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Asụsụ Kwa

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Asụsụ Kwa
language family
obere ụdị nkeVolta–Congo Dezie

Asụsụ Kwa, nke a na-ekwukarị dị ka New Kwa, bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-atụ aro ma ọ bụ nke a na'egbochighị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ivory Coast, gafee ndịda Ghana, na etiti Togo. Ezinụlọ Kwa sitere na Niger-Congo phylum. Ọ bụ Gottlob Krause webatara aha ahụ na 1895 ma sitere na okwu maka 'ndị mmadụ' (Kwa) n'ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ ndị a, dịka aha Akan gosipụtara. Alaka a nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 50 dị iche iche nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 25 na-asụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ Kwa kachasị ukwuu bụ Ewe, Akan na Baule.

Asụsụ

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Hụ igbe dị n'aka nri maka nhazi ugbu a.

Ìgwè asụsụ iche iche dị na Kwa nwere njikọ chiri anya, ọ gosighi na ha dị nso karịa asụsụ Niger-Congo.

Stewart [1] kewara alaka ndị a dị mkpa, nke nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akwado dị ka otu dị mma:

  • Potou-Tano (gụnyere Akan)
  • Ga-Dangme
  • Na-Togo
  • [n'oge gara aga] Gbe (ntinye a na-enyo enyo, ka ha na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Kwa ka onye na-abịaru Akan nso)

Asụsụ Lagoon nke ndịda Ivory Coast adịghị nso na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a, ma ọ bụ ibe ha, yabụ a hapụrụ ha n'enweghị otu:

Asụsụ Esuma, nke na-adịghịzi adị ca. 1800, ka na-enweghị ihe nzuzo.

Ebe ọ bụ na e wepụrụ Stewart, Ega, e weghachiri asụsụ Gbe na Volta-Niger, ma gbakwunye Apro. [2] debere ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ Na-Togo na Ka-Togo n'alaka dị iche iche nke Kwa. Hụ infobox n'aka nri maka alaka ndị na-apụta.

Ethnologue kewara asụsụ Kwa n'ime mpaghara abụọ sara mbara: Nyo na Left bank, mana nke a abụghị nkewa usoro ọmụmụ. Ìgwè Nyo na-adaba n'alaka Potou-Tano na Ga-Dangme nke Stewart ma gụnyekwa asụsụ ndị a na-ejikọtaghị nke ndịda Ivory Coast, ebe a na-akpọ asụsụ Ka / Na-Togo na Gbe n'Akụkụ aka ekpe n'ihi na a na-asụ ha n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Volta.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke aro ahụ

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Gottlob Krause jiri okwu 'kwa' mee ihe na 1885 maka asụsụ Akan (ma Ọ bụ na eleghị anya Tano), Gã, na Gbe, nke nwere kwa ma ọ bụ kua dị ka okwu ha maka 'mmadụ'. Kemgbe ahụ, a gbasaa atụmatụ ahụ nke ukwuu, naanị iji laghachi na ihe na-eru nso n'echiche mbụ ya.

N'afọ 1952, Westermann na Bryan gbasaa Kwa na asụsụ dị iche iche nke Lagoon nke ndịda Ivory Coast na ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a Asụsụ Volta-Niger nke ndịda Nigeria. Greenberg (1963) gbakwunyere Asụsụ Kru nke Liberia, asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain nke Westermann na Bryan wepụrụ kpọmkwem, na Ijaw nke Niger delta; West Kwa gụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain na Lagoon, yana ịgbakwunye asụsụ ole na ole a na-amaghị ama, nke a kọwara ọhụrụ. Nchịkọta Stewart bụ ihe ndabere nke echiche ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya. Iji wepụ nke a site na nhazi Greenberg, a na-akpọ ezinụlọ ahụ "New Kwa" mgbe ụfọdụ.

