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Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka

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Nke a bụ ndepụta nke nri ndị Afrịka. Nri bụ ụdị ejiji na omenala, nke a na-ejikọkarị ya na omenala a kapịrị ọnụ. Nri dị iche iche nke Africa na-eji ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ osisi, ọka na akwụkwọ nri dị n'ógbè ahụ, yana mmiri ara ehi na anụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke kọntinent ahụ, nri ọdịnala nwere mmiri ara ehi, curd na ngwaahịa whey. A na-egosipụta ọdịdị dị iche iche nke kọntinent ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche na-eri nri na ịṅụ mmanya, efere, na usoro nkwadebe nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya.[1]

Nri nke Central Africa

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Ndolé bụ nri mba Cameroon.

Central Africa na-agbasa site na Ugwu Tibesti dị n'ebe ugwu ruo n'oké ọhịa nke Osimiri Congo, ugwu ugwu nke Kivu na savanna nke Katanga.

Mpaghara a enwetala mmetụta nri nke Swahilis (omenala nke malitere site na njikọta nke omenala Bantu, Yemen, Omani na India) n'oge Azụmaahịa Ohu nke East Africa. Enwere ike ịchọta mmetụta nri Swahili na nri ndị dị ka mandanzi, osikapa pilaf, kachumbari, sambsusa, na kuku paka.[2]

Ndị Portugal enwekwara mmetụta na nri Central Africa, site na Kongo na Ndongo Kingdoms. E webatara azụ̀ nnu na-esote azụmahịa na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, okwu Kikongo maka azụ̀ salt, makayabu, sitere na okwu becalhau (ba-cal-ha-u). [3]

Mmetụta nri Portuguese pụtara ìhè karịsịa na Angola, São Tomé na Equatorial Guinea. Central Africa enweela mmetụta site na nri nke mpaghara East, West na Southern Africa n'ihi ịdị nso ha, dịka babuté / bobotie na ndịda, nyama choma na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ na gombos na West Africa.

Ihe ndị bụ isi bụ plantain, cassava, osikapa, kwanga (cassava dumpling) na yam. A na-ejikarị mgbọrọgwụ cassava na-agbanye, mana enwere ike iji plantain, ọka na yam mee nri ndị nwere starch. A na-enye Fufu ụdị nri na anụ e siri esi, azụ̀, stews, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ose. A na-eji ihe dịgasị iche iche eme ihe mgbe a na-akwadebe nri ndị ọzọ dị ka spinach stew e ji tomato, ose, chillis, yabasị, na ahụekere mee.[4] Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ etiti Afrịka bụkwa otu n'ime mpaghara ole na ole dị n'Afrịka nke na-eji poteto dị ka otu n'etiti isi ya, ebe ọ bụ na poteto na-eto n'ụzọ dị mfe na mpaghara ahụ.

A na-eri osisi cassava dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. A na-akwadebe nri a na-akpọ Groundnut (n'anya), nke nwere ọkụkọ, okra, ginger, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ. Anụ ehi na anụ ọkụkọ bụ nri anụ kachasị amasị, mana a na-ejikwa anụ anụ anụ nwere Agụ iyi, enyí, antelope na warthog mgbe ụfọdụ. [5] [6] [7][8][9] Ihe ọzọ ọkacha mmasị bụ bambara, nri osikapa, ahụekere na shuga. jomba bụ ijikọta nri n'ime akwụkwọ plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma sie ha n'elu coal ma ọ bụ ọkụ.

  • Nri Cameroon bụ otu n'ime nri dịgasị iche iche n'Africa n'ihi ọnọdụ ya n'etiti ebe ugwu, ọdịda anyanwụ, na etiti kọntinent ahụ; agbakwunyere na nke a bụ mmetụta miri emi nke nri French, ihe nketa nke oge ọchịchị.
  • Nri Congolese (Democratic Republic of the Congo) bụ otu n'ime nri dịgasị iche iche nke kọntinent ahụ ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị n'etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Afrịka ma nweta mmetụta nri site na Portuguese na Middle East na Indian site na Swahili. Chicken Moambé bụ nri mba.
  • Nri Central African na Central African Republic gụnyere mmetụta Middle East na French.

