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Ahụike na Naịjirịa

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Ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Abuja, isi obodo Naịjirịa

Na Naịjirịa, e nweela ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite ahụike kemgbe afọ 1950. Otú ọ dị, ọrịa ndị na-emetụta akpa ume (lower respiratory infections), ọrịa ụmụaka ọhụrụ amụrụ amụ (neonatal disorders), na nje HIV/AIDS ka na-anọgide dịka ihe ndị kachasị ebute ọnwụ n'obodo ahụ. Ọrịa ndị dịka kịtịka enwe (monkeypox), polio, ịba (malaria), na ụkwara nta (tuberculosis) egosila mgbanwe dị mma n'ihi usoro ntinye aka dị iche iche. Ihe ndị ọzọ kachasị echegbu ahụike gụnyere erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ (malnutrition), lulu/mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi (pollution), na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ. N'afọ 2020, Naịjirịa nwetara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị bu ọrịa COVID-19 n'Afrịka niile.

Nzukọ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative" (HRMI) na-eme atụmatụ na Naịjirịa na-emezu naanị pacenti iri anọ na asatọ n'isi abụọ (48.2%) nke ọrụ a tụrụ anya n'aka ya maka ikike ahụike, dabere na ego ọ na-enweta n'ozuzu ya. Maka ahụike ụmụaka, Naịjirịa na-emezu pacenti iri isi na isii n'isi isi (66.6%) nke ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ebe maka ndị okenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ pacenti iri isi na otu n'isi asaa (61.7%). Arụmọrụ n'ahụike gbasara ịmụ nwa na mmepụta (reproductive health) dị nnọọ ala, nke ruru naanị pacenti iri na isii n'isi atọ (16.3%) nke ọkwa a tụrụ anya ya.

Atụmanya ndụ na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ndị na-erubeghị afọ ise

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya (life expectancy at birth) na Naịjirịa ruru elu site n'afọ iri anọ na itoolu n'isi anọ (49.4) n'afọ 2007 gaa n'ihe dịka afọ iri ise na anọ (54) n'afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise (U5MR) n'ime puku mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla (per 1,000 live births) belatara site na otu narị na iri anọ na ise n'isi asaa (145.7) n'afọ 2007 gaa na otu narị n'isi abụọ (100.2) n'afọ 2017. E jiri ya tụnyere obodo ndị ọzọ na nkezi zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe ngosi ahụike nke Naịjirịa ka dị nnọọ ala.

Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na Naịjirịa

Ihe iri kacha akpata ọnwụ na Naịjirịa (2007-2017)

Ihe iri kacha akpata ọnwụ na Naịjirịa

Under-5 child mortality rate (1964–2017) and life expectancy at birth (1960–2017) in Nigeria

Isi Iyi: Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise (n'ime puku mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla) na Atụmatụ ndụ mmadụ mgbe a mụrụ ya (afọ). Atụmatụ ndị a bụ nke nzukọ "UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation" (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division) wepụtara.

Ntụle nke ihe ngosi ahụike na Naịjirịa na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ e ji atụnyere ya

Ntụnyere nke ihe ngosi ahụike
Mba/Ógbè Ogologo ndụ a tụrụ anya ya mgbe a mụrụ ya (2007) Ogologo ndụ a na-atụ anya ya mgbe a mụrụ ya (2017) U5MR (2007) U5MR (2017) Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e mere atụmatụ (2018)
Naịjirịa 49 54 146 100 Nde 195+
Mba ndị a na-ezo aka Ghana 60 63 82 49 Nde 29+
Malawi 53 64 103 55 Nde 18+
Rwanda 59 67 88 38 Nde 13+
Sudan 61 67 84 63 Nde iri anọ na otu
Norway 80 83 4 3 Nde 5+
United States 78 79 8 7 Nde 327+
China 75 76 20 9 1.393 ijeri
Australia 81 82 5 4 Nde 24
Mpaghara na ụwa Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Pacific 74 76 26 16 ijeri 2.328
Europe na Central Asia 75 78 15 9 Nde 918+
Latin America na Caribbean 73 76 24 18 Nde 641+
Middle East na North Africa 72 74 31 23 Nde 448+
Ndịda Eshia 66 69 71 45 1.814 ijeri
Ebe ndịda Sahara nke Afrịka 55 61 116 76 1.078 ijeri
Ụwa 70 72 58 39 7.594 ijeri

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na-anwụ na Naịjirịa karịrị 800 n'ime 100,000 a mụrụ dị ndụ.[1] N'afọ 2013, e dekọrọ ọnụọgụ ọnwụ 560 maka 100,000 ọmụmụ dị ndụ, nke dịtụ elu karịa ọnwụ 516 maka 100,000 ọmụmụ na 1980. [2] Ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere akụrụngwa nlekọta ahụike ezughi oke, ohere dị nta maka ọrụ ahụike dị mma, [3] nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nke metụtara ịda ogbenye, nchụpụ n'ihi nnupụisi Boko Haram, [4] ite ime na-adịghị mma, [5] na omume ọdịnala na-emerụ ahụ dị ka igbu akụkụ ahụ nwanyị.

Na Naịjirịa, ohere nwere ike iduga n'ọnwụ nne dị ime n'oge ndụ ya niile bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nanyị iri abụọ na abụọ (1 n'ime 22). Obodo a nwere iwu siri ike machibidoro isikwatu ime, nke na-amachibido ohere ịnweta usoro nchekwa ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara isikwatu ime n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Nchọpụta e mere n'afọ 2019 rụtụrụ aka n'enweghị nka zuru ezu n'ilekọta ndị ime na-enye nsogbu na mberede (emergency obstetric care) n'etiti ndị na-enye ọrụ ahụike. E nwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ndị nne dị ime na-ebelata na mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa mana ọ ka dị elu na mpaghara ugwu n'ihi ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị ala nakwa enweghị ohere zuru ezu iji nweta ọrụ ahụike.

Ọnwụ ndị nne (maternal mortality) na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (socioeconomic development) na Naịjirịa. Ebumnobi nke Atọ nke Mmepe Na-adigide (Sustainable Development Goal 3, target 1) na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ndị nne ka ọ daa n'okpuru iri asa (70) n'ime puku narị mụrụ dị ndụ ọ bụla (100,000 live births) tupu afọ 2030 eruo. Iji nweta ebumnobi a, ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee mkpọsa mmata (awareness campaigns), nlekọta ahụike ka mma, nakwa mkpebi siri ike na nkọwa ọrụ n'aka gọọmentị na ndị isi obodo.