Okwu ntụnyere

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Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke Kwa na asụsụ ndị yiri ya site na Dumestre (1971) na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ: [3]

Nchịkọta Asụsụ anya ntị ezé ire ọnụ ọbara ọkpụkpụ osisi mmiri
Ghana na Togo Proto-Central Togo[4] *ki-nu-bí /bi- *ku-túe /a- *li-nía /a-; *li-lúma /a- *ki-níé-bí /bi- *ka-niána /ku-; *o- núí /i- *li-kúpá /a- *ku-wyéu /a- *n-tû
Ga-Dangme Ga[5] hiŋmɛi gị1 Ọ na-atọ ụtọ lilɛi2 daa4 la5 wu4 tso3 Nu5
Ga-Dangme Ga[6] hi-ŋmɛi Toí Ụdị echiche Ihe a na-akpọ "Lidnglɛ" Daʔá ebe a Wu tʃo ọtọ
Ga-Dangme Dangme[6] hy-ŋmɛ́ gị ebe Akara ɲâà Mpu na-eme tʃô ɲù
Potou-Tano Proto-Potou-Tano[7] *-ɲĩ *- avi avi *-nʊ̃ *-ju
Potou-Tano Proto-Akanic[7] *-ɲĩ *-sʊ̃ *-nʊ̃ *-cu
Potou-Tano Akan[7] Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a-sʊ̃ a-nʊ̃ n-su
Potou-Tano [8]-Guang[1] *kω-sω *Kọ-nɔ̃ *ŋ-kalωŋ *o-yi *ɲ-ču
Potou-Tano Baoulé[3] ɲima ya ɟe Tata, ka anyị na-ekwu nwã moɟa Oɥje teta N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na
Potou-Tano Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè[3] m̀bụrụ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ N'ihi ya niile Mkpụrụ osisi N'ihi ya, ọ bụ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ aja N'ihi ya
Potou-Tano Krobou[3] Fushi-bi ya n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ịdọrọ N'ihi ya N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ Ihe omuma ihe omuma N'ihi na ọ na-adịbeghị anya Ọdịdị
Potou-Tano Ihe a na-akpọ Aboure[3] Ọ bụ ihe mere Ọkụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge gara aga Nãnɛ Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ N'ihi ya Eboɛ̃ elibe Ọdịdị
Potou-Tano Eotile[3] Ọ bụ n'oge a Owu Ana annɛ Àkwà na-adị N'ihi ya edwɔ N'ihi ya
Potou-Tano Mbatto[3] Ihe omuma nke mbu Ọdịdị ɔ̃nɔ̃gõ Olɛ Ọ ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ na-eme ihe Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ojoku Ọdịda
Ọdọ Mmiri Adioukrou[3] ɲama rhuru Isiokwu N'ihi na a na-akpọ Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a ghara ikwu okwu mebl luw l-ikŋ n'etiti
Ọdọ Mmiri Ebe obibi ndị mọnk[3] aɛ̃mɔ̃ rɔkɔ ejiji Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-akpọ na ihe ndị metụtara ya __ibo__ Ihe omuma ihe omuma sfje gị midʒi
Ọdọ Mmiri Attie[3] himbɛ gị N'ezie ọhụrụ Mọ N'oge na-adịghị anya fe N'afọ 1995, Ugboro abụọ
Ọdọ Mmiri Alladian[3] Ọ bụ n'oge Nkwupụta N'ihi ya, ọ bụ Mkwụsịtụ Ọ bụ n'oge a N'ihi ya, ọ bụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ Ọ na-eme N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
Ọdọ Mmiri Avikam[3] N'afọ ndị ahụ Ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya ɛɲrã azraɓa enɔ̃ ɛ̃ Ọdịdị eziba Ọmụmụ ihe
Ọdọ Mmiri Abidji[3] N'oge a na-eme Nri nri ɛɲi na-abụghị nimiti Ọdịdị luvu thi Mindi
Kru Aizi[3] zro Lokɔ ɲɪ mọkwa mu ɲre Kra ke nrɪ̃
Ega Ega[9] efí /e elowá /a- Nchịkọta /a- eno /i- Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ na-abịa Ìgwè oge Ọkpụkpụ /a- aɗú
Nna Nna jísì-keé Snow (n) ɲòŋ__ N'oge gara aga yúgú ɲààmú Koó gbèè-nne gị
Mpra Mpra[10] anisi na-eri nri nchuma Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị Anya nkaw; nkwõ
Dompo Dompo[11] nyisi ihe efu Sọnwa dandulo Nkọwa nkla wuute ya Nọmba
Gbe [12]-Gbe[1] *-ọ *aɖú *- nke a na-eme *-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá *-ʁwũ *-χwú *-tĩ́́ *-tsĩ

