Asụsụ Adamawa
Asụsụ Adamawa
| obere ụdị nke | Asụsụ Adamawa-Ubangi  |
|---|
Asụsụ Adamawa /ædəˈmɑːwə/ bụ ezinụlọ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ asụsụ 80-90 gbasasịrị n'ofe Adamawa Plateau na Central Africa, n'ebe ugwu Cameroon, n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Central African Republic, n'etiti Chad, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria, nke naanị otu nde mmadụ na ọkara na-asụ (dị ka nke 1996). Joseph Greenberg kewara ha dị ka otu alaka nke ezinụlọ Adamawa-Ubangi nke Asụsụ Niger-Congo. Ha so n'asụsụ ndị a na-amụchaghị n'Afrịka, ma gụnye ọtụtụ Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ; nke kachasị ukwuu bụ Mumuye, nke nwere ndị na-asụ 400,000. A na-ahụ asụsụ abụọ a na-amaghị aha ha - ọkachasị Laal na Jalaa - n'akụkụ mpaghara Adamawa.
N'akụkụ ala, asụsụ Adamawa dị nso na mpaghara Niger-Congo - Central Sudanic kọntaktị nke nwere ike butere Atlantic.–Ezinụlọ Congo, yabụ nwere ike ịnọchite anya radieshon etiti nke ezinụlọ ahụ[Tinye edensibịa].
Nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Joseph Greenberg kwuru na asụsụ Adamawa bụ akụkụ nke Adamawa-Ubangian (nke a na-akpọ Adamawa-Eastern n'oge ahụ), ma kewaa ha n'ime ìgwè iri na anọ. Otu G3, Daka (ma ọ bụ Dakoid), bụ nke a maara ugbu a dị ka alaka nke Benue-Congo. Mmekọrịta nke alaka ndị ọzọ enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu.
[1] mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji kewaa asụsụ Adamawa.
Greenberg (1963)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ìgwè Adamawa iri na anọ nke Greenberg bụ: [2]
| Ọnụ ọgụgụ | Ìgwè |
|---|---|
| G1 | Tula-Waja |
| G2 | Leko |
| G3 | Daka |
| G4 | Duru |
| G5 | Mumuye-Yendang |
| G6 | Mbum |
| G7 | gàna-Mboi (Yungur) |
| G8 | Nyimwom (Kam) |
| G9 | Bikwin-Jen |
| G10 | Longuda |
| G11 | Fali |
| G12 | Nimbari |
| G13 | Ọwa |
| G14 | Kim |
Boyd (1989)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Boyd (1989) gbakwunyere asụsụ Day ma kewaa ha dị ka ndị a: [3] Ọ wepụrụ Asụsụ Fali (G11).
Güldemann (2018)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[4] (2018) ghọtara 14 coherent Adamawa "genealogical units", mana ọ bụ agnostic banyere ọnọdụ ha n'ime Niger-Congo.
- Tula-Waja
- Longuda
- Bena-Mboi
- Bikwin-Jen
- Samba-Duru
- Olu
- Maya (Yendangic)
- Kebi-Benue (Mbumic)
- Kimic
- Buaic
- Ụbọchị
- Baa = Kwa
- Nyingwom = Kam
- Fali
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adamawa Languages Project, ghọtara ìgwè 17 ndị a dị ka asụsụ Adamawa. [5]
- Waja_languages" id="mwoA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula-Waja (Waja): G1[6][7]
- Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9[8][9]
- [10]Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom) : G8[1]
- [11][12] Longuda (Nʋngʋra): G10 [1] [2]
- Baa (Kwa) [13][14]
- Mumuye: G5
- [15]Yandang (Yendang): G5 [1]
- [16][17]Samba-Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4 [1] [2]
- [18][19][20] karaa-Mboi (Yungur): G7 [1] [2] [3]
- Kebi-Benue (Mbum): G6
- Kim: G14
- Ụbọchị
- Ọwa: G13
- [21]Nimbari (Baari, Bari) : G12 [efu]
- Duli - Gewe (Gey, Gueve) [ọ nwụọla]
- ? Fali: G11
- ? Chamba-Daka (Daka): G3
NỌwa ìgwè Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓ karaa-Mboi, Samba-Duru, na Bua nwere klas aha. Ìgwè ndị ọzọ [22]-egosipụta naanị ihe ncheta nke usoro klas aha na-arụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga.
Blench (2012, 2020)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Roger Blench (2012) [23] kwubiri na asụsụ Adamawa bụ otu mpaghara, ọ bụghị ezinụlọ asụsụ, ma kewaa alaka ya dị iche iche n'ezinụlọ Savannas ya. Ọ na-etinye ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ Adamawa nso n'Asụsụ Gur karịa ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ Adamawa. A na-ewepụ Fali na Savannas kpamkpam. Blench (2020) nwere njikọ dị n'etiti Mumuye na Yendang, mana ọ na-ekewa Samba-Duru nke Kleinewillinghöfer.
Asụsụ ndị a na-akpọghị Adamawa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[24]Asụsụ Oblo nke Cameroon etinyela ya n'ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke otu Adamawa, mana ọnọdụ ya n'ime ya edoghị anya.
A na-eche na Asụsụ Laal nke Chad nwere ike ịbụ Adamawa; Asụsụ Jalaa nke Naịjirịa nwere ike ọ bụghị Adamawa, mana ọ na-egosi mmetụta siri ike nke Adamawa. Otú ọ dị, a na-ewere ha abụọ ugbu a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.