  1. ↑ WHO | Maternal health in Nigeria: generating information for action. WHO. Retrieved on 2021-05-18.
  2. ↑ Maternal mortality. Retrieved on 2019-09-21.
  3. ↑ Welcome (2011). "The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems" (in en). Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 3 (4): 470–8. DOI:10.4103/0975-7406.90100. ISSN 0975-7406. PMID 22219580. 
  4. ↑ "Boko Haram: A decade of terror explained", BBC News, 2019-07-30.
  5. ↑ Health Challenges in the Present Democratic Era in Nigeria: The Place of Technology. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved on 2019-09-14.

 

Nnweta mmiri dị mma n'Ebe Ndị Na-emepe Emepere na Naịjirịa rịrị elu site na 47% n'afọ 1990 ruo 54% n'afọ 2010. Nnweta nke ndị bi n'obodo mepere emepe, nke rịdataworo site na 80% ruo 65% n'afọ 2006, gakekwara rụọ 74% ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010.[1]

Akụrụngwa nlekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ka na-adịghị mma. Imirikiti ezinụlọ na-adabere na mposi olulu (septic tanks) ebe ọ bụ na usoro nsị na mmiri ruru unyi nke etiti kpaara ókè na Abuja nakwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Lagos.[1] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2006 gosiri na ọ bụ naanị 1% nke ezinụlọ ndị dị na Lagos jikọtara na usoro nsị na mmiri ruru unyi a.[2] N'afọ 2016, mmiri na-adịghị mma, nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, na ejighị ịdị ọcha kpọrọ ihe kpatara ọnwụ mmadụ 68.6 n'ime mmadụ 100,000 ọ bụla.[3]

Ọrịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nje HIV na Ọrịa AIDS

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha Ihe Ngosipụta na Mmetụta HIV/AIDS nke Naịjirịa nke afọ 2018 gosiri na ọnụọgụ ndị bu nje HIV n'obodo ahụ n'etiti ndị okenye gbara afọ 15 ruo 49 bụ 1.4%.[1] Ọnụọgụ a dị iche iche nke ukwuu n'ofe mpaghara na steeti dị iche iche. Steeti Akwa Ibom nwere ọnụọgụ kacha elu nke ruru 5.6%, steeti Benue esote ya (4.9%), tupu steeti Rivers esote ha (3.8%).[2] N'aka nke ọzọ, steeti Jigawa na steeti Katsina nwere ọnụọgụ kacha ala nke ruru 0.3%.[3]

Ọrịa gbasara emume a na-agbasa kacha site na mmebi iwu na omume ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka inwe ọtụtụ ndị enyi nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ, amaghị ihe ize ndụ dị na ya, enweghị ohere zuru oke maka nlekọta ahụike,[1] na ụfọdụ ihe metụtara ọnọdụ akụnaụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gụnyere ịgbagharị ahịa n'akụkụ ebe ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ihe.[2] Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ya gụnyere ịgba akwụna, ọnụọgụ dị elu nke ọrịa na-efe efe site na mmekọahụ, omume mmekọahụ nzuzo dị ize ndụ, na azụmahịa ịzụ ma ọ bụ ire mmadụ.[3] Ụmụ agbọghọ kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma e jiri ha tụnyere ụmụ okorobịa.[3]

Ịba

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịba, nke bụ ọrịa anwụnta na-ebute, ka na-asọ mpi dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha ebute ọrịa na ọnwụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ dika mbelata dị nwayọ n'itunye nje na ọnwụ kemgbe afọ 2007,[1] mana ọ ka bụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ n'obodo ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, ọnụọgụ mgbasa nke ịba bụ 11%.[2] Atụmatụ Mgbochi Ịba nke Onye Isiala (President's Malaria Initiative) kọwara Naịjirịa dị ka obodo nwere ibu arọ dị elu nke ọrịa a.[3] Usoro Nchịkwa Ịba nke Mba (National Malaria Control Program) nakweere isiokwu mkpọsa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke bụ, 'Kwụsị Ịba Maka Ndụ Nke Ọma.'[4]

N'afọ 2017, ịba rịgooro dị ka ihe nke anọ kacha ebute ọnwụ na Naịjirịa, ebe ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka ọhụrụ mụrụ bụ 103.2 na 62.6 n'ime ụmụaka 1,000 ọ bụla a mụrụ ná ndụ, n'otu n'otu.[1] Mgbasa ọrịa a dị elu ka na-aga n'ihu na steeti dị iche iche, nke nsogbu ndị dị ka isi ike ọgwụ na ọgwụ anwụnta (anwụnta adaghị n'ọgwụ) nakwa ụgwọ akụnaụba dị elu nke mbọ a na-agba iji kpochapụ ya na-agbakwunye.[2] Nchịkwa anwụnta dị mma, nchọpụta ziri ezi, na ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi dị mkpa maka ịlụso ọrịa a ọgụ. Nduzi siri ike, ime ihe n'eguzogosị kwụ ọtọ, na ajụjụ na azịza (aza ajụjụ maka omume mmadụ) n'ọkwa gọọmentị niile dị mkpa iji hụ na e nwere ihe bose n'ịgbalị ịchịkwa na ikpochapụ ịba.[2

Ọrịa na-enye obodo nọrọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1985, ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ịba mpanaka (yellow fever) na Naịjirịa kpatara ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000. Ọrịa a gbasara gburugburu ebe ahụ rụọ afọ ise, ma kpatakwuo ọnwụ ndị ọzọ. Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mpanaka adịla kemgbe afọ ndị 1930.[1] Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-enye obodo nọrọ (endemic) na Naịjirịa gụnyere ịba (malaria), ogbu na-acha n'anya ụdị A (hepatitis A), ogbu na-acha n'anya ụdị B (hepatitis B), taịfọdụ (typhoid), emume akpụkpọ ụbụrụ (meningitis), na ahụ ọkụ Lassa (Lassa fever).[2][3] Na gazi, a na-adụkarị ndị na-eme njem na-abịa Naịjirịa ọdụ ka ha nweta ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụ dị iche iche iji chebe onwe ha pụọ n'ọrịa ndị a.[2]

