Asụsụ Volta-Niger
Ezinụlọ asụsụ Volta-Niger, nke a makwaara dị ka West Benue-Congo ma ọ bụ East Kwa, bụ otu n'ime alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, nke nwere ma eleghị anya nde mmadụ iri asaa na-asụ ya. N'etiti ndị a bụ asụsụ kachasị mkpa nke ndịda Naịjirịa, Benin, Togo, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Ghana: Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, na Gbe.
E tinyela asụsụ ndị a n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ime ezinụlọ Kwa ma ọ bụ Benue–Congo ma ọ bụ, malite na 1970s, jikọtara ya na ha kpam kpam. Williamson & Blench (2000) kewapụrụ asụsụ ebe a a na-akpọ Volta-Niger na ndị ọzọ. Güldemann (2018) anaghị ahụta ụkpụrụ doro anya maka ikewa asụsụ n'ime ezinụlọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ma na-edobe nnukwu mkpokọta na aha Benue-Kwa maka ha niile.
Alaka dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
The constituent groups of the Volta–Niger family, along with the most important languages in terms of number of speakers, are as follows (with number of languages for each branch in parentheses):Àtụ:According to whom Asụsụ Yoruboid na Akoko ka ejikọrọ dị ka ngalaba Defoid, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ha, Edoid na Igboid ka a tụrụ aro ka ha bụrụ ngalaba izizi nke otu a na-akpọbeghị aha, nke a na-akpọkarị yeai. N'otu aka ahụ, Oko, Nupoid, na Idomoid na-agbakọkarị ọnụ n'okpuru mkpọokwu noi. Ukaan bụ asụsụ Atlantic–Congo, mana amabeghị ma ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ Volta–Niger; Blench na-enyo enyo na ọ dị nso na Benue-Congo.
N'ime nyocha kọmputa na-akpaghị aka (ASJP 4) site na Müller et al. (2013): [1]
- Gbe Ndị Yoruboid sonyere na Kwa.
- Otu Edoid na Cross River ọnụ.
- Akpes na Ukaan otu.
- Oko nọ n'ime Idomoid.
Alaka na ebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke isi ngalaba Volta-Niger na ebe ha bụ isi (ebe dị iche iche) na Nigeria dabere na Blench (2019). [2]
Okwu ntụnyere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi na alaka Volta-Niger dị iche iche:
| Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoruba | Ndị omeiwu | na ndị ọzọ | Imú | eyín | ahọn | Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-eme | egungun | igi | Omi | Isiokwu | Ọkụ |
| Proto-Yoruboid[3] | *e-jú | *e-tĩ́́ | *ɪ-ŋmʊ | *e-ɲĩ́́ | *ʊ-ɓã́ | *a-rʊ̃ã | *ɛ́-byɛ̀ | *V-k'效'ũ | *e-gĩ (i-) | *o-mĩ | *ịgbasa | *o-ɗú |
| Proto-Yoruboid[4] | *éjú | *ịdị ugbu a | *Imbụ | *E nwere ike ịbụ na ọ bụ na ọ bụ | Yor. ahịhịa | *A na-ahụ maka ya? | *ɛ̀gyɛ̀ | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ *gbgbgbụ | Yor. igi | *Ọ bụ otú e si eme ihe | *Ọnụ ọgụgụ | *ọbụ- ? |
| Proto-Edoid[5] | *dhI-dhω | *ghU-chɔGɪ | *I-chuəNi; *-chuveNi | *dhI-kωN | *U-dhamhɪ | *A-nuə | *U-ɟɪ-, -ɟɪa | *U-thaNɪ | *A-mɪN | *dhɪ | *dhI-ni | |
| Proto-Gbe[6] | *-ọ | *aɖú | *- nke a na-eme | *-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá | *-ʁwũ | *-χwú | *-tĩ́́ | *-tsĩ | Ọ bụ ya mere o ji bụrụ onye | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | ||
| [7]Akoko (Arigidi) [1] | Ódʒù | oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ | (odʒ) Udo | na-adị | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-eme | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Ọfụma | edʒĩ | dʒō | |
| [8][9]-Akpes; [1] Akpes (Ajowa) [2] | *Ceyó | *Aùgù | *àhũ | *Iyuyu | *ndàlì | *onu | Akụkọ na-ekwu maka ya | Owuuni | imi | ìmũ̀nũ̀ | ||