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

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Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: [13]

Nchịkọta Asụsụ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Ihe a na-eme n'oge ochie mmanụ OBAA Ọdịda Anyanwụ Oné Ót͡ʃù Óɡlò ɡlóelè ɡɔ́́́́βà ɡɔ́tị Liɔfɔ
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Nyangbo (1) ole ɛbha Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Obere ihe ití holo ɡene afọ ole na ole ʒita Nri
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Nyangbo (2) Mmanụ ɛbha Nwanne nwoke Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ etié holō ɡěneé afọ ole na ole ʒitaé Nri
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Tafi (1) ole ɛbha Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ọ bụ n'ihi na ití holō ɡéné asuɛ̄ ʒitá Nkọwa
Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo Tafi (2) ole ɪbha [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ya ití holō ɡéné asʊī ʒitá kífɔ́
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Ebe a na-akpọ Éwé Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya Oge Afọ Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ọhụrụ na-eme ihe n'oge na-adịghị anya na-aga n'ihu Adray èɲí aʃíeké Oge a
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Kotafon-Gbe Ọchịchị nawè n'oge na-adịghị anya Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-eme aɲizɛ̃ tsĩ́ãwè̀ (litː aka+ 2) tsĩ́ã́tɔ̃̂ (litː aka+ 3) tsĩ́́́nɛ̀ (litː aka+ 4) Mee
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Saxwe na ya Ọ bụrụ na ị nweta ya Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ Ọdịdị Ọ bụ n'afọ ole na ole ka a na-eme N'ihi ya, onye na-ahụ maka ya Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ dị ɑtʃówê (5 + 2) ɑ́tɾótɔ̃̂ (5 + 3) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'otu n'otu (5 + 5) òwō
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Waci-Gbe (Gen-Gbe) Ọ bụ ya mere e ji mara ya (e) ve (e) (e) na (a) ton (a) den (á) dlén (e) Ịnọba (e) n'ihi ya (10 -1)? (e) wo
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Xwla-Gbe lók͡pó Ọ bụ n'afọ ka a na-eme Oton na-ekwu na ọ bụ Ọ bụ n'afọ ole na ole ka a na-eme Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-eme àtroók͡pó (5 + 1) àcówè N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'otu atsiɛ̀ ɔ́síɔsí (n'ụzọ nkịtịː aka)
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Gbe Xwla-Gbe òɖě (lók͡pō) ōwè Oom na-ekwu na ọ bụ Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri Ọdịdị Nkwupụta ācíòwè N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'anya àcíɛ̀nɛ̀ ōwóé
Left Bank, Gbe, Aja Aja-Gbe (Aja) Ọ bụ n'ihi ya Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ "Elympic" Si n'afọ si n'afọ Isiokwu / com Isii / Isii adɛ̃ / amãdɛ̃ adɾɛ / amãdɾɛ eɲĩ / amɛ̃ɲĩ ɲí Met / aʃiɖekɛ / amãʃíɖekɛ (10 -1) na-eme
Left Bank, Gbe, Aja Gun-Gbe Òɖè / CONTICH͡pó na-eme ihe nkiri na-agafe agafe Ọchịchị n'oge na-adịghị anya t͡ʃíɖòk͡pó (n'asụsụ) t͡ʃiánwè (n'asụsụ) t͡ʃíantɔ́n (n'asụsụ bekee) t͡ʃíɛ́ukèn (n'asụsụ) na-aga n'ihu
Akụkụ aka ekpe, Gbe, Fon Fon-Gbe (Fon) Nwaanyị anyị O si otú ahụ Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ Isii na-eme ihe Anyanwụ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ n"ụzọ dị mfe tantɔn (5 + 3) Ọrịa na-efe efe (5 + 5) Ya na ya
Akụkụ aka ekpe, Gbe, Fon Maxi-Gbe Ọdịdị ọzọ òwè Oton na-ekwu na ọ bụ Ọ bụ n'afọ ole na ole ka a na-eme Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-eme ayizɛ̃ Ọrịa (5 + 2) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'otu n'otu tɛ̃ɛ̃nɛ̀ (5 + 5) òwó
Left Bank, Gbe, Mina Gen-Gbe (Gen) èɖě Oge Afọ Nkọwapụta Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ na-eme Nnukwu ihe N'ihi ya ēɲí Eeɲí tlho (10 -1) ēwó
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Akebu (1) Shia N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na tʊ̄ʊ̀ Kʊ̀rãŋ pīrìmātā nɛ̀ĩŋ faǹŋt͡ʃẽ̄ŋt͡ʁẽ̄ŋ Mkpụrụ osisi
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Akebu (2) Gị ya taː na-ajụ tuw Turaŋ primate Snow fant͡ʃet͡ʃeŋ (10 - 1)? Mkpụrụ osisi
Left Bank, Kebu-Animere Animere Ọchịchị din tha Aɳe oleŋ akhuɹuŋ Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ dị ɳa Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya thi
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Igo (Ahlon) ili rethe Anya Ọchịchị Ọ bụ n'ihi na uɡo ùzòni Ọ bụ onye ahụ Ukàli Ọmụmụ ihe