Ịba Enwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mpox, nke a na-akpọkwa ịba enwe (monkeypox), bụ ọrịa na-agbakarị n'etiti anụmanụ nke na-esi n'ahụ anụmanụ na-efe gaa n'ahụ mmadụ. Ọ pụkwara isi n'ahụ onye nwere ọrịa ahụ gaa n'ahụ mmadụ ọzọ. Mpox na-efe mgbe e nwere mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmetụ aka n'etiti anụmanụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ nwere ọrịa ahụ, ma ọ bụ site n'ihe unyi ruru rịa ọrịa metụrụ aka. Mpox nwere ọgwụgwọ doro anya dị iche maka ya. Anyị nwere ike igbochi ya naanị site na mchacha aka anyị oge niile site n'ịsa ya ma hụ na anyị siri anụmanụ ọ bụla anyị chọrọ iri nke ọma ka ọ gbaa ọkụ. A chọpụtara ọrịa a na mbụ n'afọ 1971 na Naịjirịa ebe a hụrụ mmadụ abụọ rịara ya.[1][2]

Kofidi-biri-itolu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nzaghachi Naịjirịa banyere ntiwapụ ọrịa COVID-19 gụnyere usoro dị iche iche e mere iji chịkwaa mgbasa nke nje ahụ, gụnyere iwu mmachibido iwu ịpụ n'èzí (lockdown), mmachibido iwu njem, na ịbawanye nnyocha ọbara. Gọọmentị sozi ndị otu mba ụwa rụọ ọrụ dị ka Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) na Njikọ Afrịka (African Union) iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi. N'agbanyeghị mbọ ndị a rụpụtara, Naịjirịa chere ihe isi ike ihu n'ihe gbasara nkesa ọgwụ mgbochi na akụrụngwa ahụike ọha. Ntiwapụ ọrịa a mekwara ka nsogbu ahụike dịbu adị ka njọ, nke mere ka ihe onwunwe obodo ahụ nke pọrọ nku na mbụ hụkwuo ahụhụ.[1]

Ọrịa Elephantiasis

Ọrịa ndị a na-asọ oge n'mpaghara okpomọkụ nke a na-eleghara anya (Neglected tropical diseases) bụ òtù ọrịa dị iche iche na-efe efe nke nje gasị dị iche iche na-akpata, gụnyere vaịros (viruses), baktiria (bacteria), katsiri (parasites), fọngas (fungi), na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu (toxins).[1][2][3] Ọrịa ndị a na-akachasị emesi ndị obodo ogbenye gburugburu ike, ọkachasị n'mpaghara okpomọkụ na gburugburu ya. Na Naịjirịa, ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya bụ nnukwu nchegbu n'ahụike ọha na eze n'ihi otú ha siri gbasazie n'ọtụtụ ebe nakwa mmetụta ha n'akụnaụba na mmekọrịta ọha.

Naịjirịa nwere otu n'ime ibu arọ kachasị elu nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya n'Afrịka. Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ịda ogbenye, akụrụngwa ahụike ezughi oke, na ịdabere n'ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ọrịa ndị a na mba ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na Naịjirịa bụ ndị na-ebute ọrịa, nwere ebe nchekwa anụmanụ, ma gosipụta usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka itinye aka na ahụike ọha.[1][2]