Okwu ntụnyere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Adamawa site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kleinewillinghöfer's Adamawa Languages Project na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dị iche iche: [25]
Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
| Classification | Language | Dialect | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | water | tree | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baa | Baa | nu(ví) / rínù | ǹtú / ríǹtú | gyo̰ / rigyó̰ | nyanwívì / rí- | dyḛǹ(vì) | nyààvì | twèèn | kukút | mán | kii / rikii | gyâ | zin | |
| Bikwin-Jen[26] | Proto-Jen (Proto-Bikwin-Jen) | *núŋ | *tswi | *lúr(i) | *le | *ɗək; (*lyəN) | *ɲwa | *ɥe/*zwi | *kub | *kəb | *mɛ/*mɨŋ | *tə́ŋ | *lɨn/*ɗwín | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Burak (Ɓʊʊrak) | núŋ | twíi ? | lúúri | lée | ɗá̰k | nyúwaa, nywaa | wɪ́ɪ́ | kúb, kúp ? | mɛ́ɛ́ | ɗít / yéɗit | tá̰ŋ | lín̄ | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | Galdemaru | ɛrɛ nuŋ | twɪ́ɪ́ | lúúrì | lei | ɗak | nywa | dùm | kúp | mɛ́ɛ́ | ɗít | táŋ | nin |
| Bikwin-Jen | Loo (Shʊŋɔ) | Waamura | ɛrɛ nuŋ | twɪ́ɪ́ | lúúrì | lei | ɗak | nywa | dùm | kúp | mɛ́ɛ́ | káp | táŋ | nin |
| Bikwin-Jen | Maɣdi (Tala) | núŋ / yéénuŋ | cwéé | luuli | léí | ɗák | nyuwaa | ywee | kób, kúób / yéé kób | míshì | káp / yéékáp | taŋ | lin | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Lee Mak | Panya | nuŋ | dɔkswíì | ɗuurə | lei | lén | nuwaa | lyüé | kóp | mui kya | kap / yeekâp | táŋ | ɗín |
| Bikwin-Jen | Lee Mak | Zoo | nuŋ | (ɗɔ́k)shwìyè | ɗuurə | lei | lén | nuwa | lyüé | kúóp | mwui kya | kàp | táŋ | ɗin |
| Bikwin-Jen | Kya̰k (Bambuka) | núŋ | ɗɔ́kswì | ɗúr | lɛ́ɛ́ | ɗyím | ŋwaà | zwìì | kəkəp | mùŋ | káp | táŋ | ɗwín | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Mɔɔ (Gomu) | nə́ŋ | ɗɔ́kfíì | ɗúr | lɛ́ɛ́ | ɗyík | ŋwaa | zìì | kúp | mùŋ kwâm | kaap | taŋ | ɗwín | |
| Bikwin-Jen | LeeLau (Munga, Munga Leelau) | núŋ | ɗɔkswî | ɗurr, ndurr | léí | lyén | ŋwaà | zìì | kukup; (kʊkʊp ?) | munki | kâp | tâŋ | ɗún | |
| Bikwin-Jen[8] | Dza (Jen) | Kaigama | nə́ŋ | tshwötshwí | bwaadjwí | djìì | lʌ̰́ | nnwâ | hywṵi, hywḭ | kʊʊkʊ́, kʊkʊ́ | mmə́ŋ | kɐ́ɐ / ekʌ́(ʌ) | táŋ, tháŋ | djwuŋ |
| Bikwin-Jen | Munga (Məngaŋ) Doso | nəŋ | cúcwì | kádwì | íì | lyêm | ŋwàà | ehywü; (exwü) | kúkwə̀ | məŋ tsər | kaa / lékaa | tâŋ | ɗyíìŋ | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Joole | nə́ŋ / ee- | tʃwü tʃwí | nwá̰ dwí | jì(ì) (calabash) | lʌ́ | ká̰ nw̰á̰ | hṵ̈̀ḭ̀ | kùkú | mə́ŋ | kʌ́ / èèkʌ́ | táŋ | dzuŋ | |
| Bikwin-Jen | Jòòle | Joole Manga | bwàà nù | bwaa tywi | bwàà dṵ̀ | gigi | láŋ | kányua | vi (?) | kúkú | míkyá | nyááká / nyááká búbáí | tà̰à̰ | dumà |
| Tula-Waja | Wɪya, Waja, Wajan Kasa | nuŋè | twɪ́yaʊ | boocu | nwii | bɛnɛ | nɪyaʊ | tumà | kuu | gundù | sou | jɛ | dənè | |
| Tula-Waja | Waja | Deeri, Wajan Dutse | gɔn niŋi | podou / podoru | ||||||||||
| Tula-Waja | Kutule, Tula | Wange | kwalaŋɛ / kwalaŋi | kətɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ | cʊʊn / cʊʊni | kunuwaŋ / nǔǔm, tunuri | ben / beni | yii / yiini | kʊtʊm | kətiyaŋ / tətiini | mwɛ̀ / mwɛti | tíyaŋ / tííní | cáú ~ ʃáú | dən / dimbi |
| Tula-Waja | Tula | Baule | nù / núl | kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɪ̀ | sʊ́ʊ́n / sʊ́ʊ́nɪ́, sʊ́ŋə́n | kə́núwáŋ / núúm, tə́núri | been / bééni | yí / yiiní | kʌtùùm | kətiyá námáŋ / tətiini náiyé | mwɛ̀ | kətíyá / tətííní | saʊ; sa (mwàn) | də́n / də́mbí |
| Tula-Waja | Tula | Yili (Yiri) | nuù / nuuto | kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ / kətɛ́ɛ́nɪ́ | ʃʊ́ʊ́l / ʃʊ́ʊ́wɪ̀ | kunuuŋ / nuum | bííl / bííwí | yii / yiiní | kʊtʊʊ̀m | kukúkó / tukútó | mwɛ | tiyaŋ / tiini | caʊ̀; ca (mwân) | diń / dimən |
| Tula-Waja | Yebu, Awak | núŋí | bwaará | suur ~ sʊʊr | nuŋún | beén | nìí | tuum | kuukú | mwê; mwɛ̀ | tii | sáb | duń | |
| Tula-Waja | Baŋjiŋe, Bangwinji | nuwe / nuwetini | tuù / tuuní | ʃóór, cóór | nuǹ / nuǹtini | bien / bienni ? | nyii / nyiini | bwiyalɛ̀ | kúk / kútí | mwɛ́m | tu / tum | câm | dén | |
| Tula-Waja | Dadiya | nuu / nuutin | lɔɔ̀l | jʊl | núŋùn | ben | níyò / níyétìn | tʊ́ʊ́m | kuto | mwḛ̂ | tiyà / tiyàntin | jáá | dùń | |
| Tula-Waja | Maa, Kamo | núŋé | kúmó | cóór | nugun | bén̄ | nyiyé | tʊ́ʊ́m | kúúbú | mwɛ́ | nyáŋlá | dágʊ́m (wúrgé) | dìń | |