Nri Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka

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Injera achịcha na ọtụtụ ụdị wat (stew) bụ ihe atụ nke nri ndị Etiopia na Eritrea.
  • Nri Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka: Ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka bụ mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke kọntinent Afrịka, nke akọwapụtara site na ọdịdị ala ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na Atụmatụ UN nke mpaghara ala, ókèala iri na itoolu mejupụtara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka: [10] Nke a bụ mpaghara buru ibu nwere ọtụtụ nri dị iche iche.
  • Nri Burundi - Burundi dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ma nwee ókèala jupụtara n'ugwu, savanna na ubi ugbo, na oké ọhịa gbara osimiri na mmiri gburugburu. Ọrụ ugbo na-agbasa na 80% nke ala ala ma na-agụnye kọfị, tii, ọka, agwa na manioc.
  • Nri Eritrea_cuisine" id="mwmw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eritrean cuisine">Nri Eritrea bụ ngwakọta nke omenala nri ndị Eritrea, na ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke azụmahịa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ.
  • Nri ndị Etiopia na nri ndị Eritrea na-agụnye nri akwụkwọ nri na anụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-abụkarị n'ụdị wat (ma ọ bụ wot), nnukwu stew, nke a na-enye n'elu injera, nnukwu achịcha siri ike, nke dị ihe dị ka sentimita 50 (20 sentimita) n'obosara ma jiri ntụ ọka teff na-agbari. Ndị Etiopia na-eri nri, na-eji iberibe injera na-eri ihe oriri na efere dị n'akụkụ.[11] A naghị ejikarị arịa eme ihe na nri a.
  • Nri ndị Kenya - Enweghị otu nri na-anọchite anya Kenya niile. Obodo dị iche iche nwere nri ala ha. Staples bụ ọka na ọka ndị ọzọ dabere na mpaghara gụnyere millet na sorghum a na-eri na anụ na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche. Nri ndị a na-eri n'ụwa niile na Kenya bụ ugali, sukuma wiki, na nyama choma.
  • Nri ndị Somalia dịgasị iche site na mpaghara gaa na mpaghara ma bụrụ ngwakọta nke omenala nri ndị Somalia nwere mmetụta sitere na Ndị Yemen, Persian, Indian na Italian.
  • Nri ndị Tanzania - N'akụkụ mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri (Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar na Pemba), nri ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, a na-ejikwa mmiri ara akị bekee eme ihe nke ukwuu. Mpaghara ndị dị na Tanzania nwekwara nri pụrụ iche nke ha.
  • Uganda_cuisine" id="mwyA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ugandan cuisine">Nri ndị Uganda nwere ụdị nri ọdịnala na nke oge a, omume, nri na efere na Uganda, yana mmetụta Bekee, Arab, Eshia na karịsịa nke India. Dị ka nri nke ọtụtụ mba, ọ dịgasị iche iche na mgbagwoju anya, site na nke kachasị mkpa, ihe na-ejupụta na ofe ma ọ bụ anụ, ruo ọtụtụ nri a na-enye n'ụlọ ndị dị elu na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị elu.
  • Nri ndị Maasai - Nri ndị isi nke ndị Maasai bụ mmiri ara ehi na nri ọka. Nri ahụ na-ejikwa ofe sitere na osisi na mkpụrụ osisi. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị Maasai adaberela na nri a na-emepụta n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka nri ọka, osikapa, poteto, na cabbage (nke ndị Maasai maara dị ka "akwụkwọ ewu").

Nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Africa

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Nile perch bụ otu n'ime Azụ mmiri dị ọcha kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na isi nri. Ọ na-eru ihe karịrị ụkwụ isii, na-adị arọ ruo 440 lbs, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejide ọtụtụ azụ tupu ha etolite nke a.[12][13]  Ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe Afrotropical.
  • Nri North Africa ma ọ bụ Maghrebi gụnyere nri sitere na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri Mediterenian, [1] mpaghara dị n'ime ala gụnyere ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, na Tunisia. Na nri North Africa, nri ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ anụ, nri mmiri, ewu, atụrụ, ehi, ụbọchị, kebab, shawarma, falafel, almọnd, oliv, akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche na mkpụrụ osisi. N'ihi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị Alakụba, a na-erikarị anụ halal. Nri North Africa/Berber kacha mara amara na mba ofesi bụ n'ezie couscous na tajine.[19]
  • Nri Algerian bụ ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke Berber, Arab, Ottoman na nri French.
  • Mmanya Algeria
  • Nri ndị Ijipt nwere omenala nri nri obodo Egypt. Nri ndị Ijipt na-eji mkpo na akwụkwọ nri eme ihe nke ukwuu, ebe Ndagwurugwu Nile nke Egypt na Delta na-emepụta nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.
  • Mmanya Egypt
  • Libya_cuisine" id="mwARM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Libyan cuisine">Nri ndị Libya bụ omenala nri, omume, nri na nri ndị metụtara mba Libya. Nri a sitere n'ọdịnala nri nke Mediterenian na North Africa, yana mmetụta ndị Ịtali, ihe nketa site n'oge Libya bụ ógbè ndị Ịtali.
  • Nri Moroccan dịgasị iche iche, n'ihi mmekọrịta Morocco na ọdịbendị na mba ndị ọzọ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Nri Moroccan anọwo n'okpuru mmetụta Berber, Moorish, Mediterranean, na Middle East. Ndị na-esi nri na kichin ndị eze nke Fez, Meknes, Marrakech, Rabat na Tetouan nụchara ya kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ ma mepụta ihe ndabere maka ihe a maara dị ka nri Moroccan taa.
  • Mmanya Moroccan
  • Nri ndị Sudan dịgasị iche site na mpaghara ma mmetụta ọdịbendị dị iche iche na Sudan n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile emetụtala ya. Na mgbakwunye na ụmụ amaala Afrịka, ndị ahịa Arab na ndị bi na ya nwere mmetụta na nri ahụ n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, bụ ndị webatara ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka ose na galik.
  • Tunisia_cuisine" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tunisian cuisine">Nri ndị Tunisia bụ nri ndị Tunisia, ngwakọta nke omenala nri ndị bi n'ọzara na Mediterenian. Ọdịdị ya pụrụ iche na-esi ísì ụtọ sitere na mba Mediterenian ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ọtụtụ mmepeanya ndị chịrị ala a maara ugbu a dị ka Tunisia: Ndị Finishia, Ndị Rom, Ndị Arab, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, ndị France, na Ndị Berber.

Nri Ndịda Afrịka

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  • A na-akpọ nri South Africa mgbe ụfọdụ "nri ụfụfụ" n'ihi na ọ dabeere na nri ọdịbendị dị iche iche na nke ụmụ amaala dị iche iche. Nri curried na-ewu ewu na mmiri lemon na South Africa n'etiti ndị si n'agbụrụ niile; ọtụtụ nri bịara na mba ahụ na ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrụ India wetara South Africa na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Enwere ike ịkọwa nri South Africa dị ka nri nke ụmụ amaala South Africa dị na Ndị Khoisan na ndị Xhosa, ndị Zulu na ndị Sotho na-asụ, na nri nke ndị bi na ya nke sitere na ọtụtụ ebili mmiri nke ndị India na ndị Afrikaner na ndị Britain na ndị ohu ha na ndị ohu na ndị ohu.
  • Nri Botswana pụrụ iche mana ọ na-enwekọkwa njirimara ụfọdụ na nri ndị ọzọ nke Southern Africa. Ihe atụ nke nri papa-linkid="250" href="./Botswana" id="mwAUk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Botswana">Botswana gụnyere pap, samp, vetkoek na ikpuru mopane. Nri pụrụ iche na Botswana gụnyere seswaa, anụ a na-etinye nnu nke ukwuu.
  • Nri Malagasy bụ nri nke agwaetiti Madagascar, nke dị n'Oké Osimiri India n'akụkụ ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke Africa.  Malagasy bụ ọtụtụ nke Malayan Polynesia, yana ndị Africa, Arab, India na ndị Europe.[21]  Osikapa bụ nri a na-ahụkarị, mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na-ewu ewu na nri.  A na-akụ painiapulu, mango, piich, grape, ube oyibo na lychee n'agwaetiti ahụ.[21]  Anụ na-agụnye ọkụkọ, beef na azụ, na efere curry na-adịkarị.[21]  Nri a na-ahụkarị bụ laoka, ngwakọta nke nri esitere na osikapa.  A na-enyekarị Laoka n'ụdị ihendori: na ugwu ugwu, ihe oriri a na-abụkarị tomato, ebe n'akụkụ osimiri, a na-agbakwunye mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo n'oge isi nri.[22] 
  • Nri Mauritius bụ nri nke agwaetiti Mauritius.  Ọ na-emetụtakarị nri dị iche iche nke ndị na-akwaga Mauritius.
  • Nri Namibia bụ nri Namibia.  Ọ na-emetụta ya bụ osiki nke ụmụ amaala Namibia na-eme na ebe a na-esi nri ndị ọbịa webatara n'oge ọchịchị nke ndị German, Afrikaner na ndị Britain.
  • Mmanya Namibia
  • A na-akpọ nri South Africa mgbe ụfọdụ "nri egwurugwu", n'ihi na o nweela ebe dị iche iche na usoro omenala dị iche iche.  Mmetụta gụnyere omume ụmụ amaala na ebe a na-esi nri ndị ọbịa nke ndị mbata na-eme.  Ihe oriri ha bụ pap bụ pap nke a na-eji ọka na mmiri esi nri, ndị South Africa na-anụkwa ụtọ nri a na-eri anụ braai.  A na-emekarị nke a na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.
    • Mmanya South Africa
    • Mmanya Western Cape
  • Nri Zimbabwe - Dịka n'ọtụtụ mba Africa, ọtụtụ ndị Zimbabwe na-adabere na nri ole na ole.  A na-eji "nri mealie", nke a makwaara dị ka ọka ọka, iji kwadebe sadza ma ọ bụ isitshwala na porridge a maara dị ka bota ma ọ bụ ilambazi.  Nri Zimbabwe gụnyekwara mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dịka imbhida nke a makwaara dị ka African kale.  A na-ejikwa ọka na-esi nri dị ka umxhanxa, nke a na-eji ugu na ọka sie.