  • Lymphatic filariasis: A makwaara dị ka elephantiasis, bụ ọrịa parasitic nke ikpuru dịka Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia Malay, na Brugia timori kpatara. A na-ebute ya site na ịta anwụnta site na ụdị dị ka Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, na Mansonia. Ọrịa ahụ na-emetụta usoro lymphatic, na-eduga na ọzịza siri ike (lymphedema) na aka, akụkụ ahụ, na ara. Ka oge na-aga, akpụkpọ ahụ na-esiwanye ike, ebe ndị ahụ na-emetụta na-afụ ụfụ, na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịkwagharị. Ọrịa a nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere nkwarụ, ọrịa nke abụọ, na nsogbu uche. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa lymphatic filariasis na-eche ihere mmekọrịta ihu n'ihi ọdịdị ha, nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike uche ha na ogo ndụ ha. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ọnọdụ ahụ na-egbochi ịgagharị na ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, na-enye aka na nhụjuanya anụ ahụ na nke mmetụta uche ogologo oge.[3][4]
  • Onchocerciasis, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka ìsì osimiri, sitere na Onchocerca volvulus, ikpuru parasitic nke a na-ebute site na ịta nke blackflies na-arịa ọrịa (Ụdị <i id="mwAgI">Simulium</i>). Nnụnụ ojii ndị a na-amụ nwa n'osimiri ndị na-asọ ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka obodo ndị dị nso n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike. Ozugbo ha banyere n'ime ahụ mmadụ, ikpuru na-emepụta microfilariae, nke na-agafe akpụkpọ ahụ na anya, na-eduga na nsogbu ahụike siri ike. Mgbaàmà nke onchocerciasis gụnyere ịta ezigbo ụta, akpụkpọ ahụ, na depigmentation, nke a na-akpọkarị "akpụkpọ agụ owuru. " Ndị butere ọrịa nwekwara ike ịmepụta nodules n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ebe ikpuru toro eto bi. Ka oge na-aga, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. E wezụga nhụjuanya anụ ahụ, ọrịa ahụ na-akpata ibu arọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ na ọrụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke onchocerciasis na-agụnye nlekọta nke ivermectin, nke na-egbu microfilariae ma na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbalị iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ blackfly site na usoro nchịkwa vector, dị ka ịgbasa ọgwụ ahụhụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata nnyefe. Ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu na usoro mgbochi dị mkpa iji belata mmetụta nke ọrịa a na-emebi emebi, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị na-efe efe.[5][6]
  • Schistosomiasis, nke a makwaara dị ka Bilharzia, bụ ọrịa parasitic nke ụdị dị iche iche nke Schistosoma kpatara, gụnyere S. mansoni, S. haematobium, na S. japonicum. Ọrịa a na-eme mgbe ndị mmadụ na-emetụta mmiri dị ọcha nke snails na-arịa ọrịa na-emetọ nke na-ewepụta igurube parasitic. Ozugbo ha nọ n'ime ahụ, nje ndị ahụ na-etolite ma na-akwaga n'akụkụ dị iche iche, na-eduga na mgbaàmà dịka ọbara na mamịrị (urine schistosomiasis), afọ ọsịsa, mmerụ ahụ imeju, na n'ọnọdụ siri ike, nkụchi akụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ya, schistosomiasis nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere ọrịa kansa ụkwara, Fibrosis imeju, ụkọ ọbara, na nkwụsị uto n'ime ụmụaka. Igbochi schistosomiasis na-agụnye izere mmetụ na isi iyi mmiri na-emetọ emetọ na itinye usoro nchịkwa snail iji belata mgbasa nke ọrịa. Mass drug administration na praziquantel bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji kpochapụ nje ma gbochie nsogbu ogologo oge. Mgbalị ahụike ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya n'imeziwanye mmiri dị ọcha, ịkụziri obodo ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ịkwalite nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge iji belata mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ. Site na usoro mgbochi na usoro ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu, enwere ike ịchịkwa schistosomiasis nke ọma ma belata ibu arọ ya nke ukwuu.
Ọrịa Ascaris na foto X-ray- Pica, omume iri ala (South Africa) (16424840111)
  • Helminths na-ebute n'ala, gụnyere roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenal), na Trichuris trichiura">whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), bụ parasitic worms nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ site na nri emetọ, mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmetụ aka na ala butere ọrịa. Nje ndị a na-akpata nsogbu ahụike dị mkpa dị ka nsogbu na-edozi ahụ, uto na-adịghị mma, ụkọ ọbara, ihe mgbu afọ, na afọ ọsịsa. N'ime ụmụaka, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike iduga na nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi na mbelata arụmọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-emetụtawanye mmepe ha. Mgbasa nke ikpuru ndị a na-ejikọta ya na adịghị ọcha na omume ịdị ọcha, na-eme ka ha jupụta na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri dị ọcha na nkwụsịtụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Igbochi ọrịa helminth a na-ebute n'ala chọrọ njikọta nke ịdị ọcha ka mma, agụmakwụkwọ ịdị ọcha, na mmemme deworming. Ịkwalite ịsa aka kwesịrị ekwesị, iyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-echebe, na ijide n'aka na mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa. A na-eji ọgwụgwọ deworming, dị ka albendazole na mebendazole, eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na atụmatụ ahụike ọha na eze iji chịkwaa ma kpochapụ ọrịa, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Idozi ọrịa ndị a dị oke mkpa maka imeziwanye ahụike n'ozuzu ya, ịkwalite nsonaazụ agụmakwụkwọ, na imebi usoro ịda ogbenye na obodo ndị metụtara.[7]
Trachoma 1
  • Trachoma bụ ọrịa anya na-efe efe nke nje bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis kpatara. Ọ na-agbasa site na mmetụ anya kpọmkwem site n'aka ndị butere ọrịa ma ọ bụ site na ụmụ ahụhụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa. Ọrịa ahụ na-ebute ọbara ọbara, iwe, na nsị n'anya. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ya, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute ugboro ugboro na trichiasis, ọnọdụ ebe anya na-agbanye n'ime ma na-agbanyụ cornea, na-akpata ọnyá. Ọnọdụ siri ike nwere ike ịkpata ìsì a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka trachoma bụrụ isi ihe na-akpata ìsì a pụrụ igbochi n'ụwa niile. Igbochi na ịgwọ trachoma gụnyere usoro SAFE, ịwa ahụ iji dozie trichiasis, Antibiotics dị ka azithromycin iji kpochapụ ọrịa ahụ, ịdị ọcha ihu iji belata nnyefe, na mmelite gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ịdị ọcha ka ibelata ọmụmụ nnụnụ. Omume ahụike ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya na ịdị ọcha na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ. Site na mgbalị na-aga n'ihu, enwere ike iwepụ trachoma dị ka nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze na mpaghara ndị metụtara.[8]
  • Ekpenta, nke a makwaara dị ka ọrịa Hansen, bụ ọrịa na-efe efe na-adịghị ala ala nke Mycobacterium leprae kpatara, nje bacteria na-eto ngwa ngwa nke na-emetụta akpụkpọ ahụ, akwara, na mucous membranes. A na-ebute ya site na mmekọrịta chiri anya na onye butere ọrịa, nke a na-ahụkarị site na mmiri ozuzo. Ọrịa ahụ na-apụta site na mgbaàmà ndị dị ka mmerụ ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ, enweghị mmetụta, mmebi akwara, na adịghị ike nke uru ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na a gwọọghị ya, ekpenta nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu, gụnyere nkwarụ, nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide, na ịkpa ókè ọha na eze n'ihi echiche na-ezighi ezi gbara ọrịa ahụ gburugburu. N'agbanyeghị ihere akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ekpenta bụ ọrịa a na-agwọta, nchọpụta n'oge na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi nsogbu ogologo oge. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ọgwụgwọ ọtụtụ ọgwụ site na iji ngwakọta nke rifampicin, dapsone, na clofazimine, nke na-ewepụ nje bacteria ma kwụsị nnyefe.[9] Ịkwalite mmata, imeziwanye ohere maka nlekọta ahụike, na ibelata ihere ọha na eze bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa iji kpochapụ ekpenta na ijide n'aka na ndị metụtara ya na-enweta ọgwụgwọ n'oge na nke dị irè.
  • Enweghị ego zuru oke: Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka ndị dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na Naịjirịa bụ ego. Ihe onwunwe e kenyere maka mmemme ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-abụkarị ezughi ezu iji kwado mbọ itinye aka ogologo oge. Ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị na-enye onyinye mba ụwa, ma mgbe ego na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ ezughi oke, mmemme ndị dị mkpa dị ka nlekọta ọgwụ, njikwa vector, na nlekota na-enwe nsogbu. Enweghị itinye ego zuru oke na nyocha, ọgwụgwọ, na usoro mgbochi, ọganihu iji kpochapụ ọrịa ndị a na-anọgide na-eji nwayọ, obodo ndị metụtara na-aga n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. [10] [11][12]
  • Ihe owuwu ahụike na-adịghị ike: Usoro nlekọta ahụike nke Naijiria, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe, na-eche nnukwu ihe ịma aka ihu n'inye ọrụ zuru oke maka ịchịkwa ọrịa ndị a na'ebe okpomọkụ. Ọtụtụ obodo enweghị ụlọ ọrụ ahụike zuru oke, ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, na ihe ndị dị mkpa, na-eme ka o sie ike maka ndị mmadụ ịnata nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge. N'ógbè ụfọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị anya site na ndị metụtara, na-eme ka ohere ịnweta ntinye aka dị mkpa sie ike. Ihe owuwu a na-adịghị ike na-egbochi ịdị irè nke nlekota ọrịa, nchọpụta n'oge, na mbọ nchịkwa, na-enye ohere ka ọrịa ndị a leghaara anya na-aga n'ihu ma gbasaa.[13]
  • Mgbochi na ibute ọrịa ọzọ: Nchịkwa nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-eme ka ihe ịma aka nke iguzogide nje na ibute nje ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya, dị ka schistosomiasis na lymphatic filariasis, nwere usoro mgbasa ozi dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eme ka mkpochapụ zuru oke sie ike. Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere adịghị ọcha na nlekọta mkpofu ezughi oke, na-enye aka na nnyefe na-aga n'ihu. Ọbụna mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, ndị bi n'ebe ndị dị oke egwu na-enwekarị otu ọnọdụ ahụ nke dugara na ibute ọrịa na mbụ, na-eme ka ohere nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọgwụ na-eguzogide na-etolite, na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ghara ịdị irè ma na-achọ mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ.
  • Mmekọrịta obodo pere mpe: Nchịkwa dị irè nke ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na-achọ ntinye aka site na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, mana nkwenkwe mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị na enweghị mmata na-egbochi mbọ itinye aka. N'ebe ụfọdụ, echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ihe na-akpata ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ na-eduga na iguzogide ntinye aka ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwenkwe ọdịnala nwere ike ịkọwa ọrịa ndị a na-eleghara anya n'ebe okpomọkụ site na ihe karịrị nke mmadụ kama ịbụ ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-eduga ndị mmadụ ịchọ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ kama nlekọta ahụike. Tụkwasị na nke a, obodo ụfọdụ amaghị maka ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dịnụ ma ọ bụ na-atụ egwu ịta ahụhụ, nke na-egbochi ha ịchọ ọgwụgwọ. Ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na itinye ndị isi obodo na mkpọsa mmata bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa iji merie ihe mgbochi ndị a.[14]

