya ma soro Gọọmenti UK na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mejupụta ụkpụrụ a. ^{[citation needed]}

Hụkwa

Nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi
Atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi
Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ gburugburu ebe obibi
Kọmputa gburugburu ebe obibi
Nkọwa okwu nke sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi
Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Classics of Environmental Literature. Environmental history (14 September 2014). Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Mason (August 2014). History of the Study of Climate Change in Field of Environmental Science. Environmental Science. Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 Milestones in EPA and Environmental History. United States Environmental Protection Agency (20 May 2020). Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Karr (January 2022). Celebrating 50 years of the IES: A brief history of environmental science. The Institution of Environmental Sciences. Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 Austin (December 1, 2001). Cutting Through Environmental Issues: Technology as a double-edged sword. Brookings. Retrieved on October 2, 2022.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 Lambertini (August 23, 2018). Technology can help us save the planet. But more than anything, we must learn to value nature. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on October 2, 2022.
↑ What is ecology?. Ecological Society of America (2020). Retrieved on 20 May 2020.

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Classics of Environmental Literature. Environmental history (14 September 2014). Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[:2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Mason (August 2014). History of the Study of Climate Change in Field of Environmental Science. Environmental Science. Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content

[:3-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 Milestones in EPA and Environmental History. United States Environmental Protection Agency (20 May 2020). Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content

[:4-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Karr (January 2022). Celebrating 50 years of the IES: A brief history of environmental science. The Institution of Environmental Sciences. Retrieved on October 2, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content

[:5-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 Austin (December 1, 2001). Cutting Through Environmental Issues: Technology as a double-edged sword. Brookings. Retrieved on October 2, 2022.

[:63-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 ^6.7 Lambertini (August 23, 2018). Technology can help us save the planet. But more than anything, we must learn to value nature. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on October 2, 2022.

[7] What is ecology?. Ecological Society of America (2020). Retrieved on 20 May 2020.

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