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Ikposo-uwi Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga Ọdịdị ya Ọ bụ n'ala Ọ bụ na Ọ bụ ihe na-eme Ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya ɛwlʊdɪ (6 + 1)? Ọ bụ n'afọ ɛ́lɛdɪ (8 + 1)? N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị
Akụkụ Aka ekpe, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili Tuwuri (Bowiri) kédì Kọnja Kaàlɛ̀ Kọnna Udo Kevũ̀ ogbu na nkuku N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'obi Kavédí (10 - 1)? Uzo bu kwa
Nyo, Agneby Abé (Abbey) ŋ́k͡pɔ̄ Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya āɾí na-eme ihe nkiri ōní N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'anya Rịba ama Oge ɲākó N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị
Nyo, Agneby Abidji ń̩nɔ̀ áānʊ̄ Ọ bụ otú e si eme ihe N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ Eēnē N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'otu N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị N'ihi ya Ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme egwuregwu ń̩díɔ̀
Nyo, Agneby Adioukrou ɲâm ɲóɲ ɲâhǹ jâr jên N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ Rọbŋ̀ níwǹ Ibharm̀ Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ
Nyo, Attie Attié èk Ihe mere n'oge gara aga Nri Mkpụrụ ego Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga Ọchịchị rụrụ ọrụ N'ihi ya N'ihi ya, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-ekwu okwu ya Ihe omuma di nma N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
Nyo, Attie Ga na-ekwu okwu Ọ dị ogologo Ọ na-adị bụɟwɛ̀ ebe a na-eme ihe ek͡paa k͡pàwo (6 + 1)? K͡pàaɲɔ̃ (6 + 2)? Ọkọwa Oge ọgwụgwọ
Nyo, Ga-Dangme Dangme kákē na-agụnye Ọ bụ n'oge a éywɛ̀ / éwìɛ̀ Enũ̄ɔ̃̄ ek͡pà k͡pààɡō (6 + 1)? K͡pàaɲɔ̃̄ (6 + 2)? N'ihi ya Akụkọ banyere ya bụ "mĩ́"
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele Adele Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe Ọpụpụ Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-eme Ọ bụ n'afọ tòn Nkwupụta kɔ̀nkí (6 + 1)? N'ihi ya Ọ́ bụ (10 - 1)? fu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele Anii dɨ̄ŋ, ɡādɨ̄ŋ , ɡīdɨ̄ŋ īɲīʊ̄, bʊ̄ɲīʊ, bāɲīʊā, īrīū, īrīū īnāŋ, īnāŋ īnʊ̄ŋ, īnʊηŋ, īNʊ̄ŋ īkōlōŋ, īkōlōং, īk deaŋ kūlūmī ɡánáá tʃīīnī __ibo__ Isiokwu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu Lelemi Ọ na-adị n'oge na-adịghị anya Ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma na-ekwu na ọ bụ Ọ bụ n'afọ Ọ bụ máátɛ̀ (4 + 3)? Ma'ane (4 + 4)? Ọ̀ Bụ Berlin (10 - 1)? Leèvù
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu Siwu (Akpafu) Ọ̀wɛ̃̂ n'ogologo Ìhè na-adị n'oge a n'oge a ìkɔ́dzɛ̂ (4 + 3)? Faffán (4 + 4)? káiwɛ̃̂ (10 - 1)? Ọ na-aghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Sekpele (1) Nʊ̀ɛ́ (lɛ̀wɛ́) Ugbu a N'ụfọdụ n'ime ńnà N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ N'ụfọdụ n'ime Udo ga-eme Jeni Na-ese Lefòsì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Sekpele (2) Nọmba Ugbu a N'ụfọdụ n'ime N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ N'anya kúansè Jeni Na-ese Lefósì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi Selee (Santrokofi) onwe gị Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ Ọ bụ n'afọ Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-akpọ ɔ́nɔ́ɔ́ Ọchịchọ N'okpuru Ọ bụ n'afọ ole na ole Naásĩ́́ Lefósì
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba Logba (1) ik͡pɛ inyɔ ita ina Enweghị ihe ọ bụla iɡló N'ikwu okwu n'ụzọ dị mfe Mlaminá Onye ọ bụla na-eme ihe uɖú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba Logba (2) ik͡pɛ na-agbanwe agbanwe ita ina Enweghị ihe ọ bụla iɡló N'ikwu okwu n'ụzọ dị mfe Mlaminá Onye ọ bụla na-eme ihe uɖú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Bono Twi baakó̃ nke nta m na-eche obere nwa numọ nsiã Ugwu Makiri na-eme ihe Ihe omuma ihe omuma du
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Akan (Akuapem Twi) (1) baakó~ ə̀bìéń ə̀bìèsá~ na-aga n'ihu N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ ka ọ bụrụ N'oge a Ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri àkróń Duo
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan Akan (2) baakó̃ Mmienú mmeɛnsan (ɛ) náń (e) ọnụ ọgụgụ (e) nsĩã́ (ɛ) nsóń Nwɔtwé (ɛ) nkróń (e) abụọ
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Anufo Ọ bụ ya ka m si mee ɲ̀ N'anya N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'anya N'ihi ya N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ Ọkụ ọkụ ŋ̀ɡɔná búɾú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Anyin ɛ̀kʊ̃ (n'ịgụ) / kʊ̃ (site na aha) ɲɲã nsɑ̃ Nnụnụ Uzo di na-eso Nsigna Nkwupụta mɔ́tɔ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme búl
