Asụsụ Benue-Congo
Benue-Congo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ East Benue–Congo) bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke asụsụ Volta-Congo nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa.
Nkewa dị iche iche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Central Nigeria (ma ọ bụ Platoid) nwere ezinaụlọ Plateau, Jukunoid na Kainji, yana Bantoid–Cross jikọtara otu Bantoid na Cross River.
Bantoid bụ naanị okwu mkpokọta maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla nke Bantoid-Cross ma e wezụga Cross River, a naghịzi ahụ nke a dị ka ịmepụta alaka dị mma, agbanyeghị otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru, Southern Bantoid, ka a na-ewere ya dị ka nke ziri ezi. Ọ bụ Southern Bantoid nke nwere asụsụ Bantu, nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa. Nke a na-eme ka Benue-Congo bụrụ otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, ma n'ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ, nke Ethnologue nwere 976 (2017), na ndị na-ekwu okwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ nde 350. Benue–Congo gụnyekwara obere mpụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpaghara Nigeria–Cameroon, mana ezigbo mmekọrịta ha ejighị n'aka.
A na-akpọ alaka Volta – Niger nke dị na Nigeria na Benin mgbe ụfọdụ "West Benue–Congo", mana ọ naghị etolite alaka ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ọnụ na Benue-Congo. Mgbe mbụ Joseph Greenberg tụpụtara Benue–Congo (1963), ọ gụnyere Volta–Niger (dị ka West Benue–Congo); ókèala dị n'etiti Volta-Niger na Kwa agbagoro arụmụka ugboro ugboro. [1] (2012) na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere Benue-Congo dị ka "asụsụ aha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Niger", o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ otu dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ngosipụta nke a na mbipụta. A na-eche na alaka nke ezinụlọ Benue-Congo dị ka ndị a:
- Asụsụ Bantoid-Cross
- Osimiri Cross
- Ndị Bantoid nke Ebe Ugwu
- Southern Bantoid
- Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Naịjirịa, nke a makwaara dị ka Platoid
Ukaan nwekwara njikọ na Benue-Congo; Roger Blench na-eche na ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Benue-Kongo kachasị dị iche (East) ma ọ bụ onye ikwu Benue-Кongo.
Fali nke Baissa na Tita bụkwa Benue-Congo mana ha anaghị ahapụ ha.
| Alaka | Ebe ndị bụ isi |
|---|---|
| Osimiri Cross | Cross River, Akwa Ibom, na Rivers States |
| Bendi | Obudu na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River StateSteeti Cross River |
| Mambiloid | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Dakoid | Mayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu |
| Jukunoid | Steeti Taraba |
| Yukubenic | Takum LGA, Taraba StateSteeti Taraba |
| Kainji | Kauru LGA, Kaduna State na Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kainji Lake area |
| Ala dị larịị | Ala dị larịị, Kaduna, na Steeti Nasarawa |
| Tivoid | Obudu LGA, Cross River State na Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Nwa beboid | Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Ekoid | Ikom na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; Cameroon |
| Ubi ahịhịa | Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon |
| Jarawan | Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, na Taraba Steeti |
Okwu ntụnyere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi maka asụsụ proto-asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka Benue-Congo dị iche iche:
| Alaka | Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benue-Congo | Proto-Benue-Congo[4] | *-mkpu | *-tuŋi | *-Zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo | *-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi; *-ni | *-zina | ||
| Kainji | Proto-Northern Jos[5] | **iji (lì-/à-) | *toŋ (ebe-/tì-) | *nyimu (bì-/ì-) | *ʔini (lì-/à-) | *lelem (lì-/à-) | *nua (ebe-/tì-) | *nyì (aw) (mà-) | *ti (nke nwere reduplication) (ù-/tì-) | *nyi (ma-) | *lia | *ji (a) (lì-/sì-) | |
| Ala dị larịị | Proto-Jukunoid[6] | *giP (ri-/a-) | *tóŋ (ku-/a-) | *wíǹ (ri-/a-) | *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) | *dema (ri-/a-) | *ndut (u-/i-) | *yíŋ (ma-) | *kup (ku-/a-) | *kun (ku-/i-) | *Mgbapụta | *dyi | *gyin (ri-/a-) |