| Tula-Waja | Dijim, Cham | Kindiyo | kʌmɪ / kámtɛ | suu; suwoŋ | jʊ̀r, jʊ̀ʊ̀r | nuŋun / nuŋtɛ́ | lʌŋər / laŋtɛ́ | nyʷii / nyʷiini | dʊ̀gʊ́m | kuk / kute | híí | riyaŋ / riitɛ | jau | dun / duntɛ̀ |
| Tula-Waja | Bwilim, Cham | Mɔna | nu / nute | getuwaŋ / getuwai | taanù / taantɔ́ʊ́ | bemnù / bemtou | nyii / nyiini | gə̀mí | záà | |||||
| Tula-Waja | Tso | Suwabou | nuŋ / nuntóú | wɔɔnʊ́ / wɔɔntáú | nyulóónù / nyulóóntù | nunu / núntòù | lameno / lamtʊ̀ | nyii / nyiini | dɔɔ̀m | tsá / tseni | láà / laátóú | tsá / tsenì | za | dín / díntòù |
| Tula-Waja | Tso | Gusubo | nùŋ / nùntù | fə̀là / fə̀lààni | dətəmòròù / tə̀tə̀mòtòù | taanʊ̀ / taantú | béémnó / béémtóú | nyii / nyiini | tsá / tseni | la / latóú | tsá / tsénì | zaà | dín / díntú | |
| Tula-Waja | Tso | Barbou | dʊ̀m | tsá / tsáni | yìbè / laátóú | |||||||||
| isolate | Jalaa | dyiríì / dyitə̂ | buŋôŋ | yamə-r / yamə-ta | tənəm / tənemté̩ | laŋe̩r / laŋté̩ | bo̩o̩, bwo̩ / bo̩o̩-ní | bwiirùm | kùsì-gò̩ / -nìó | gwìì-ràŋ, gwìì-ròŋ / -tè̩ | mwê̩ | hâl | nuŋ kúlájí; kwáráŋ wò̩gə́n ? | |
| Longuda | Cerii (Ceriŋ, Banjiram) | nyʊ̰lá / nyʊ̰ʔá | thʊ́lá / thwíyá | dɔ́ŋkhá / dɔ́ŋthá | gàràlá / gará | dhilimkha / dhilimtha | nyàkhá / nyàthá | thùmá | kwacalá / kwacáá | mámá | thíká / thímá | dhà | zííndé / zíné | |
| Longuda | Deele (Jessu) | nyʊ̀ʊ̀là / nyʊ̀ʊ̀lʔà | tʊ́là / twáʔà | jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)khà / jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)thà | galáwa / galáhà | dhələ́mkhà | nyàkà | thʊ́mà; surmə̀ | kukubə́lə̀ / kukubə́ʔə̀ | mámà | thikhà | já, jáʔà | jááunla / jááunʔà | |
| Longuda | Koola (Thaarʊ) | nyʊ̰lá | tʊ́lá / twáʔá | zɔɔŋkha | gàlàwá / gàlàhá | dələmka | nyalá / nyaʔá | tʊmá | tsakəbla / tsakəbʔa | mama | thíká | zà ; zà nyoomò | dəmla / dəmʔá | |
| Longuda | Wala Lunguda | Guyuk | nyuŋlá | thʊ́wá / thwáá | joonka | garala / garaʔa / | zilimkha | nyakhá | tumá, thuma | kwaca, kwacalá | mámá | thíkhá | jà | zindè / zinè |
| Longuda | Gwaanda (Nyuwar) | nyṵnla | zingala / zingaʔa | jɔ̰ŋka | nyile / nyiʔe | dhilimka | nyàkà / nyàthà | sirme | kwacala / kwacaʔa | mama, dwaama | waha̰ka / waha̰ma | dháà | dzaunla; dziiŋle | |
| Longuda | Gwaanda | nyṵlà | dzíngálá | jónká | nyúlə́ | dhílímká | súrmá, súrmé ? | kwàcàlà / kwàcàà | mámá, dwàmà | wàhàkà | dà; thà | dzínlə́ | ||
| Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Yungur) | Dumne | núú / nṵ́ṵ́sâ | gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | tímrá / címtá | ɗə́fá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | ʔéé / ʔéémé | kẃadmá | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbraá | ɓota / nbwece | kə́fə́ | ɗənda / ɗənta |
| Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Yungur) | Pirambe | núú / nṵ́ṵ́śa | gwe / gweme | tímrá / tímtá | ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà | ʔḛḛ / ʔéémé | munma | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbərá / mbəramsî | ɓota / nɓétè | kə́fə́ | ɗənda / ɗənta |
| Bena-Mboi | Voro | Waltaandi | núú / núúza | gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé | tímrá / tímtá | ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá | ɗəlḿáará / ɗəlḿáatá | ʔḛḛ / ʔḛ́ḛ́mé | kẃadmá, mùnmà | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbráá [muwa ?] | ɓòtà / ŋbété | kə́fə́ | ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá |
| Bena-Mboi | Voro | Ɓéttandi | kẃadmá | tə́fá / tə́ptá | mbra̰a̰ | ɓòtà / ŋbété | kə́fə́ | ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá | ||||||
| Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Laala) | Bodei (Bodwai) | nuú / nuujà | gwḛḛ / gwḛḛmé | timrá / timtá, timté | ɗəmbá / ɗəmtá | ɗə̀lmààrà / ɗə̀lmààtà | nyḛ́ḛ́ / nyḛ́ḛ́mé | bòblà / bòbjà | təpa / təutá | mbrá̰à̰ / mbráámjà | ɓotá / ngwaaté | jeè | ɗíndá / ɗíntá |
| Bena-Mboi | Ɓəna (Laala) | Yang | nuú / nùùzà | gwɛ̰ɛ̰ / gwɛ̰ɛ̰mé | tìmrá / tìmtí | ɗimbá / ɗimtá | ɗilmará / ɗilmaatá | ḛ̀yḛ́ / ḛ̀yḛ̀mé | mónmá | təfá / tòùtá | bərà̰à̰ | ɓotá / ngwbaté | kəwə́ | díndá / díntá |
| Bena-Mboi | Robma (Laala Roba) | nuu / nuuwà | gwee / gweemé | tìmrá / tìmtí | ɗimbá / ɗimtá | dilmará / dilmatá | ḛḛ́ / eḛ́msà | monma | təfá / təfáámse | bura / buráámsà | ɓotá / ngbaté | sewò | dinda / dinta | |
| Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Gulungo | ɗəmbó / ɗìmda | aʔəhḛ | matəma | ngɔdɔ́ / angedé | ndià / ndiidà | |||||||
| Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Livo | núú / núúźa | tṵṵ̀ / tṵṵzà | ifiya / ifita | dúmbó / dimtà | lemiya / lemta | ahʔhi / ʔhimza | matəma | tutto / acicé | mbiya | ngɔ́tɔ́ / ángété | ʒé | ndíà / ndiità |
| Bena-Mboi | Mboi | Haanda | nuu / nuuzà | tuŋ / atʃw̄i | rifḛḛrà / rifḛḛtà | dúmbó / dimtà | leembərà / leemtà | ahʔhḭ̀ / mbai hímzà | mátə́má | túftò / atʃúfè | mbra | ŋbótó / aŋbécè | zé | ndera / ndərtata |
| Bena-Mboi | Kaan (Libo) | sunu / (sunuḿa) | twḭ / twiiḿa | shimbə́r / shimbətəmá | təmbər / təmbərmâ | ɗəlaamíì / ɗəlaamííʔóó | ʔii / ʔiim | morúm | təfəra / təfətəmá | barə̀m | mərə̂m / mərəməmá | zə́ | ndə̀r / ndərmá | |
| Yendang | Bali | ní | tɛ́ | sɛ́ | síbí | ŋwɛ́lɛ | ɲɛ́ | míɗɛnɛ́ | kṹɓí | tí | mí | mò[k] | lím | |
| Yendang | Kpasham | núɛ̃́ | wàswé | ɲɛ́swɛ́ | síbí | ŋwɔ́le | ɲɛ́ | mídwíne | kũ̀bi | sí | mí | mɔk | nə̌ŋ | |
| Yendang | Yoti | dóo | tóo | sɔ́ɔ̃́ | ʃúu | wúlɛ̀ | ɲâ | dii | kúnwí | tí | mii | mòk | níŋ | |
| Yendang | Yandang | nɔk | tòk | ɲánsũ | rùk | lɛka | ɲǎk | le | kún | dĩ̀hĩ̀ | mí | mogí | inaŋ | |
| Mumuye | Proto-Mumuye | *nu-ng, *nung; *gí-ǹg | *co-V, *coo | *su-ng, *sung | *tná-li/-ri | *ɗè-V/ng-ti | *nyaa | *kpa-V̀; *zing, *zi-ng | *ka (redup.), *kak-V | *mi-V, *mii, *min ? | *la-V, *laa | *caa | *ríǹg, *rí-ǹg | |
| Mumuye | Mumuye (Zing) | nung | shoo | sung | tnári | rèétè | nyaa | kpaà | kaka | mee | laa | shaa | ríńg | |
| Kam | Nyiŋɔm (Kam) | Din Kamaajin | ànùŋ | àkàr | àmə̀ràk | àshàg / àshàgìyo | àlímə́ní | ŋwé | wò | àkùb | mə̀ŋ káŋá | bàl / bàl yo | nìm; nəm níì (imp.) | |
| Vere | Jango | nɔ́ru / nɔ́ī | tóŋ / tónnun | míŋ; míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | núúrù / núúi | mbéélu / mbéī | ndáŋ̄ / ndántun | kpa'arú / kpaˀatɛ́ | rɛ́ndúkú / rɛ́ndɛ́ | máŋ / mántúŋ | rák / ratú | rɛɛ kóp | ríírú / rííté | |
| Vere | Jango (Southern) | nɔ́ru / nɔ́(t)tí | míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ | núúrù / núúyì | mbéélu / mbéétɛ́ | ndáŋ̄ / ndántùŋ | kpààˀru / kpàˀɛ | rɛɛŋ | ||||||
| Vere | Were | nǒrrō | tōn(g) | mi(n)(g) | nūī (pl.) | bēlō | dǎ(n)(g) | pǎrū | gaemām | |||||
| Vere | Batəm | nɔr / nɔˀ | tok / toˀ | míˀ / miin | núúr / núˀ | mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ˀté | súˀ / sut | kwaal / kwaaˀ | niŋg / nin | maam / máámə̀t | Àtụ:Not a typo / tɛt | règùm; rɛ̀ká | ríˀír / ríˀtɛ | |
| Vere | Momi | nɔ̀r / nɔ̀ˀ | tɔ̀k / tɔ̀ˀˀ | mii / miin | nùùr / nùùˀ | meel / meeli | suu / suut | kpààl / kpaai | nènk / nèn | máàm / máŋ̀bət | tè / tèt | règùm; rɛ̀ká; rèèká | ríír / rííti | |
| Vere | Vɔkba | nɔr / nɔˀti | tok / torum | nik (?) | núˀ | mɛ́l | súˀ | kòàl | néŋ / néŋti | mám | tɛˀ / tɛtə | regɨm | ríí | |
| Vere | Wɔmmu | nɔ́r / núɔ́ | tór / tóó (tʋ́r) | míí / mííne | nuurə̀/ núútə́ | míɛ́le / mɛ́ɛ́té ~ míɛ́té | dóbʒɩ̀ / dówwi | kwaalə / kwaasə | nɛ́ŋkə / nɛ́nté | máám | tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | rɛgum kwɔ́ú | níìr / nííté | |
| Vere | Nissim | nɔ́ɔ́l / núɔ́ | tóól / tɔ́ɔ́tə́ | míí / mííne | núúlə / núúté | mɛɛ́lə / mɛɛ́té | dóbzə/ dóbpe | kpaalə / kpaate | neŋke / neŋte | máám , máám bonúm àm | tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə | lem kúɔ́; lekə | níllə / níttə́ | |
| Vere | Eilim | nɔ́l / nɔ́ɔ́ | tól / tóó | míí / míímtə̀ | núúl / núúté | mɛɛ́l / mɛɛ́té | dám / damderei | kpaal / kpaatə | mám̀ | tɛ́ɛ̄ | lem kúɔ́; lekə | líllə / níttə́ | ||
| Vere | Kobom | nɔ́rì / nɔ́ɔ́ | tókù / tóó | mí / míímītī | núúrì / nuute | mɛ́ɛ́ni / mɛ́té | dám / dámtíréí | mɛɛm | nɛ́ŋkù / nɛ́ŋté | tɛ́ / tɛ́ti | réí; rékɔ́ | rííri / rííté | ||
| Vere | Vɔmnəm | nɔr / nɔɔ | tukò / tuŋbərəm | míì / míìm | nuurò / nuute | mɛɛlò / mɛɛte | súú / sútò | kwaalò / kwaasò | nɛ́ŋkò / nɛŋté | maàm | tɛɛ / tɛɛtə | rɛm; rɛkò | niirò / niite | |
| Vere | Damtəm | nuɔ̀l / nuɔ̀rɛ | tɔ́l / tɔrɛ, tɔɔtɛ | míl / mííté | núl / núúte | mɛl / mɛɛte | dám / damtər | kpaal / kpaaʃe | lyɛngə̀ / lɛŋsyɛ | tii / tiitə̀ | nʌ́l / nʌʌtə́ | |||
| Vere | Gəunəm-Yar (Gə-Yarəm) | nual / nuare | cul / curie, tuure | míəl / mííré | núúl / núúré | míál / mɛ́re | dám / dámdə́ | kpàal/ kpààsə̀də̀ | nyáŋsə́l / nyáŋsé, nyáŋgə | mám | lau / lasə | lìní kúə́; lìə̀- kúə́ | lə́l / lérə | |
| Vere | Gə-Lim | nual / nuarie | túl / túríé | míil / mííré | nuul / nuurie | mɛ́rl / mɛ́ɛ́rɛ̄ | dám / dámdə́ | kpaal / kpaarie | nyángə́ | mám | láú / lásə́ | lìní; lìə̀- kúʌ́ | lʌl / lʌʌrie | |