| Ayere[10] | Ọ bụ n'afọ | Eandi | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | Unu | afọ | Eʃwè | egbe | oŋwu | Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ dị | Ihe ndị e dere n'oge a | bụ abụ |
| Ahan[10] | Ewu | Eandi | owũ | eɲĩ | Ịga n'ihu | arị | Afọ ndị ọzọ | igbegbe | Oɲĩ | |||
| [11]-Nupoid [1] | *e-wie | *CV-tuNukpua | *V-bhʊə | *jiNkɔN | *a-giNtara | *V-giə | *CV-kiukuNu | *V-nke a na-eme | *nuNŋwa | *gi | *CV-jɛ | |
| [11]-Ebiroid [1] | *e-ji | *ʊ-tɔkpa | *a-ʃɪ | *a-ɲɪ | *ɪra-rɛ | *Aɲa | *Ọnụọ | *ɔ-tʃɪ | *e-ɲi | *rɪ | *ɪrɛ-ʃa | |
| Oko[12] | áɲẽ́ | Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya | Ọkụ | Íru | Ọ bụ n'oge a | Ówó | Ndị Kraịst | Ófu | Esáma | Ebib | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | ebe |
| [13]-Idomoid[1] | *eyi | *ʊrʊ/a- | *eŋgwu | *ìmàǹjī | *ìmànyì; *ma-yeni? | *ri | *ɛɲɪ | |||||
| [14]-Ukaan [1] | *ìdʒì | *ʊrʊgV | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi ya | *ʊ̀ɲʊ̀gV; laǹr | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | __ibo__ *Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | *Ebee ka ndị mmadụ si | *òɣwó | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | *Ebe e si nweta ya | *M̀ | *tinye |
| Proto-Benue-Congo[15] | *-mkpu | *-tuŋi | *-Zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo (±) | *-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi (±); *-ni (±) | *-zina |
Ọnụ ọgụgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: [16]
| Nchịkọta | Asụsụ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akpes | Akpes | íɡbōn / ēkìnì | īdīan (ì) | Ụzọ (ì) | īnīŋ (ì) | īʃōn (ì) | Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ ọzọ | Ịrụ ọrụ (ì) | ānāānīŋ (ì) | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ɔ̀Roh́ʃ | īyōf (ì) |
| Akokoid, Akokoid | Ariɡidi (Iɡasi) | [N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka a ga-eme ka a mata ihe ọ ga-eme] | [Keki] | [kedà] | [kenɛ] | [kéntɔ̀] | [kefà] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [kerò] | [Kenda] | [Kejè] |
| Akokoid, Akokoid | Òɡè | [Ekan] | [ìyí] | [ídaː] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Nke a] | [Idejuí] | [Iro] | [Ọdịdị] | [ebe a] |
| Ebe e si ebi ya pụọ | Ayere (Uwu) | Ọ dị mfe | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | Itha | Ọdịdị | N'oge na-adịghị anya | Anya | īd͡ʒwī | īrō | Ọdịdị dị mfe | īɡwá |
| Ebe e si ebi ya pụọ | Ayu | ɪdɪ | ahwa /afah | ijikọta | anaŋaʃ | ugbu a | n'oge a na-eme ihe | ataraŋaʃ (3 ?) | anababoɡ (4 ?) | atuluboɡ (5 ?) | iʃoɡ / ajalaboɡ |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Cabe (Ede Cabe) | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme ya | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme ya | Ọ bụ otú e si eme ihe | Memu | Ọ na-eme ihe | med͡ʒe | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme ya | Ọ na-eme ihe nkiri | Ọ bụ otú e si eme ihe |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Ede Ica (Ica) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | naɟi | Nwanne nwoke | ɛ̃ɛ̃ | Ọdịdị | N'ihi ya | ɛɟɛ | ɛɟɔ | Ọmụmụ ihe | Ọ bụ n'oge a |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Idaca (Ede Idaca) | òbú | med͡ʒi | Metha | Mgbapụta | Meru | Metha | med͡ʒe | Id͡ʒɔ | Msan | Maụma |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Ifè (1) | Ọchịchị | Medzì | Metta | Mmanụ ala | Meru | Methafa | Mgbasa ozi | Metan | Msan | maá |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Ifè (2) | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe | Medzì | Metta | Mmanụ ala | Meru | Methafa | Mgbasa ozi | Metan | Msan | maá |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Ulukwumi | Ọkụ | Memuzi | Métɑ | M̀rɛ̃ | Meru | Mmanụ ala | Meze | Mmanụ ala | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya | Mmanụ ala |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Yoruba | oókan [oókɔ̃] | eéjì [eéɟì] | ẹẹ́ta [ɛɛ́ta] | ẹẹ́rin [ɛɛ́ɾĩ] | aárùn-ún [aɾũ̀ pro] | ẹẹ́fà [ụgwọ] | eéje [eéɟe] | ẹẹ́́́́ [jọɛɛ́ɟɔ] | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe | [Mgbe anyị si n'ebe ahụ] |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Igala | Igala (1) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Enyemaka | Ọta | Ọ̀lɛ̀̀ | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ | Ọ bụ n'ihi na | Ebje | Ọdịdị | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ | Ọ bụ n'afọ |
| Defoid, Yoruboid, Igala | Igala (2) | ínyé [nke a] | èjì [èdʒì] | ẹ̀tā [ɛ̀tā] | ẹ̀lè̩ [ɛ̀lɛ̀] | è̩lú [ɛ̀lú] | ẹ̀fè̩ [ɛ̀fɛ̀] | ẹ̀biē [èbjiē] | ẹ̀jọ̄ [ɛ̀dʒɔ] | ẹ̀lá [ɛ̀lá] | ẹ̀ɡwá [ɛ̀ɡwá] |
| Ukaan | Ukaan (Asụsụ Ikan) | ʃí | wā | tāːs / hrāhr | nāj / nā | hrʊ̀ːn / tòːn | hràdá | hránèʃì | nàːnáj / nàːná | hráoʃì | òpu * |
| Edoid, Delta | Degema | ɔβʊ́ | iβə́ | sáj (ɪsáj) | Ini | Súwón (ɪsúwón) | jɪ́sa (ɪjɪ́sá) | Sikhéβə (isiikhéβá) | anɪ́ (ɪnʊ́mán) | əsí (ɔβʊ óte mʊ iɡ͡beɲ) (10 -1) | əɡ͡beɲ (iɡ͡béɲ) |
| Edoid, Delta | Engenni | avʊ̀ | Iva | Ọ bụ n'afọ | Ọdịdị dị n'etiti | Anya | Ọnyụ | ìsyovà | Ịdị iche | àvʊ́mó (10 -1) | íɡ͡bèì |
| Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Nri (1) | òwó [òwó] (nke a na-eji naanị ịgụta ọnụ) | èvá [èvá]́ | Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri | [enɛ́] | ìsén [ìsɛ́] ma ọ bụ [ìsɛ Nnọkọ] ?? | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | ìhírọ̃n | Ọchịchị [nke a na-akpọ] | Nkwupụta [ihĩĩĩĩno] | ìɡ͡bé [ìɡ͡bé] |
| Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Edo (Bini) (2) | ɔ̀k͡pá / òwo (nke a na-eji naanị ịgụta ọnụ) | èva | èha | Ọ bụ n'oge | ìsɛn | ěhàn | ìhinrɔ́n | N'oge | Nkwupụta | ìɡ͡bé |
| Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Emai (Emai-luleha-Ora) | ɔ́k͡pa | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ | Oge a | ele ele | ìíhìɛ́n | Ehen | ìhíɔ́n | Afọ ndị ọzọ | ìsín | ìɡ͡bé |
| Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Esan | ɔ́k͡pá | èva | dị ugbu a | Nkwupụta | Ịnọ n'anya | ụtụtụ | N'ihi ya, ndị mmadụ ga-ebi n'ihi ya | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ na-eme ihe nkiri | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | ìɡ͡bé |
| Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Etsako (Yekhee) | ọkpa [ɔk͡pà] | eva [evà] | ya [ya] | ejiẹ [éʒié] | ise [ịhụ] | Nke ahụ [nke a] | isevha [ìsévhà] | eleeh [éːléː] | ithi [ìtií] | iɡbe [ìɡ͡bé]̄ |
| Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Ghotuo | ɔ́k͡pā | èva | Ọdịdị | èēnè | ìīʒè / ìīʒ grá | ìjhēhà / ìēhà jh = otu izu, vd | ìhīɲã̄ | ènhīē nh = n'enweghị olu? | ìsī | ìɡ͡bē LM͡L |
| Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Okphela (1) | Oɡ͡ɣwo | __ibo__ Ọdịdị | Ọ bụ ya na ya | Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ dị | Ọdịdị a na-akpọ ya | elele na-ekwu | A na-akpọ ya | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka ọ na-eme |
| Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Ivbie-North-Okphele-Arhe (2) | oɣuo | Ebe ọ bụ na | esɛ | Jenụwarị | Iʃie | Esesa | Iʃilua | ele ele | ili | iɡ͡be |
| Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Ọkpụkpụ | oɡwo [òɡwò] | eva [Eva] | Nke ahụ [nke a] | ene [onye a mụrụ] | ichie [it͡ʃè] | esesa [esâsà] | ifuena [ìfwènà] | n'ime obodo | Iwere ya | iɡbe [ìɡ͡bé] |
| Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Okpamheri | Ọkụ | Ebe ọ bụ na | nke ahụ | Enen | Ọ bụ n'oge | eaza | izuonua | Ọ bụ onye Eenian | isie | iɡ͡be |
| Edoid, Southwestern | Isoko (1) | Ọpụpụ | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | N'oge na-adịghị anya | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | ɪ́rɪ́ː | ɪ́zɪ́ː | Akara |
| Edoid, Southwestern | Isoko (2) | Ọvụ | ịvẹ | ịsạ | ịnị | isoi | Azụmaahịa | Fụli elu | ịrịị | izii | ikpe |
| Edoid, Southwestern | Urhobo | Ovò | ǐvɛ̀ | ěrà | Ọ bụ n'oge ochie | ǐjòɾĩ̀ | Ọssan | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | ɛ̌ɾéɾẽ | ǐríɾĩ | ǐxwè |
| Igboid, Ekpeye | Ekpeye | nwùrnér, ŋìnɛ́ | ɓɨ̂bɔ́ bh = IPA [ɓ] | ɓɨ́tɔ́ ir = IPA [ɨ] | ɓɨ́nɔ̂ o̠r = IPA [ɔ] | ɓisê | ɓisû | ɓɨ́sábɔ́ | ɓsátɔ́́ | ɓɨ́sánɔ̂ ma ọ bụ nàzáma ma ọ bụ názáma ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụ | ɗì dh = IPA [ɗ] |
| Ndị Igbo | Igbo (1) | Óụ̀ | àbʊ̄ɔ́ | na-eme ihe ike | n'oge ọzọ | Anya | Anya | Asaa | Asatɔ́ | Anya na-adịghị | ìri |
| Ndị Igbo | Egwuregwu Igbo (2) | ebe ọ bụla | àbʊ̀ɔ́ ~ m̀bʊ̀̀ ~ nam̀̀ | ton ~ na-eme | (ǹ) nɔ ~ nanɔ | se~ ìse | ʃiì ~ ìʃiì | saà ~ n'Asaà | satɔ̄ ~ satɔ̄ | totū ~__ssw____ssw____sw____ssy____ssw__ | ìri |
| Ndị Igbo | Igbo (3) | ebe ọ bụla | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | na-eme ihe | na-aga n'ihu | Anya | Anya | Asaà | Ọdịdị | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ na-esi | ìri |
| Ndị Igbo | Ikwere | Óụ̀ | Ọ bụ n'oge a | Ọ̀tɔ́ | Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga | Ogologo oge | ìsínù | Ọ bụ n'ihi na | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | Isiokwu | N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'Anya |
| Oko | Oko (Oko-Eni-Osayen) | ɔ́́́́rɛ / ɔ́́rɛ | Ọ̀bɔ̀rɛ̀ | Ọta | Ọ bụ na | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | ɔ́pɔ́nɔ́́́́rɛ (5 + 1) * | úfɔ́mbɔ́rɛ́ (5 + 2) * | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a mara ya | ùbɔ́ɔrɛ̀ (< 'iri erughị otu') * | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ |
| Nupoid, Ebira-Gade | Ebira | Ọnyɪ̄ | Ọ̀̀vā | Ọ̀̀̀̀ta | Ọ̀̀nà | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | hɪ̋nɔ̋nyɪ̄ (5+ 1) | hɪ̋m̋bā (5+ 2) | hɪ̋n̋tá (5+ 3) | hɪ̋ǹnà (5+ 4) | Ọ̀ɛ́wʊ́ |
| Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari | Gbari | ɡ͡bmaːɾí | ŋwã̂ba | ŋwã̂t͡ʃa | ŋwã̂ɲi | ŋwãyū | tnúwĩ (5+ 1) | tnâba (5+ 2) | tọnt͡ʃa (5+ 3) | tnâɲi (5+ 4) | ŋwã̂wò |
| Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Kakanda | ɡúní | ɡúbà | ɡútá | ɡúni | ɡútũ | ɡútuaɲĩ̀ (5+ 1) | ɡútuabà (5+ 2) | ɡútòtá (5+ 3) | ɡútuani (5+ 4) | ɡúwo |
| Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Akpụkpọ ahụ | niní | ɡúbà | ɡútá | ɡúni | ɡútsũ | ɡútswàɲĩ (5+ 1) | ɡútwàbà (5+ 2) | ɡútotá (5+ 3) | ɡútwã̀ni (5+ 4) | ɡúwo |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi | Eloyi (Afo) (1) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị | ńɡwòpó | ńɡwòlá | ńɡwòndó | ńɡwolɔ́ | ńɡwɔ̀rɛnyí | Ọ dị ugbu a | ńɡwòrndá | N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụkarị | Uwó |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi | Eloyi (Afo) (2) | ònzé | òp | ólá | ōndō | ɔ̄lɔ̀ o̠= ɔ | ōròwò | Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri | óndá | òndō | N'ihi ya, |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi | Eloyi (3) | ònzé | òp | ólá | ōndō | ō̠lò̠ | ōròwò | ò̠rɛnyi | óndá | òndō | N'ihi ya, |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Agatu | óyè [ɔ́jè] | ẹ̀pà [ɛ̀pà] | ẹ̀ta [tàta] | ẹ̀nẹ̀ [ɛ́nɛ̀] | ẹ̀họ́ [ɛ̀hɔ́] | ẹ̀hílí [ɛhílí] | àhápà [àhápà] | [àhàtá] | àhànè [àhànè] | ìɡwó [ìɡwó ] |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Alago | Anya | epụ | Oge | Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ | Ọ bụ n'afọ | ìhirì | Ahapà | na-abịa n'ihu | àhánɛ̀ | ìɡwó |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Idoma | [eje] | ẹpà [ɛ́pà] | ẹta [ọ ga-abụ] | ẹhẹ [ɛ́hɛ́] | ẹọh [ɛ́hɔ] | ẹhili [ɛ́hili] | Ahapà | na-agbagha [na-agbagwoju anya] | àhánẹ [àhánɛ́] | iɡwó [iɡwó ] |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Igede | óòk͡pók͡póh | Ismiyèh | Itha | Ineh | ērʊ̄ / īrʊ̄ | īrwɔ̀ wayndụ | Iùụ̀ na Ụtọ | Inikúh | ìhíkítʃú | īwō |
| Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Yala | Ọkpụkpụ | Ọ bụ | Ọta | Ọ bụ n'afọ ole na ole ka a na-eme | erwɔ | Eiriwi | a na-akpọ ya | araata | Aranɛ̀ | ìɡwó |
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ihe osise nke asụsụ Niger-Congo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu ya
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ↑ Blench (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages, 4th, Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ↑ Akinkugbe, Olufẹmi Odutayo. 1978. A comparative phonology of Yoruba dialects, Iṣẹkiri and Igala. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
- ↑ Aubry, N., H. Friedman & K. Pozdniakov. 2004. Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
- ↑ Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989. Comparative Edoid: phonology and lexicon. Delta Series No. 6. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press.
- ↑ Capo, Hounkpati B.C. 1991. A Comparative Phonology of Gbe. Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).
- ↑ Fadọrọ, Jacob Oludare. 2010. Phonological and lexical variations in Akokoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
- ↑ Ibrahim-Arirabiyi, Femi 1989. A comparative reconstruction of Akpes lects: Akoko North, Ondo State. MA thesis. Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Port Harcourt.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2011. Comparative Akpes. m.s.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Blench, Roger. 2007. The Ayere and Ahan languages of Central Nigeria and their affinities.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bankale, Oyetayo Abiodun. 2006. Comparative Ebiroid and Nupoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
- ↑ Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1973. Eine Wortliste des Ọkọ, der Sprache von Ogori (Nigeria). Africana Marburgensia 6: 58-66.
- ↑ Armstrong, Robert G. 1983. The Idomoid Languages of the Benue and Cross River Valleys. Journal of West African Languages 13: 91-147.
- ↑ Abiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.
- ↑ de Wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.
- ↑ Chan (2019). The Niger-Congo Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.