Opioid riri ahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2024, opioids bụ isi ihe na-akpata oke ọgwụ na Naịjirịa.[15] N'afọ 2024, opioids dị ka tramadol na codeine dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na Naịjirịa.[16]Alare (October 19, 2024). "The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions". The Lancet 404 (10462). Retrieved on 27 April 2025. Alare, Kehinde; Muili, Abdulbasit (19 October 2024). "The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions". The Lancet. 404 (10462). Retrieved 27 April 2025.</ref> Opiates ndị ọzọ dịnụ gụnyere pentazocin na morphine. [16] Opiate na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma n'obodo ukwu ma n'ime ime obodo.[16] N'obodo ụfọdụ, a na-ejikarị opioid eme ihe, a na'ahụkwa ya dị ka ụzọ a na-adịghị emebi emebi iji dozie nrụgide onwe onye.[16]

N'afọ 2024, e nwere ụlọ ọgwụ ole na ole.[16] Omume mmanye iwu lekwasịrị anya n'ịghọ mpụ nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, kama igbochi inye ọgwụ ọjọọ.[16]

Nri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nutrition, especially in northern Nigeria, is often inadequate. Since 2002, food staples have been required to be fortified with nutrients such as vitamin A, folic acid, zinc, iodine, and iron. However, some Nigerian industries have opposed this, citing reduced profit margins. The Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation is contributing   $5 million over four years to enforce a rigorous testing regime to ensure the standards are met. The initiative aims to provide critical nutrients to children, particularly those who consume mainly cereal and beans, at low cost. This would help reduce the risk of stunting and death from diseases like measles and diarrhea. Nearly half of child deaths under five are attributed to malnutrition.[17] Additionally, Aliko Dangote, whose companies supply salt, sugar, and flour, has called for a crackdown on the importation of low-quality food products, often smuggled into local markets.[17]

Mmetọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchịkọta okporo ụzọ na Lagos, mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi - gụnyere mmetọ mmiri, Mmetọ ikuku, na mmetọ mkpọtụ - bụ isi nsogbu ahụike.

Usoro mmiri na Naịjirịa bụ ebe nchekwa maka kemịkal na-egbu egbu. Ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas, tinyere nsị zuru oke n'ime ụzọ mmiri, emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi dị ukwuu.[18] Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka polyaromatic hydrocarbons, ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ polyfluoroalkyl, na ọla dị arọ na-emetọ oké osimiri, osimiri, na iyi.[19][20][21]

N'afọ 2018, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Nation kọrọ banyere mkpofu ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na Mba ahụ, na-ekwu na enweghị usoro nchịkwa mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị, nke na-eduga n'ịtụfu ihe mkpofu n'enweghị isi, akpa polythene, karama plastik, na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.[22] The Huffington Post na May 2017 welitere egwu banyere ịtụfu plastik n'oké osimiri, na-ekwu na "oké osimiri na-abanye na plastik - ọ dịghịkwa onye na-elebara egwu ahụ anya". The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, na mmekorita ya na World Economic Forum, buru amụma na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, plastik dị n'oké Osimiri ga-ebu ibu karịa azụ. A na-atụ anya na mmụba a na-eri ga-eme ka ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na-emetụta plastik.[23] Ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu nwere kemịkal estrogenic na androgenic, nke nwere ike ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike imebi ọrụ homonụ.[21][24] Ihe ndị a na-emetọ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, na-emetụta ndụ ha na ikike ọmụmụ ha, ha na-agbakọta na usoro nri.

Naịjirịa nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ikuku kachasị njọ n'ụwa (nke anọ n'ụwa niile), ya na obodo anọ - Onitsha, Aba, Kaduna, na Umuahia - nke kachasị emetọ n'ihi ihe ndị dị nro (PM10). Akụkọ WHO na-adịbeghị anya chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ PM2.5 nke Naịjirịa kwa afọ dị na 72 μg / m3, nke dị elu karịa ókè a tụrụ aro nke 10 μg / M3.[25] Dabere na akụkọ data ahụike ụwa, mmetọ ikuku bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Naịjirịa, na-enye aka na ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa obi, na ọrịa na-efe efe. Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ na mmetọ ifufe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-akpata nnukwu ọrịa na ọnwụ na mba ahụ.[26]

Tebụl na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku na Naịjirịa (2019) maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile [27]
Ọrịa/ọgba aghara Mmetọ ikuku nke ọnwụ zuru oke na pasentị
Ọrịa obi Ischemic 4.37
Ọrịa strok 3.98
Ọrịa kansa akpa ume 0.39
Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume 0.89
Tebụl na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke DALYs sitere na mmetọ ikuku na Naịjirịa (2019) maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile [27]
Ọrịa/ọgba aghara Mmetọ ikuku nke ngụkọta DALYs na pasentị
Ọrịa obi Ischemic 1.3
Ọrịa strok 1.47
Ọrịa kansa akpa ume 0.13
Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume 0.41
An image of a yellow Danfo bus causing air pollution in Lagos State, Nigeria
Bọs Danfo na-acha odo odo na-akpata mmetọ ikuku na Lagos Steeti, Naịjirịa