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Baule (Baoulé) kún N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ochie N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ochie N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'oge ochie N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'Anya N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ blú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern Sehwi N'ihi ya Ọrịa a na-akpọ A N'anya N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'anya N'asụsụ N'Anya N'anya: Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ndị mmadụ Bʊ́lʊ́
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Ahanta Ọkụn na-eme ka ọ dị mma Anyanwụ Ahịlị ə̀nlù ə̀ʃiə̀ Ó Ó Ó Ó ó ó ó ó Ó Ó Ó na-egosi na ọ bụ n'elu búnlù
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Nzema ɛ̀kʊ̃ (n'ịgụ) / kʊ̃ (site na aha) ɲ́ɲʊ̃ (mgbanwe ụda mgbe aha gasịrị) ńsɑ̃ ńnɑ̃ N'ihi ya, onye na-eme ihe ike N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-ahụkarị N'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye a ma ama mɔ́cʊɛ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme bụ́ bụ́ búl
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern Jwira-Nkebe ko ńwia ńsa ńna ńnu ńsiã ńsuw Ọ bụ n'ihi na nɡhoalá eburu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Chumburung Ọ dị larịị Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ɪná ɪnúː Anya ìsúnóː ìrùwá ɪkpánɔ́ː kúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Dwang (Bekye) Gíọn aɲó Asa afọ afọ Otú ahụ ka m si dị asʊ́nɔ at͡ʃwé ak͡pɔ́nɔ Ídu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Ụkwụ N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ N'Ebe Ọ bụ n'Ebe N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'ihi ya N'anya N'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi na N'oge ochie N'ihi ya, ọ bụ dùkwé / dùkoi N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'Work. Duo abụọ
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Ginyanga okou iɡno Isaa ina Inun issi ụra ɡuikoe sonʔou ɡuidou
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Gonja a-kô na-aga n'ihu na-aga na-aga na-aga n'ihu na-acha uhie uhie à-ʃúnù na-adị n'ala à-k͡pánà Somdu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Kplang (Prang) N'oge a na-adịghị anya n'oge na-adịghị anya Akpụkpọ ụkwụ afọ Ịhụnanya Ọ bụ 167 Ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ ɛkwé apʊ́nɔ́ Ídu
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Krache (Kaakyi) Gíọn na-aga n'ihu Asa afọ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụzọ dị mfe Ọ bụ n'ezie asʊ́nɔ́ kukwé ak͡pʊ́nɔ́ kúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Nawuri kʊːʔ na-aga n'ihu Asa afọ anû Otú ahụ ka m si mee dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri abuɾuwá akpʌ́nɔ̂ ɡúdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang Nkonya N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'asụsụ Northern Dialect na-aga n'ihu na-S na-aga n'ihu na-eru na-esote na-eme ihe nkiri ɪ̀-kwè ɪ̀-kwèbá ɪ̀-dú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Awutu (Awutu-Efutu) Nkwupụta Ogologo oge Ssan Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ènu Ịnọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga itʃwé Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri Ebe e si nweta ya
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Cherepon Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya Ogologo oge ìsan ìnɛ̂ ì na-aga n'ihu Ndị na-ahụ maka ya Ìgwè mmadụ na-acha ìtwî ìk͡p mara N'oge na-adịghị anya
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Gua na-ekwu __ibo____ibo__ Anyanwụ sãa N'ihi ya Ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ka a na-akpọ Ọ bụ ya mere e ji ebi ya N'ihi ya abụọ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ìdú
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Larteh (1) ɲ na-eto sa Ọgba ee e Ee, ee N'afọ ndị ahụ tɕɥí N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme Duo
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang Larteh (2) Ọ bụ Udo nke Udo snow ọhụrụ Ọ bụ ya mere e ji ebi ya Siddle ọla kọpa Ụzọ e si enweta ihe du
Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western Abure okuè aɲù n'afọ nnàn nnú ncɪɛ̀ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme Ọ bụ n'akụkụ puálɛ́́́́n Oblún
  • Nrụzigharị Proto-Potou-Akanic (Wiktionary)
  • Asụsụ Gbe
  • Asụsụ Kru
  • Asụsụ Gur