| Ala dị larịị | Proto-Kagoro[7] | *-gi | *-abụọ | *nii[ŋ] | *-dyam | *-nu[ŋ] | *-suka | *-kup | *-kwan | *-sii | |||
| Ala dị larịị | Proto-Jaba[7] | *gu-su | *gu-to[ŋ] | *-gi[ŋ] | *ga-lem | *ga-nyu | *ba-zi | *gu-kup | |||||
| Ala dị larịị | Proto-Beromic[7] | *-gis | *-toŋ | *- a na-akpọ | *-lyam | *-agba ọtọ | *ịdị elu | *-kup | *-kon | *-sii | |||
| Ala dị larịị | Proto-Ninzic[7] | *ki-sị́ | *ku-tóŋ | *ki-Nyin / *-Nyir | *ì-rem | *-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ | *ma-ɣì | *Stu-k site na | *ebe-kon | *a-ma-sit | |||
| Obe | Proto-Upper Cross[] | *dyèná | *-ttóŋ (ì) | *dyòna | *-ttân | *-dák | *-ma | *-de; *-yìŋ | *-kúpà | *-tté | *-ụmụaka | *dyá | *-n'ihu |
| Obe | [8] nke ala [1] | *ɛ́-ɲɛ́n / *a- | *ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a- | *í-búkó | *é-dɛ̀t / *a- | *ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ́ / *a- | *í-na | *-ɟìːp | *Rory | *Ọ bụ nwanne nna | *Akwụkwọ-mɔ́́́ːŋ | *ebe ahụ | *ɛ́-ɟɛ́n |
| Obe | Proto-Ogoni[9] | *Adeɛ̃ | *ɔ́́́́̃ | *m̀ bĩɔ́̃ | *àdáNa | *Adighi nke ọma | *m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu | *ákpogó | *Onye na-eto eto | N'ihi ya, m na-amụta | *Dede | *ụmụ anụmanụ | |
| Ubi ahịhịa | [10]Ubi ahịhịa [1] | *Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga | *túŋ-li | *L (u) Na-aga n'ihu | *sòŋ' | *ikike nke nta | *ebe ole na ole | Ihe na-eme n'ụzọ dị mfe | *gÚp; *kúi (n) ' | *tí' | *Ib; *Ìk'; *mò' | *Ide | Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị |
| Ubi ahịhịa | [11] aka [1] | *Gịnị | *ndị ọzọ | *Duuì, *tɔ́ŋ | Onye Kraịst gị, onye Kraịst gị | *dɔ́mì, *dídè | *Duò | *dúŋá, *káŋù | *gúpɛ́́ | Akara na-aga n'ihu | *Múɔ̀ | *Duò | *dítɔ́, *gíd' |
| Bantu | -Bantu [1] | *i=jico | *kʊ= avi | *i=jʊ́lʊ | *i=jino; *i=gego | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=ọnụ | *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí); *mʊ=lopa; *ma =ɲínga | *i=kúpa | *mʊ=tɪ́ | *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) | *=lɪ́ -a | *i=jina |
| Bantu | Swahili | jicho | sikio | pua | Yaụ | Ugboro | Kinyawa | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | Ọkpụkpụ | Mkpụrụ ego | Onye isi ala | la | Jena |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta nke Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions (Wiktionary)
- Ihe osise nke asụsụ Niger-Congo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu ya
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
- ↑ Watters (2018). East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (pdf), Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1314306. ISBN 978-3-96110-100-9.
- ↑ Blench (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages, 4th, Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ↑ de wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.
- ↑ Shimizu (1982). "Die Nord-Jos-Grüppe der Plateau-Sprachen Nigerias" (in de). Afrika und Übersee 65 (2): 161–210. ISSN 0002-0427.
- ↑ Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Gerhardt (1983). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus, Afrikanistische Forschungen (in de). Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin. ISBN 3-87030-062-0.
- ↑ Connell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist. Unpublished manuscript.
- ↑ Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions.
- ↑ Hyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD; accessed from Comparalex.
- ↑ Paulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2.
- Wolf, Paul Polydoor nke (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo (Thesis, Mahadum Leiden). The Hague/Paris: Atụrụ.
- Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue-Congo Overview', peeji nke 248-274 na Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (ed.) The Niger-Congo Languages - Nchịkọta na nkọwa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ComparaLex, nchekwa data na ndepụta okwu Benue-Congo
- Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka asụsụ Benue-Congo
- Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo
- Ndepụta Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh E debere Wayback Machine (nke Wolf 1971)