Naịjirịa bụ ebe ọtụtụ ụgbọala, gụnyere ụgbọala, ọgba tum tum, na ụgbọala ndị dị arọ dị ka bọs na gwongworo, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ochie ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihe gbasara ike. Ụgbọala ndị a na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ, gụnyere nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, na ndị ọzọ. A na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu na mba ahụ, ma ụlọ ma ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, site na ọkụ, na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ site na ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ, ihe ndị aka mere dị ka plastik na rọba, na ihe ndị ize ndụ dị ka batrị na ihe mkpofu. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na-enyekwa aka na mmetọ ikuku site na iji stovu kerosene na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nkụ, na icheku ọkụ maka isi nri, mgbe mgbe n'ime ụlọ na ikuku na-adịghị mma. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọtụtụ ọfịs na ebe obibi na-enye aka na mmetọ ikuku site na iji generators dị ka ihe nnọchi anya ọkụ eletrik ọha na eze a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya, na anwụrụ ọkụ na-apụta n'ebe ikuku na-adịghị mma. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ mmetọ gụnyere ikuku sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ yiri nke ụgbọala, mana ọ na-eji diesel kama gasoline.[28]

Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kwa afọ, mmadụ nde 1.25 na-anwụ n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ.[1] N'agbata nde mmadụ 20 rụọ nde 50 ọzọ na-enweta mmerụ ahụ na-adịghị eduga n'ọnwụ, mana ọtụtụ n'ime mmerụ ahụ ndị a na-ebute nkwarụ na-adịgide adịgide. Mmerụ ahụ na-esi n'okporo ụzọ pụta na-akpata nnukwu mfu akụnaụba ga-adịrị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ ha, nakwa mba gasị, n'ihi ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na mfu nke mmepụta ihe sitere n'aka ndị ahụ nwụrụ ma ọ bụ nwee nkwarụ, yana ndị ezinụlọ ha dọpụrụ aka n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji lekọta ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ. Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na-eri ọtụtụ mba ihe ruru pasentị atọ (3%) nke ngụkọta akụnaụba ha (GDP). Mmerụ ahụ na-esi n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ pụta bụ isi ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ n'etiti ndị nọ n'agbata afọ 15 rụọ 29.[2]

Ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,400 na-anwụ n'okporo ụzọ gasị n'ụwa niile kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọtụtụ iri nde mmadụ na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-enweta nkwarụ kwa afọ. Ụmụ nwatakịrị, ndị ji ụkwụ aga, ndị na-agba igwe (cyclists), na ndị merie agadi nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ karị. Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) na gọọmentị gasị nakwa ndị otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGOs) na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụwa dum iji gosi na ihe mberede okporo ụzọ bụ ihe pụrụ igbochi egbochi, nakwa iji kwalite usoro ndị na-eleba anya n'omume ndị kacha ebute ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ gabigara oke, ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okpuru mmetụta mmanya na-aba n'anya, iji nchegbu isi (helmet) eme ihe mgbe a na-agba ọgba tum tum, iji eriri nchekwa (seat-belts), na oche nchekwa ụmụaka.[1]

N'ihi otú ihe mberede okporo ụzọ siri gazi n'ụzọ dị ize ndụ na Naịjirịa, nke mere na n'afọ 2013, a hụrụ obodo ahụ dị ka otu n'ime mba gasị nwere ọnụọgụ ihe mberede okporo ụzọ kacha elu n'ụwa niile (nakwa mba kacha nwee ya n'Afrịka),[1][2] gọọmentị Naịjirịa guzobere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Okporo Ụzọ (FRSC) n'afọ 1988 iji gbochie ma kwụsị ogbugbu na mbibi a na-enwe n'okporo ụzọ ukwu gasị.

Ogo na Atụmatụ Ọganihu nke Ihe Mberede Okporo Ụzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Okporo Ụzọ (FRSC) kọrọ na mmadụ 456 nwụrụ gazi, ebe mmadụ 3,404 ọzọ merụrụ ahụ n'ime ihe mberede okporo ụzọ 826 e dekọrọ n'obodo ahụ dum n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018.[1]

Ọkaikpe Nchịkwa otu FRSC (Corps Marshal), Boboye Oyeyemi, bụ onye bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ FRSC nke ọnwa Jenụwarị

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke UN

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2015, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN General Assembly) nabatara Atụmatụ 2030 maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide, nke gụnyere Ebumnuche Maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs) iri na asa (17). Site n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ahụ bụ "ịhapụghị onye ọ bụla n'azụ," atụmatụ a na-emesi ike ụzọ nlekọta zuru oke (holistic approach) iji rụpụta ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide maka mmadụ niile.[1] Atụmatụ 3.6 dị n'okpuru Ebumnuche 3 nke Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide na-eleba anya kpọmkwem na gbasara ihe mberede okporo ụzọ. Ọ na-asị, "Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ na mmerụ ahụ n'ụwa niile na-esi n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ pụta okpukpu abụọ (halve it).

Gọọmentị Etiti nke Naịjirịa emebela usoro na atụmatụ gasị dị iche iche iji hụ na a rụpụtara Ebumnuche Maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs) n'obodo ahụ.[1] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Naịjirịa ka nọ ebe dị anya n'irute ebumnuche a.

Ọgwụ ọdịnala / Ọgwụ ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A tray containing local herbal medicine products and concoctions
Otu tileyi (tray) jupụtara na ngwa ọgwụ ọdịnala na agwọ Ọgwụ dị iche iche

Akụkọ gasị pụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosipụtala ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche metụtara ụdị ọgwụ ọdịnala na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ a na-eme ná ndochi (alternative medicine). Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụgwọ ndị a nwere uru ha na-erubere ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ma na-eji ha eme ihe enweghị ozi zuru oke gbasara otu esi eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mma, nke a na-edugazi ná mmerụ ahụ pụrụ ime.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụ ọdịnala na-atụnye ụtụ dị ukwuu n'ahụike na n'akụnaụba, ire ha n'enweghị nchịkwa doro anya nakwa iji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, gụnyere akwụkwọ nri na ogwu mkpọrọgwụ (herbs), ebutela mmerụ ahụ na igbu oge n'ịga chọọ nlekọta ahụike n'aka ndị dọkịta ruru eru.[2]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ọnụọgụ ndị bi na ya ruru ihe dị ka nde 200,[1] Naịjirịa bụ mba kacha nwee nnukwu mmadụ n'Afrịka. Dị ka mba kacha zipụ mmanụ rị rị n'ofe Afrịka, Naịjirịa na-eche ihe isi ike ihu n'ịtụnyere mkpa ike (energy) nke mba ụwa na nkwụsi ike nke akụnaụba obodo ahụ, ebe ọ na-elebakwa anya na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe (climate change). Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa nwere ike ịgụnye okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, ntiwapụ nke oke ihu igwe dị ize ndụ ugboro ugboro na n'ogo dị elu, nakwa ịrị elu nke oge osimiri.[2] Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike iduga n'ịba ụba nke enweghị nri na mmiri doro anya, mmetụta siri ike nke oke okpomọkụ na ụzarị ọkụ anyanwụ (ultraviolet radiation), mgbanwe n'otú ọrịa si agbasa, na mmetụta dị ize ndụ n'ebe obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nọ, bụ ndị iju mmiri na-emesi ike.[2] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, usoro mgbochi na nhazi zuru oke nwere ike inyere aka chebe ndị mmadụ ma weta ohere maka ahụike ka mma n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta.