| Gəmnəm | Beiya | nol / nootə | tol / tootə | mííl / míítə | núŋlə̄ / núŋ | mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ɛ́tə | nok / noŋtə | meem / meemtə | néngə, nɛ́ngə / néŋzə, nɛ́ŋzə | má:m / máámtə̄ | téé / teete | liiná ; lìì kɔ́p | nííl / níítə | |
| Gəmnəm | Gindoo | nɔl | tol | míl | nɨŋ́ lə | mɛ́l | nɔk | mem | nɨŋ́ ə / nɨŋ́ gə | mám | teˀ/ tetə | níl | ||
| Gəmnəm | Riitime | nɔ́lé / nɔ́ˀɔ́ | tólé / tóˀó | mííle / mííˀe | lúŋle / lúŋe | méle / méˀē | nogúsa / nóŋté | mēēmē | léngo / léŋē | máámē / mámte | téˀé / tété | lii kóóp | lə́lē / lə́ˀə | |
| Gəmme | Gəmme | nólé / nóˀɛ́ | tólé / tóˀó | míhˀle / míhˀie | níŋlē / níŋē | méhˀle / méhyē | yòlé / yòé | míímé | níngē / níŋmē | memˀe | téˀé / teˀnē | lee lená | nímlē / nímē | |
| Gəmme | Baanma | nɔla / nɔˀɔ | toga, toˀga / toˀma | míhla / míˀi | níŋla / níŋa | mɛ́hla / mɛˀɛ | yòla / yòˀo | miima / miimda | nɨŋ́ ga / nɨ́ŋma | mema / memda | teˀɛ/ teˀna | lee lená | nɨḿ la / nɨḿ a | |
| Doyayo | Doyayo | lɔ¹lɛ¹ ~ yɔ̰¹lɛ¹ | tɔ̰n¹ɛ¹ | mḭḭl²; gɔ̰ɔ̰s²ɛ³ | nuŋ⁴go² | mɛlɛ³² | ya̰a̰¹yɔ¹ | ga̰a̰⁴mɛ² | lɛ̰ŋ³ko² ~ lɛ̰ŋ²ko³ | mɛ¹mɛ³ | tɛ̰ɛ̰¹yɔ¹ | le², lek¹yɔ¹ | nuŋ² | |
| Fali | Proto-Fali | *nisu (pl.) | *tuuyV; *tuuCV | *unɨ | *rɛɛŋgu | *ndʒĩĩmV | *kopfti | *sɔɔ- | *rii- | *ĩn- (v.) | ||||
| Mbum | Proto-Lakka | *nún | *sú-k | *cɔN-k | *sˣɛl/ŋ | *rím | *nɟá-k | *sˣɛ́-m | *hū-t/-k | *kpə̀(-k) | *mbì | *lʳak | *rìn | |
| Kim | Goundo | ndʊɾʊ | huba | vw̃ãl | ɲu̯aɾ | ɗɛl | wʊ | tʃʊm | kal | mam | ura | dʒam | jɛmi | |
| Kim | Besmé | ndua | hoɾo | vũãl | hĩjɪm | ɗelɛm | wu | tʃɔm | kaːl | mam | ura | dʒʊ̝m | dĩː | |
| Kim | Kim | Kosop | ndʷaɾa | togor | vɔ̝̃r | kĩj̃ar | ɗɛl | wak ̚ | sɔma | kal | mam | ʔwaɾa | za | dĩːl |
| Day | Day | nɔ́n | sɔ́g | mbúr | ngìì | lélì/lélè/lèè | nām | dém | bō̰ | ʔém | mīɲ | -rì, lāà | jōō | |
| Bua[27] | Proto-Bua | *diil; *ʔiil | *to(l)(-) | *fo̰/ḛl/ɲ(-) ? | *nii(-); *ɲ- ? | *l₁el(-) | *mu/i | *s₂e/um(-) / *s₂ḛr- | *te/o(l/g-) | *l₂i/um(-); *me/on- ? | *l₁e; *tu(y) | *l₂iil | ||
| isolate[28] | Laal | mɨla / mɨní | sɨ̀gál / sɨ̀gɨ́y | pən / - | yàmál / yèmí | mal / mə̀lí | yəwəl / - | suna / - | kòːg / kuagmi | miàdál / miàr ~ miariɲ | su / sùgá | kaw / kɨw; ɲag / ɲɨg; guru / guru; cíd / cíd | meːl / - |
Ọnụ ọgụgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla:
| Nchịkọta | Asụsụ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kam | Kam | bīmbīnī / bĩ̄ | jīrāɡ | tʃàr | N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | ŋ́wūn | dʒùb (ihe odide: isii) | dʒùbjī̄rāɡ (n'ụzọ nkịtị: isii na abụọ) | Sar | ɲǐzā | buo |
| Kwa | Kwa (Baa) (1) | N'ebe ahụ | nɨ́nk͡péː | Númwāːn | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | nɨ́núː | nɨ̀nwén nɨ̀nkũ̀ (5+1) | nɨ̀nwâːk͡péː (5+2) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'obodo ahụ | nùnkwóts la nùnkò (10-1) | Nunkwat |
| Kwa | Kwa (Baa) (2) | O nwere nkú | O nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri | O nwere ike ịbụ onye | O nwere ike ịbụ onye | O nwere ike ịbụ onye | O nwere ike ịbụ onye ọ bụla n'ime ha (5+1) | nə nwíyá ɡbéè (5+ 2) | Foto | nukút Lith (10 - 1) | nukút |
| Waja-Jen, Longuda | Longuda (1) | laatwɛ̀ | Nakwɛ Na | naatzar | Nnynyir | Na-abịa site na oge | tsàatə́n | inàtsə́r (4 + 3 ?) | Ịnọgide na-eme ihe | N'ebe a, obodo ahụ bụ n'ime obodo (5 + 4 ?) | Ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ Zabe |
| Waja-Jen, Longuda | Longuda (2) | naakhal | naaashir | Naakway | naanyir | nàànyó | nakhínàkway | nyinakwái | Oge ntụrụndụ | nyinannyó | Nọnyụ |
| Waja-Jen, Yungur, Libo | Kaan (Libo) | wunú | rɑ̀p | t t tupu | kuurún | Igowan | wono wono | woné rɑɑp | woné tɑɑrə́n | woné kuurún | kutún |
| Yungur | Dumne, Dirma, Waltahdi, Sukt | Finni | F nwere ike | tahkin | kuurún | Igowan | Ohere ole na ole | buuru n'uche | N'ihi na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga | woné kuurún | buh |
| Waja-Jen, Jen | Burak | kwín | ụgbụgbọ | ɡ͡bunuŋ | net | Nọpụiche | Naịkọ | ụgbọ mmiri | nátátátát | ninit | ʃóbó |