Ihe odide

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Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

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gụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountaingụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountaingụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain

  1. 1989, slightly revised in Blench & Williamson 2000:29
  2. Williamson & Blench 2000:29
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Dumestre, Gérard. 1971. Atlas linguistique de Côte-d'Ivoire: les langues de la région lagunaire. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée (ILA).
  4. Heine, Bernd. 1968. Die Verbreitung und Gliedering der Togorestsprachen (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 1). Köln: Druckerei Wienand.
  5. Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther. 1999. Ga-English dictionary. Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Kropp, Mary Esther. 1966. Ga, Adangme and Ewe (Lomé) with English Gloss. (Comparative African Wordlists, 2.) Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Stewart, John M. 2004. The Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu reconstructions updated. Manuscript.
  8. Snider, Keith L. 1990. The consonants of proto-Guang. Journal of West African languages 20(1), 3-26.
  9. Blench, Roger. 2004. The Ega Language of Côte d'Ivoire: Etymologies and Implications for Classification.
  10. Blench, Roger. 2007. Recovering data on Mpra [=Mpre] a possible language isolate in North-Central Ghana.
  11. Blench, Roger. 2015. The Dompo language of Central Ghana and its affinities.
  12. Capo, Hounkpati B.C. 1991. A Comparative Phonology of Gbe. Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).
  13. Chan (2019). The Niger-Congo Language Phylum. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.

Ihe edere

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  • Bennett, Patrick R. & Sterk, Jan P. (1977) 'South Central Niger-Congo: A reclassification'. Studies in African Linguistics, 8, 241-.
  • Hintze, Ursula (1959) Bibliographie der Kwa-Sprachen und der Sprachen der Togo-Restvölker (mit 11 zweifarbigen Sprachenkarten) . Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  • Stewart, John M. (1989) 'Kwa'. Na: Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (ed.) Asụsụ Niger-Congo. Lanham, MD: The University Press of America.
  • Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1952) Asụsụ nke West Africa (Handbook of African Languages Part II). London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press.
  • Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', na Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds) African Languages - An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, peeji nke 11-42. 

Njikọ mpụga

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