Ihe ize ndụ kacha siri ike n'ahụike na-esi n'ọrịa ndị pụrụ iduga n'ọnwụ pụta. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi (climate change) nwere ike imekwa ka ọrịa ndị dịbu adị ka njọ ma tinye aka na ntiwapụ nke ndị nke ọhụrụ, dị ka ọbara mgbali elu (high blood pressure), mgbaka ma ọ bụ isi mgbaka (psychosis), nchegbu uche gabigara oke (neurosis), na nkwarụ a mụrụ nwa na ya (congenital malformations).[1] Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbakwunyere ndị mmadụ ogbenye rịrị n'ọnọdụ ha ihe isi ike.

Mmetụta ahụike nke mmetọ

Iju mmiri, nke oke osimiri na-arịwanye elu na akụrụngwa na-adịghị mma na-akpata, ọkachasị usoro ọwa mmiri (drainage) a na-ahaziri n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ n'ahụike. Ndịda Naịjirịa, ọkachasị Lagos—nke dị naanị otu mita n'elu ogo osimiri—nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ maka iju mmiri, ebe obodo ahụ na-eche nchegbu maka mbibi ma ọ bụ mfu kpamkpam ihu.[1] Mmetụta ahụike nke iju mmiri na-eweta gụnyere ọrịa ndị na-esi na mmiri na-efe efe dị ka taịfọdụ (typhoid), kọlera (cholera), oyi nymonia (pneumonia), ọnyụnyụ (diarrhea), na ịba (malaria), bụ ndị meburịrị agbata n'anụ ahụ na ndụ ndị mmadụ na Naịjirịa.

Pasentị nke Ọnwụ na DALYs nke ọrịa ndị a na-ahụkarị nke idei mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọ ka njọ
Pasentị nke ngụkọta ndị nwụrụ anwụ Pasentị nke DALYs
Ịba 12% 11.16%
Ọrịa oyi na-efe efe 0.22% 0.24%
Ọrịa afọ ọsịsa 11.36% 11.86%
Ebe e si nweta ya: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME 2019)

Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) achọpụtara ọrịa gasị dị ka Schistosomiasis (ọrịa ewi/mmerụ ahụ na-esi na mmiri), African trypanosomiasis (ọrịa ụra), ịba (malaria), lymphatic filariasis (atụrụ/ụkwụ mbu), onchocerciasis (ìsì osimiri), na leishmaniasis dị ka nnukwu ọrịa ndị na-asọ oge n'mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropical diseases).[1] Ọrịa ndị a nwere nnukwu mmetụta n'ahụike ọha na ibe ya nakwa n'akụnaụba. Dị ka onye bụbu Onye Isi Nchịkwa WHO, Hiroshi Nakajima kwuru, ọrịa ndị a na-egbochi ọganihu nke gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eme ka ala na-emepụta ihe ghara ịbụ ebe obibi, na-emebi uto nke uche na nke ahụ, ma na-ebute nnukwu ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ.[2]

Okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu na-emekwa ka mgbasa nke ọrịa dị iche iche siri ike, dị ka emume akpụkpọ ụbụrụ (meningitis), amụma ọbara (measles), kịtịkpa (chicken pox), ọbara mgbali elu (high blood pressure), na enweghị mmiri n'ahụ n'oge ime ime. A tụrụ anya na ọnụọgụ ndị bi ná mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-eto site na ijeri 2.3 n'afọ 2005 rụọ ijeri 4 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030,[1] nke a ga-eduga n'ịba ụba nke anwuru carbon na-emebi ikuku nakwa na-eme ka nsogbu obodo mepere emepe ka njọ, gụnyere ụlọ obibi na-adịghị mma. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eme ka ohere maka oke okpomọkụ dị ize ndụ (heatwaves) rịgoro elu n'obodo ukwu gasị.

Ọzọkwa, okpomọkụ dị elu na-emetụta mgbasa nke ọrịa ndị na-ebute site n'ịkwalite uto nke pathogens na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka o kwe omume ibufe ọrịa.[29] Nje ndị na-egbu egbu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-emetụta okpomọkụ nke ukwuu, nke na-eme ka usoro ọmụmụ nke anwụnta na nje na-egbu oge.

  • Ọ bụ ezie na Naịjirịa achọpụtala mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike iweta, ọ ka nwere oghere na nhazi na mmejuputa usoro nbelata ya. (Although Nigeria has acknowledged the potential health impacts of climate change, there remain gaps in planning and implementing mitigation strategies.)
  • Akwụkwọ nyocha nke WHO gbasara "Climate and Health Country Profile" maka Naịjirịa (2015) rụtụrụ aka n'ọganihu ụfọdụ, dịka nhọpụta nke onye isi na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba ahụ nakwa imepụta usoro mgbanwe ahụike nke mba. (The WHO's Climate and Health Country Profile for Nigeria (2015) highlights successes, such as the identification of a national focal point for climate change and the development of a national health adaptation strategy.)
  • Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mbọ pụtara ìhè agbagoro iji mee ka ikike ụlọ ọrụ na nke teknụzụ siri ike, ma ọ bụ imezu ihe omume ndị ezubere iji bulie nchekwa akụrụngwa ahụike. (However, there have been no significant efforts to strengthen institutional and technical capacities or to implement activities aimed at increasing health infrastructure resilience.)
  • Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ dịghị ego ọ bụla e wepụtara (ma ọ bụ nke si n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke mba ụwa) iji kwado omume ndị ga-eme ka ahụike nwee nchekwa pụọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. (Additionally, there have been no financial commitments (either domestic or international) to fund actions that would improve health resilience to climate change.)
  • Ohere ndị a na-enye ohere maka ime ihe dị mma. (These gaps present opportunities for effective action.)
  • Nzukọ WHO na-atụ aro ka e mee nyocha zuru ezu banyere mmetụta na usoro mgbanwe (vulnerability and adaptation assessment) nke ga-agụnye ndị niile dị mkpa nakwa atụmatụ ego e ji emejuputa usoro nchekwa ahụike. (The WHO suggests conducting a comprehensive vulnerability and adaptation assessment that includes relevant stakeholders and an estimation of the costs to implement health resilience strategies,)
  • Usoro ndị a kwesịrị ịgụnye akụrụngwa obodo, yana ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ na nke teknụzụ. (which should cover infrastructure, as well as institutional and technical capacities.)
  • Ọzọkwa, e kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n'omume ndị na-eme ka ngalaba ahụike bụrụ nke na-adịghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi ("green"), dịka ịkwalite ike siri n'ihe ndị sitere n'okike (renewable energy). (Furthermore, actions to "green" the health sector, such as promoting renewable energy, should be prioritized,)
  • E kwesịrị inyocha uru dị iche iche usoro nbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta n'ahụike. (and the co-benefits to health of climate mitigation policies should be evaluated.)
  • Nke a ga-enyere aka na nlekọta ọganihu maka oge n'ọdịnihu nke ga-esi ike ma nwee nchekwa. (This will help monitor progress toward a more resilient future.)