Nri Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka

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Yassa bụ nri a ma ama n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka niile e ji ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ azụ sie. A na-ese yassa ọkụkọ.
  • Nri dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ nri mpaghara na agbụrụ dị iche iche na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa, nnukwu mpaghara nwere ihu igwe sitere na ọzara ruo na okpomọkụ.[23]  Ụfọdụ osisi ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ, dị ka groundnut Hausa, peas kpalakwukwu na cowpeas na-enye protein nri maka ma mmadụ ma anụ ụlọ.[24]  Ọtụtụ ngwa nri, ihe na-akpali akpali na ahịhịa ọgwụ sitere n'oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa.[24]  Ndị Africa oge ochie na-azụta kola nut na kọfị, nke a na-eji ugbu a n'ụwa nile na ihe ọṅụṅụ.[24]

Site na mba

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Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ahịa etiti na Agadir, Morocco
Map nke Africa
  • Nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Africa
  • Nri Algeria
  • Nri ndị Canary
  • Nri ndị Ijipt
  • Nri ndị Libya
  • Nri ndị Morocco
  • Nri ndị Sudan
  • Nri ndị Tunisia
  • Nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sahara
  • Nri Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka
  • Nri ndị Burundi
  • Nri ndị Djibouti
  • Nri Eritrea
  • Nri ndị Etiopia
  • Nri ndị Juu nke Etiopia
  • Nri ndị Kenya
  • Nri ndị Rwanda dabeere na nri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ nke ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala na-emepụta ma dịgasị iche iche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ.
  • Nri ndị Somalia
  • Nri ndịda Sudan
  • Nri ndị Tanzania
  • Nri Zanzibari
  • Nri ndị Uganda
  • Nri nke Central Africa
  • Angola_cuisine" id="mwAks" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Angolan cuisine">Nri ndị Angola bụ nri Angola, mba dị na ndịda etiti Afrịka. N'ihi na Angola bụ ógbè Portuguese ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, nri Portuguese enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na nri Angola, na ọtụtụ nri ndị Portuguese bubatara na Angola.
  • Nri ndị Cameroon
  • Nri Central African bụ omenala nri, omume, nri na nri ndị metụtara Central African Republic. Nri ahụ dị arọ na starch dị ka millet na sorghum, ma jiri nnukwu akwụkwọ nri na sauces.[14]
  • Nri ndị Chad bụ omenala nri, omume, nri na nri ndị metụtara Republic of Chad. Ndị Chad na-eji mkpụrụ, akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi na anụ dịgasị iche iche. Mkpụrụ a na-erikarị gụnyere millet, sorghum na osikapa dị ka nri ndị a na-ahụkarị.
  • Nri ndị Congo
  • Nri ndị Equatorial Guinea
  • Gabon_cuisine" id="mwAmI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gabonese cuisine">Nri ndị Gabon bụ omenala nri, omume, nri na nri ndị metụtara steeti Gabon. Nri French jupụtara dị ka mmetụta dị ịrịba ama, na n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche French pụrụ iche dị.[15] N'ime ime obodo, a na-ejikarị nri dị ka cassava, osikapa na yam eme ihe.[14]
  • Nri São Tomé na Príncipe
  • Nri Ndịda Afrịka
  • Nri Botswana
  • Nri ndị Comorian
  • Nri Eswatini na-ekpebi n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na oge na mpaghara ala. Nri ndị dị mkpa na Eswatini gụnyere sorghum na ọka, [16] a na-ejikarị anụ ewu, anụ ụlọ a ma ama n'ebe ahụ. [17]
  • Nri nke Lesotho
  • Nri Malagasy na-agụnye ọtụtụ omenala nri dị iche iche nke agwaetiti Indian Ocean nke Madagascar.
  • Nri ndị Malawi
  • Nri ndị Mauritius
  • Nri Mozambik - Ọ dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 500, ndị Portuguese nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nri Mozambik. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị ka cassava (mgbọrọgwụ starchy) na mkpụrụ osisi cashew (Mozambique bụbu onye kachasị emepụta mkpụrụ osisi ndị a), na pãozinho (nke a na-akpọ pow-zing-yo; ụdị achịcha Portuguese) bụ ndị Portuguese wetara.
  • Nri ndị Namibia
  • Nri ndị Seychelles
  • Nri ndị South Africa
  • Nri ndị Zambia - Nri ndị dị na Zambia dabeere na ọka. A na-erikarị ya dị ka nri siri ike, nke a na-akpọ nshima (okwu Nyanja), nke a na'ere site na ntụ ọka a na-ahụkarị dị ka Nri nri. Enwere ike iri nke a na akwụkwọ nri dịgasị iche iche, agwa, anụ, azụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi na-esi ísì ụtọ dabere na ebe / mmalite.
  • Nri ndị Zimbabwe
  • Nri Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka
  • A maara Nri Benin n'Africa maka ihe ndị dị iche iche na nri ndị na-atọ ụtọ. Nri ndị Benin na-agụnye ọtụtụ nri ọhụrụ a na-enye ya na ụdị ofe dị iche iche. Anụ na-adịkarị oke ọnụ, nri na-adịkwa mfe na anụ ma na-emesapụ aka na abụba akwụkwọ nri.
  • Nri Burkinabe
  • Nri Cape Verde - Nri Cape Green na-adabere na azụ na nri ndị dị ka ọka na osikapa. Nri ndị dị n'oge ka ukwuu n'afọ bụ poteto, yabasị, tomato, manioc, cabbage, kale, na agwa kpọrọ nkụ. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ka unere na Papaya dị n'afọ niile, ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka mango na avocado bụ oge.
  • Nri ndị Gambia
  • Nri ndị Ghana
  • Nri ndị Guinea
  • Nri Guinea-Bissauan
  • Nri ndị Ivory Coast
  • Nri ndị Liberia
  • Nri ndị Mali
  • Nri ndị Mauritania
  • Nri Naijiria
  • Nri Naijiria na-egosipụta ọtụtụ nri ọdịnala Afrịka, a na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ mee ihe na nri. Anụ e siri esi, akwụkwọ nri oge, salad na ofe dị iche iche bụ ụfọdụ n'ime nri ndị a na-eri.
  • Nri ndị Saint-Hellenic
  • Nri ndị Senegal
  • Nri ndị Sierra Leone
  • Nri ndị Togo bụ nri nke Togolese Republic, mba dị na Western Africa. Ọ na-abụkarị ngwakọta nke nri ndị Africa, French na German. Nri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ofe na pâtés, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nke e ji eggplant, tomato, spinach na azụ mee.