| Waja-Jen, Jen | Jenjo (Dza) | tsɨnɡ | bwənɡ / bwayunɡ | Katọla | bwanyə | bwahmə | hwĩtsɨnɡ (5+ 1) | Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ ya "Hambiyun" (5+ 2) | Hightụrụ (5+ 3) | Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri (5+ 4) | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Awaken | Teta (1) | díːn | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | kunúŋ | náː | Fwaːd | Yiddikúún (kúún) | yidibírr (bírr) | naríb | tuːrkúb | Gíb |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Awaken | Teta (2) | díːn | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | kunúŋ | náː | Fwaːd | kúún / yidíkúún | Ụbụrụ / yidibírr | naríb | tuːrkúb | Gíb |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona | Dijim-Bwilim | kwan | su̠ | Nnọkọ | ɡwár | nu̠ | Ugboro ole na ole | nyibi | Ọ na-adịkarị | wurwin | kwu̠ |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Dadiya | Dadiya | wiǹ | Mụ onwe m | dị ka | nal | ọtọ | Nkwupụta | ni̠bi̠l | náali̠b | Tíslku̠b | ku̠b |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Bangunji (Bangwinji) (1) | wìn | Ọpụpụ, ọpụpụ | táát | náat | núŋ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | Nibir, nibeet | Ararubi | Ọṅụbigara mmanya ókè | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Bangunji (Bangwinji) (2) | mmeri | Ọ bụ nwa | Ịgba chaa chaa | Arụ | nuŋ | nukɡun | niber | naarub | ịnya ọbara | kwab |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Tula (Kɨtule) | Mọdụrụnụ | júrau | N'afọ 1917, ọ malitere ịgba chaa chaa | Yaːnà | ebe | júrù na-aga | jídìbìn | Nartọbú | Turbọs | kúb |
| Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Waja (yan) | Onye ọ bụla na-eme | Ụzọ e si eme ihe | kunoŋ | Iji kewaa | Ọ dịghịzi | nokono | Nibíyo | wunii | Oge ọ bụla | kwáp |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Dii (Duru) | Nyeɡá | idú | Ka anyị na-eru | ndaddʉ (2 x 2)? | Nọmba | ɡúúú | ɡúndɛm ('ndɛm' pụtara onye na-amaghị ama) | kaʔandaddʉ (2 x 4) | kɛ́ɡdáɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') | N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Dugun | Nyeɡá | Ọchịchọ | Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe. | mara | ɡúúú | ɡútamme | kaʔandadró (2 x 4) | kɛ́ɡdáɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') | bōʔ |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Duupa (Papa) | daŋɡá | ittó | Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga | Atụmatụ | mara | ɡúúú | ɡútambe | kaʔandaró (2 x 4) /naarúpa | kɛ́rdáŋɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') | bòʔ |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin | Peere (Kutin) | Ihe ndabere | Iro | Ha na-eme ihe nkiri | N'ụzọ dị nro | Núuno | Enweghị mmasị n'ụra | Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge a | dàaɡò (site na Hausa ?) | ɡĩ̀də́ə ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị ' ?) | fób |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo | Doyayo | ɡb ịkwa | Eere | gị na-agba ọsọ | Nazọ | ehihie | Nọntọntọnnọ (5 + 1) | Nọnere (5 + 2) | nɔ́ɔnta ntalu (5 + 3) / ɡẽse | nɔ́ɔnnásɔ (5 + 4) / nàanzâ | kooblɛ |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Gimme | Gimme (Gəmme) (1) | Igoona | Itìɡè | taaɡè | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | nɔɔnɨ̀ɡe | Ọrụ ndị a na-akpọ "Sink" | nɔʔitiɡè | dàɡwà | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a ghara inwe | kob |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Gimme | Nye m (Kampara) (2) | Igoona | idtiɡè | taaɡè | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | nɔɔnɨ̀ɡè | Okpukpu | nɔʔidtiɡè | dāɡwà (ma eleghị anya site na Hausa) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme | kob |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere | Gə́m (1) | mani | Ọ bụ ya mere o ji bụrụ onye isi ala | Ịchụ ụfụ | náárə́k | Ihe omuma di iche | Obodo na-adịgide adịgide | náárə́k àp tāārə́k (4 + 3 ?) | náárə́k àp náárəấk (4 + 4 ?) | náárə́k àp nɔɔnɔ́k (4 + 5 ?) | Kop |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere | Vɔmnəm (2) | màn | Ọdịdị | tāán | nānnò | ɡbà náárò | ɡbāāsə̀ Casí | ɡbāāsə̀tên | ɡbāāsə̀ táān | ɡbāāsə nānnà | ukhamanā |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere | Nne Jango | Muzoz | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ dị | tàaz | rejị | ɡbaná | bambọz | ɡbánsá | Sàmsaara | pitámúzo (10 - 1 ?) | Ihemna |
| Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Voko | Longto (Voko) | wəŋ̄ŋá | ọ nọrọ | Maịnabo | nabbó | nɔ̃ɔ́́́́mó | Samụ | Saraníŋŋá | nàànuśudɛ̂; nàándɛ | tọọaọọa | lɛǹnaaɡbɔ́ŋ́; lɛnnaaḿ, lɛnaań |
| Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Kolbila (Zura) | níiá | Innu | Toono | snow | Núnnub | Núŋɡɔ́́s | Núŋ Innú (5 + 2) | núŋ toonú (5 + 3) | Núŋ nɛɛrəb (5 + 4) | Kôb |
| Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Samba Leko | n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge gara aga | ga-abụ | Ụlọ elu | Arara | Núúnà | Nọnụụụ | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a ghara inwe | dàɡwà | daanɨ̂ŋne ('otu ka dị n'aka') | Kop |
| Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Mumuye | ɡbétè | ziti | taːti | Ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị ọzọ | mǎːni | máŋɡbétè (5+ 1) | mánziti (5+ 2) | mántaːti (5+ 3) | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'anya (5+ 4) | Ndepụta |
| Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Bali (Maya) | ɓini | ya | Atụ | Na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla | N'ebe ndị ọzọ | niɓini (5+ 1) | niaiye (5+ 2) | nitaat (5+ 3) | ninaat (5+ 4) | kop |
| Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nyesam (Kpasham) | Akpịrịkpa | Nkọwa | mkpịsị aka | nāts | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme | nāɓíní (5+ 1) | Mgbapụta (5+ 2) | Nātáts (5+ 3) | nānāts (5+ 4) | koph |
| Fali | Ndịda Fali | k͡pòlò | cúk /tʃʊ́k | tàːn | náːn / nʌ́ːn | kɛ̃̃w | yìɾá | ɟɔ́ɾɔ́s | N'oge na-adịghị anya | kʌ́ntɛ́ŋ / ŋɡʌskum | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |
| Mbum-Day, Bua | Niellim | ɓúdū | ndīdí | Nnukwu obodo | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ "Fany" | uluní | táːr | lòŋɡɔ̄ | twāːɲɛní | dòsó < Bagirmi | dokome |
| Mbum-Day, Bua | Tunya (Tunia) | Ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya | na-eri | na-aga | na-adịbeghị anya | aylounī | nānò | Lulu | Gíntā | àtī | Udo na-eme |
| Mbum-Day, Bua | Zan Gula | sa:dʊŋ | ɾisːi | toːɾi | naːsɪ | Ọrịa na-egbu egbu | Ọchịchị sa:dʊŋ (5 + 1) | bɛ tɛ ɾisːi (5 + 2) | Ọrịa na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya (5 + 3) | Ọchịchị na-atọ ọchị (5 + 4) | filoːle |
| Ụbọchị Mbum | Day (Asụsụ Bona) | nɡɔ̄ŋ́ | Diị | tà | ndà | Ọ bụ n'ihi na | Mkpụrụ osisi | bīyām tà (ma eleghị anya 'atọ anọ') | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | bór sōŋ rə́ nɡɔ̄ŋ́ ('enweghị otu') | Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ |
| Mbum-Day, Kim | Besme | mōndā / mbírāŋ | tʃirí | hāsī | ndày | ndìyārá | mānɡùl | ɗīyārā | ndāsì | nòmīnā | wàl |
| Mbum-Day, Kim | Kim | Yu | zi | tā | ndà | N'ihi ya | Menenɡāl | ɓēálā / ɓēálār | tīmāl / wázìzí (10 - 2) | làmāɗō / wázìɗú (10 - 1) | Wolo |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Southern | Mbum | mbìyə̀w | Serè | Saay | N'ihi ya | ndī | zèy | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. | zīndɔ́kɔ́ mbìyə̀w (10 - 1) | bōó |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Mambay | bóm | Alakaị | Ebe a na-anọ | bịnọ | Nkọwapụta | bìɡírò | tàrnãɡà | Fwarnã́ɡà / wàr sénã́ fàɡ͡bàŋ ɓàtì | Sọnbóm / sọnbóm | zóɗôm / Sénhanã kiríb |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Tupari | bɔ̈ɔ̄ŋ / bönn (ụdị zuru ezu) | ɓɔ́ɡë | superwàʔä | nàa | dūwēe | hïiráʔä | Ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya | nènmàʔä | kàawàʔä | Nnukwu obodo |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Karang | mbéw | Seɗè | Saay | N'ihi ya | ndīɓī | Tọnkló́ | tòŋ ndɔ́k sāy [n'aka 3] | tòŋ ndɔ́k séɗè [n'aka 2] | tòŋ ndɔ́k mbéw[ndị fọdụrụnụ (n'aka 1] | bǒh |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Nzakambay | mbíew | Nwanne nwanyị | sày | N'ihi ya | N'ihi na ọ bụ | Zee | Zì ndɔ́kɔ sày (10 - 3) | Zì ndɔ́kɔ sère (10 - 2) | zì ndɔ́kɔ mbíew (10 - 1) | ɓoo |
| Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh | Koh (Kuo) | mbí̧w / mbí̧́ | síɗè | Saay | N'ihi ya | ndēɓē | Yise / Ya | Ọ̀ bụ 10 - 3) | tò nɔ́ síɗè (10 - 2) | tò nɔ́ mbí̧à̧w (10 - 1) | Ọ bụ ya mere e ji nwee obi ụtọ |
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Asụsụ Savannas
- Asụsụ Gur
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
ịnyịnya nke agbụrụ ahụ na-achụ ya, ebe Sheikh na-adaba n'ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ n'okporo ụzọ ọzara. Ọdịnihu zigara Mehoub ịzọpụta Sheikh n'oge dị oke egwu. Mehoub jisiri ike zọpụta Sheikh ahụ, onye gbaghaara ya ma kwupụta mgbaghara ya. [29][30], echiche, na mmetụta uche na-agbanwe, agbụrụ abụọ
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald and Guillaume Segerer. 2021. Computational experiments in Adamawa sub-classification. Diedrich Westermann-Workshop (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, Humboldt University of Berlin.