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
    • Ọrịa obi na akwara na Naịjirịa
    • Nlekọta ahụike na Naịjirịa
    • Ministri Ahụike Federal
    • Ịṅụ sịga na Naịjirịa
    • Ntinye ọrụ aka maka ndị ọkachamara ahụike na Naịjirịa
  1. ↑ Ochola (February 2021). "The impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) on health and wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A case study of Kenya". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15 (2). DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009131. PMID 33571200. 
  2. ↑ Nigeria—Integrated Approach to Neglected Tropical Diseases (UNITED) · DAI: International Development (en-us). www.dai.com. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  3. ↑ Lymphatic filariasis (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  4. ↑ Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  5. ↑ Onchocerciasis (river blindness) (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  6. ↑ Onchocerciasis (river blindness) (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  7. ↑ Soil-transmitted helminth infections (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  8. ↑ Trachoma - Symptoms and causes (en). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2025-03-23.
  9. ↑ Perron (22 September 2007). "Source–sink dynamics shape the evolution of antibiotic resistance and its pleiotropic fitness cost". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1623): 2351–2356. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2007.0640. 
  10. ↑ ENDING THE NEGLECT: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ELIMINATING NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES IN NIGERIA BY 2030. end.org.
  11. ↑ Onasanya (27 January 2025). "Evaluating stakeholder coordination and partnerships for NTD elimination in Taraba state, Nigeria: a multi-level analysis". BMC Infectious Diseases 25 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12879-025-10553-x. PMID 39871204. 
  12. ↑ Neglected Tropical Diseases Health Financing Landscape and Fund Flow Analysis in Cross River State. r4d.org.
  13. ↑ Marchal (September 2011). "Neglected tropical disease (NTD) control in health systems: The interface between programmes and general health services". Acta Tropica 120: S177–S185. DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.017. PMID 21439930. 
  14. ↑ Community engagement in neglected tropical disease treatment - Treatment in Nigeria: Rethinking the needs of varying contexts. countdown.lstmed.ac.uk.
  15. ↑ Oladapo (2025). "Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability". Society for the Study of Addiction 120 (2): 385–386. DOI:10.1111/add.16710. Retrieved on 27 April 2025. 
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alare (October 19, 2024). "The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions". The Lancet 404 (10462). Retrieved on 27 April 2025. 
  17. 1 2 "Nigerian food sector commits to nutrient fortification", Financial Times, 5 August 2018. Retrieved on 21 September 2018.
  18. ↑ Ratcliffe. "'This place used to be green': the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta", The Guardian, 2019-12-06. Retrieved on 2020-05-26. (in en-GB)
  19. ↑ Adeogun (May 2016). "Corrigendum to "Intersex and alterations in reproductive development of a cichlid, Tilapia guineensis, from a municipal domestic water supply lake (Eleyele) in Southwestern Nigeria" [Sci. Total Environ. 541 (2016) 372–382]". Science of the Total Environment 551-552. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.069. ISSN 0048-9697. 
  20. ↑ Ibor (December 2016). "Gonado-histopathological changes, intersex and endocrine disruptor responses in relation to contaminant burden in Tilapia species from Ogun River, Nigeria". Chemosphere 164: 248–262. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.087. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 27591376. 
  21. 1 2 Khan (2019-05-15). "Modulation of Neuro-Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Female Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Perfluoroalkyl Substances". Environmental Science & Technology 53 (12): 7036–7044. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.9b00637. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 31090407. Khan, Essa A.; Bertotto, Luisa B.; Dale, Karina; Lille-Langøy, Roger; Yadetie, Fekadu; Karlsen, Odd André; Goksøyr, Anders; Schlenk, Daniel; Arukwe, Augustine (15 May 2019). "Modulation of Neuro-Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Female Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Perfluoroalkyl Substances". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (12): 7036–7044. Bibcode:2019EnST...53.7036K. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b00637. hdl:1956/22362. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 31090407. S2CID 206583654.
  22. ↑ "Improper waste disposal: A threat to our survival", The Nation, 2018-04-25. Retrieved on 2019-09-19.
  23. ↑ Mosbergen (2017-04-27). The Oceans Are Drowning In Plastic -- And No One's Paying Attention. HuffPost. Retrieved on 2019-09-19.
  24. ↑ Arukwe (2008-04-09). "Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc)-regulated steroidogenesis as an organ-specific molecular and cellular target for endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish". Cell Biology and Toxicology 24 (6): 527–540. DOI:10.1007/s10565-008-9069-7. ISSN 0742-2091. PMID 18398688. 
  25. ↑ Phoebe. "Dirty by success? Nigeria is home to cities with worst PM10 levels", CNN, 2016.
  26. ↑ Hyellai (2021). "Environmental health situation in Nigeria: current status & future needs". Heliyon 7 (3). DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06330. PMID 33851039. 
  27. 1 2 IMHE. GBD compare/ viz hub.
  28. ↑ Fargorite (2021). "Air pollution, causes, effect & remediation in Nigeria". International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 7 (1). 
  29. ↑ Kovats (2005). "Climate Change and Human Health: Estimating Avoidable Deaths and Disease". Risk Analysis 25 (6): 1409–1418. DOI:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00688.x. PMID 16506971. 
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