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka
  • Ndepụta nri 

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Bea Sandler (1993). The African Cookbook, Diane and Leo Dillon (Illust.), Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8065-1398-5. Retrieved on 18 December 2008. 
  2. ↑ Coquery-Vidrovitch (2013). L'esclavage intégré en Afrique (fin du xviiie-xixe siècle). Cahiers Libres. 
  3. ↑ Thronton (1981). "Early Kongo-Portuguese Relations: A New Interpretation". History in Africa VIII (I): 22. 
  4. ↑ Newton (1994). Central Africa: a travel survival kit, Lonely Planet travel survival kit. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-138-8. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  5. ↑ Huchzermeyer (2003). Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-798-8. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  6. ↑ Elephant meat trade in Central Africa : Republic of Congo case study. Iucn. ISBN 978-2-8317-1419-6. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  7. ↑ Stiles (2011). Elephant Meat Trade in Central Africa: Summary Report. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-8317-1393-9. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  8. ↑ Whitford (1877). Trading Life in Western and Central Africa. "Porcupine" Office. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  9. ↑ Gibbons (1898). Exploration and Hunting in Central Africa 1895-96. Methuen & Company. Retrieved on 30 November 2017. 
  10. ↑ United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved on 26 May 2013.
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gonomad
  12. ↑ Kaufman. "Catastrophic Change in Species-Rich Freshwater Ecosystems: The lessons of Lake Victoria". BioScience 42 (11). DOI:10.2307/1312084. 
  13. ↑ Wood (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Central African Republic. Foodspring. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved on 9 June 2024.
  15. ↑ Gabon. Foodspring. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved on 9 June 2024.
  16. ↑ Food habits of rural Swazi households. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  17. ↑ Swaziland Food and Drink. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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