- ↑ Greenberg (1963). The Languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955. From the same publisher: second, revised edition, 1966; third edition, 1970. All three editions simultaneously published at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)
- ↑ Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 178-215. Lanham MD, New York & London: University Press of America.
- ↑ Güldemann (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa", in Güldemann: The Languages and Linguistics of Africa, The World of Linguistics series. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 58-444. DOI:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. Adamawa Language Groups. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Bikwin-Jen Comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Bikwin-Jen Pronouns and Numbers 1-10. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Some notes on Nyiŋɔm (aka Nyingwom or Kam). (2011 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Longuda Pronouns and Numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Longuda ~ Nʋngʋra wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1993. Baa Wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Baa pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Blench, Roger; Barau Kato; Zachariah Yoder. 2009. The Maya (Yendang) languages.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Vere wordlists. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1992 [2014]. Evidence of noun classes in languages of the Yungur group. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Ɓəna-Mboi pronouns and numbers. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Ɓəna-Mboi comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100). Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. Nimbari as a language name. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.
- ↑ Ayotte, Michael and Charlene Ayotte. 2002. Sociolinguistic language survey of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo. SIL International.
- ↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. Adamawa Language Groups. Adamawa Languages Project.
- ↑ Norton (2020). "The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists" 1 (3): 17–99. DOI:10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99.
- ↑ Boyeldieu, Pascal. n.d. Proto-boua Àtụ:Webarchive. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
- ↑ Lionnet, Florian. n.d. Laal Swadesh list Àtụ:Webarchive. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
- ↑ محتوى العمل: البدوية الحسناء - فيلم - 1947 (ar). ElCinema. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved on 2017-09-28.
- ↑ قاسم. موسوعة الأفلام العربية - المجلد الأول (in ar). E-Kutub Ltd, 209. ISBN 978-1-78058-309-9.
- Ọrụ Asụsụ Adamawa (Mahadum Johannes Gutenberg Mainz)
- CNRS.fr/AdaGram/" id="mwCjQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">AdaGram E debere Wayback Machine (CNRS-INALCO). Ịchọpụta akụ na ụba asụsụ nke Naijiria: nyocha ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Adamawa.
- Ndepụta asụsụ Adamawa - Blench
- Asụsụ Tula-Wiyaa - Blench
- Ìgwè Leeko - Blench
- Asụsụ Perema (Wom) nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria: nhazi, phonology na aha aha (PDF) site na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge
- Nnyocha ngwa ngwa nke Gbete (PDF) site na Jason Diller & Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-050.
- Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke asụsụ Mambay nke Chad na Cameroon (PDF) site na Cameron Hamm, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-039.
- Nnyocha ngwa ngwa na nyocha lexicostatistical nke Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai na Oblo (PDF) site na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-048.
- Karang - SIL-Cameroon
- Akwụkwọ SIL-Cameroon
- Okwu ndị e ji tụnyere ngwá egwú ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Cameroon, Tourneaux
- Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. Nsonaazụ nke nyocha AdaGram mbụ na Adamawa na Taraba States, Nigeria. (ya na Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju na Peter Andrew). 47th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics (CALL) (Leiden, Netherlands).